This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7547, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and the Conference Committee listing.

We use endoscopy for VIS-NIR spectral analysis of the porcine gastrointestinal wall. A flexible endoscope was implemented with a fiber optic probe for measuring spectra. The spectral data were measured by a spectrophotometer (Ocean Optics HR4000). The presented measurements are the spectra from three locations of the gastrointestinal wall of a healthy pig (gastric corpus and antrum, duodenum) taken in a retrograde order. We tested several features obtained by functional data analysis. The features were linearly combined using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS). Finally, the support vector classifier (SVC) and PLS were used to classify spectra from corpus, antrum and duodenum. The experiments confirm the feasibility of our methods for classification of spectra of pig intestines.

The paper discusses application of mechanical compression for contrasting structural components of biotissues with different mechanical properties in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Ex vivo study on human rectum samples and in vivo study on human thin skin samples are performed. It is shown that for ex vivo sample the contrast between epithelial and stroma layers increases with increase in applied pressure. For in vivo sample it is shown that at weak constant applied pressure the contrast between epidermal and dermal layer increases exhibiting maximum after 2-3 minutes since pressure application. Monte Carlo simulations of OCT images of human rectum sample at different compression levels is performed in order to confirm the origin of contrast. The results of simulations qualitatively agree with experimental data.

The system of partial differential equations describing tumor-immune dynamics with angiogenesis taken into account is presented. For spatially homogeneous case, the steady state analysis of the model is carried out. The effects of single photodynamic impact are numerically simulated. In the case of strong immune response we found that the photodynamic therapy (PDT) gives rise to the substantial shrinkage of tumor size which is accompanied by the increase of IL-2 concentration. On the contrary, the photodynamic stimulation of weak immune response is shown to be insufficient to reduce the tumor. These findings indicate the important role of anti-cancer immune response in the long-term tumor control after PDT.

The laser texturing method of human teeth hard tissue is discussed. The microleakage of methylene-blue water solution between light-activated composite and surface of dentine textured by YAG: Er laser radiation was investigated. It has been shown that the application of laser texturing to a dentine surface before light-activated composite filling stimulate significant decrease in microleakage probability and dye penetration depth.

The work is devoted to improvement of spectral-domain OCT method to envelope real-time investigation of living biological tissue. Although spectral-domain OCT was positioned as a simple, high-speed and contrast OCT technique, researchers are faced with a family of difficulties during the development process. Problems of linear-in-wavenumber registration of spectral components and clearing of OCT-image of coherent noises are solved.

In the present paper research results of broadband THz radiation influence in a range 0.1÷2 THz on some biological tissues are presented. Theoretical modeling of THz radiation propagation through the fat sample is performed. Experimental absorption spectra of samples of vegetable oil, nail tissue, skin tissue and blood are obtained. Spectra of these tissues differ in a range of 0.1 ÷ 2 THz. Also they depend on water content. From these samples vegetable oil has the best transmission.

Destructive fat tissue engineering using photodynamic and photothermal action is investigated in vitro. Samples of fat tissue were processed by a photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) and irradiated by a diode laser (805 nm). Computational methods of photo analysis are proposed for the quantitative estimation of the efficiency of actions on the cellular level. Techniques based on the fractal dimension, a segmentation method and statistical data analysis of fat cell structure during therapy are considered. The conducted experiments confirm the feasibility of the proposed methods. Results allow one to conclude that the proposed method of image processing of digital photos is a promising tool in estimation of structural changes of biological objects.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of muscle oxygenation on EMG parameters during isometric and incremental exercises and to observe the relationship between EMG parameters and muscle oxygenation. Twelve rowers took part in the tests. Near infrared spectrometer was utilized for measurements of muscle oxygenation on lateral quadriceps. sEMG measurement is performed for EMG parameters during isometric and incremental exercises. Results indicated that Oxy-Hb decrease significantly correlated with IEMG, E/T ratio and frequency of impulse signal during 1/3 MVC and 2/3 MVC isometric exercise, and it is also correlated with IEMG, E/T ratio and frequency of impulse signal. Increase of IEMG occurred at the time after Oxy-Hb decrease during incremental exercise and highly correlated with BLa. It is concluded that no matter how heavy the intensity is, Oxy-Hb dissociation may play an important role in affecting EMG parameters of muscle fatigue during isometric exercise. 2) EMG parameters may be influenced by Oxy-Hb dissociation and blood lactate concentration during dynamic exercise.

