This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7545, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

Holographic lens is proposed as a light coupling device integrated in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor chips to concise the SPR optical system. Having a sub-wavelength pattern with an asymmetric profile, the lens couples light via a first order wave which excites the surface plasmon wave along the sensing spot. The design and fabrication process are included in this work, where a laser interference lithography technique is utilized as it requires only single step to write a lens' pattern. The preliminary result indicates the first order wave with 20% diffraction efficiency.

A tapered fiber based ring resonator is fabricated and its optical characteristic is investigated. Fiber taper is firstly made by heating and stretching a piece of optical fiber, after the polymer protective cladding has been removed. The ring resonator is fabricated by twisting the tapered fiber and manipulating the two ends of the fiber. The comb filter with a constant spacing and an extinction ratio of 4.2dB can be obtained with the ring resonator. The free spectral range (FSR) of tapered fiber ring resonator can be varied from 0.08nm to 0.33nm by controlling the diameter of the ring. The filtering characteristic of the resonator is maintained after packaging with low index polymer.

In this study, the effect of the annealing treatment on electrochemical behavior and the oxide barrier-film thickness of anodized aluminum-magnesium (Al-Mg) alloy was investigated. Electrochemical parameters such as the polarization resistance (RP), solution resistance (RSol), alternating current impedance (Z), and the double layer capacitance (C_dL) of the anodized Al-Mg alloy were determined in sulfuric acid solutions ranged from 0-10% H₂SO₄ by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. Then, the oxide film thickness of the anodized Al-Mg alloy was determined from the obtained electrochemical parameters as a function of the sulfuric acid concentration (0-10% H₂SO₄), in the as received sample and annealed sample conditions. The optimum thickness of the oxide film was determined for the as received samples (4.2nm) and for the annealed samples (0.63nm) in sulfuric acid concentrations of 4% and 2% H2SO4, respectively. The reason behind the oxide film thickness of the as received samples is greater than the one for the annealed samples, because the former samples are thermodynamically unstable (more chemically active) as compared to the annealed samples. A mathematical model was developed to interpret the mechanism of the oxide film build up on the aluminum substrate. The mathematical model of the oxide film build up on the aluminum substrate was proposed for the next challenge of the present work.

Silicon nanowires were synthesized by electroless etching of Si(100) wafer using a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and silver nitrate. The formation of nanowires was catalyzed by silver nanoclusters deposit through an exchange reaction in which both silicon oxidation and silver reduction occur simultaneously on silicon surface. The etchant concentration, etching temperature and duration were well controlled in this work to produce a high aspect ratio of silicon nanowires. The morphological observation indicated that the fabricated silicon nanowires grown vertically on silicon surface. Moreover, a various shapes of rounded-, rectangular-, and triangle-shape are obtained co-exist in the bundle of silicon nanowires.

Silicon nanoparticles are synthesized by microemulsion route. Silicon tetrachloride (SiCl₄) is used as a silicon source. Meanwhile, hydrazine (N₂H₅OH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are used as reduction agent, stabilizer, and capping agent, respectively. In this study, the effects of different solvents (methanol, 