We took soybeans as experimental substance to study how the 532nm laser with different power density and irradiation time affected the pullulation ratio of the soybeans, average height of seedlings and the isoflavone content of seedlings' cotyledon and laminae. The mechanism that laser pretreatment of soybean seeds could increase the isoflavone content of the seedlings was discussed in such both aspects as the efficiency of the photosynthesis and the activity of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) as an initial enzyme for synthesizing the isoflavone. The results showed that after the soybean seeds were pretreated by laser, the activity of the PAL and the resultants of the photosynthesis such as the sugar of dissolubility, the sucrose, and the amylum all increased with the soybean seeds irradiated by laser in which the effect on the soybean seeds pretreated by 15mW/mm² laser for 5 min was the most obvious. As a result, the photosynthesis efficiency of the soybean seedlings increased after being pretreated by laser, which might offer the foundation for accumulating a large amount of isoflavone.

State-of-the-art image processing methods offer new possibilities for diagnosing diseases using scattered light. The optical diagnosis of rheumatism is taken as an example to show that the diagnostic sensitivity can be improved using overlapped pseudo-coloured images of different wavelengths, provided that multispectral images are recorded to compensate for any motion related artefacts which occur during examination.

Hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO₂) is one of the most critical functional parameters to the metabolism. In this paper, we mainly introduced some initial results of measuring blood oxygen using multi-wavelength photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). In phantom study, we demonstrate the photoacoustic signal amplitude increases linearly with the concentration of red or blue ink. Then the calculated concentration of red ink in double-ink mixtures with PAM has a 5% difference with the result measured with spectrophotometric analysis. In ex vivo experiment, the measured result exhibt 15% difference between the PAM and spectrophotometric analysis. Experiment results suggest that PAM could be used to determine the SO2 quantitatively.

This report, as a continuation of 8-years research on the problem of noninvasive clinical fluorescence diagnostics efficiency, discusses a hypothesis of influence of a chronic hypoxia state in soft alive tissues on the intensity of a laser-induced endogenous porphyrins' autofluorescence in a red region of optical spectra. Earlier this hypothesis was proposed on the basis of analysis of fluorescence activity for erosive-ulcerative impairments of the upper part of a gastrointestinal tract (SPIE Proc., vol. 4613, 2002. - p.286-294). Today the hypothesis additionally is confirmed by means of observation after patients with another illness and by means of analysis of some well-known literature data. An authors' methodology of clinical trails to verify the hypothesis using an up-to-date noninvasive fluorescence diagnostic technique is presented as well. Both theoretical reasons and all new clinical data show that the chronic hypoxia state can be one of the major factors of appearance of a large and abnormal laser-induced autofluorescent signal from biotissues in the spectrum range 600-800 nm, which is associated with abnormally high accumulation of endogenous porphyrins in the tissues. So, the noninvasive autofluorescent diagnostic technique could be a powerful tool to estimate in vivo a chronic hypoxia condition in soft biotissues. For that purpose a classification of chronic hypoxia levels versus in vivo autofluorescence contrast coefficients in tissues is proposed as well.

Skeletal muscle presents an internal fibrous structure. The existence of muscle fibers surrounded by interstitial fluid originates an internal step refractive index profile that causes light scattering. One way to minimize this effect inside a muscle is to perform an optical clearing treatment, using an adequate solution that presents a refractive index higher than the interstitial fluid. We have studied muscle spectral transmittance during sample immersion in propylene glycol. With the collection of transmittance spectra registered during a period of 20 minutes of immersion we could represent spectral transmittance evolution for several wavelengths and verify that the tissue samples have become more translucent. The optical clearing effect created in the tissue samples was characterized by an increase of 45% above the natural transmittance and the variations observed in tissue mass, pH and global refractive index. We also identified the initial mechanisms of agent diffusion into the tissue and consequent tissue dehydration from the spectral transmittance evolution. The histological analysis of variations caused in the internal structure of the tissues permitted to better explain the optical clearing effect created. Considering a mathematical model developed in previous studies, we could estimate the amount of agent that was inserted into the tissue samples.

This report focuses on designing and implementing a non-invasive blood pressure measuring device capable of being used during magnetic resonance imaging. This device is based on measuring pulse wave velocity in arterial blood and using the obtained result to estimate diastolic blood pressure. Pulse transit times are measured by two fibre optical accelerometers placed over chest and carotid artery. The fabricated accelerometer contains two static fibres and a cantilever beam. The free end of the beam is angled at 90 degrees to act as a reflecting surface. Optical fibres are used for both illuminating the surface and receiving the reflected light. Acceleration applied to the sensor causes deflection of the beam, whereupon the amount of reflected light changes. The sensor output voltage is proportional to the intensity of the reflected light. Tests conducted on the electronics and sensors inside an MRI room during scanning proved that the device is MR conditional. No artifacts or distortions were detected.

The urgency of BCC study affecting maxillofacial area and neck is not only caused by high prevalence of this disease, but also insufficient efficiency of existing treatment methods which lead to full or partial recovery only in 60-80% of cases. We analyzed the results of 198 BCC cases cryosurgical treatment. 33 (16,6%) patients showed continued tumor growth. It has been hypothesized that the behavior and character of microcirculation changes during patient's testing have to correlate with damaging rate of tumors that will allow to develop indications for surgical treatment with local destruction - cryosurgery or cryolaser treatment. We have tested the new group of 33 patients with primary and recurrence types of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) by means of Laser Doppler Flowmetry, Tissues Reflectance Oximetry, Laser Fluorescence Diagnostics before operation. It was shown that the microcirculatory data indicates the presence of cryoresistance.

The method of spectral selection, based on interaction between weakly matched optical amplifier waveguide and Fabry - Perot interferometer modes has been proposed. It was shown, that in certain configuration Fabry - Perot interferometer reflects narrowband lines, typical for transmitted spectrum. This effect has been used for creation wavelength tunable laser with tuning range 25 nm at central wavelength 1290 nm, coherence length 8 mm.

Polyelectrolyte capsules were modified by different types of fluorescent dyes and their optical properties were investigated. Three methods of encapsulation were used: dye adsorption onto the porous core, change of the solvent and embedding into the polyelectrolyte shell. Suspension of capsules with Rhodamine 6G molecules in the shell was irradiated by laser beam with wavelength corresponded with the absorption band for the dye molecule. Measurements of the capsules size distribution before and after laser irradiation showed that the capsules were destroyed by laser radiation.

Nonlinear conversions of laser radiation frequency on the photo-integrated volumetric structures of the second-order susceptibility, created by all-optical poling, have been investigated in various glass mediums. The detailed analysis of the influence of a chemical compound was carried out, and as a result, the perspective multi-lead phosphate glasses with the concentration of the some percents of niobium oxide have been synthesized in which the greatest efficiency of the conversion of light is observed in conditions of long lifetime of the photo-integrated structures. The studied photointegrated structures may be useful in future for the creation of the various photonic devices for micro- and nanoelectronics.

Different aspects of multiple small-angle scattering effect on two-phonon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) imaging ability are discussed in this paper. We focus on theoretical evaluation of the maximum accessible imaging depth. There are three main factors which potentially restrict imaging depth: i) decay of tightly focused excitation beam caused by scattering and accompanied by loss of diffraction-limited resolution; ii) out-of focus fluorescence originated from excessive illumination of the sample surface which is required to compensate for the lack of peak intensity inside scattering medium; iii) decrease of signal-to noise ratio of fluorescence signal due to Beer-Bouguer-Lambert law decrease of excitation intensity. Based on small-angle diffusive approximation of radiation transfer theory we compared the influence of these factors and found out that the first two factors define fundamental limitation of 2PEM potentialities in scattering medium while the last one provides principal instrumental limitation which prevails in state-of the-art commercial laser scanning microscopy systems.

Mathematical description of Fourier specklegrams behaviour by 3-D rotation of a plain object is given. The equations describing local speckle shift in the specklegrams are derived. Possibilities of the rotation parameters determination by Fourier plane speckle interferometry are considered. It is shown, that speckle interferometry with object illumination with a coherent plane wave and recording the object field in Fourier plane does not allow determining the object in-plane rotation center. However, it allows determining the object rotation angles, with the illumination beam parameters being known. The formulas necessary for the object rotation angles determination are derived.

The effects of diffraction halo normalization and specklegrams nonlinear processing on the diffraction halo shape and digital speckle photography measurements accuracy and sensitivity are considered. By numerical simulation of digital speckle photography in Fourier plane of a plane object tilt it is shown that diffraction halo normalization leads to improvement of the diffraction halo fringes spacing determination and, consequently, speckle photography method accuracy increase. Next, it is shown that specklegrams nonlinear processing leads to the diffraction halo region broadening and measurements sensitivity increase. These results can be used for improvement of the accuracy and sensitivity of the digital speckle photography method.

The article provides a discussion of value co-creation platforms within the context of technology driven business. It emphasizes the need for a terminological refinement of the value co-creation paradigm as well as for an articulation of its implications for the design and reconfiguration of the company value network.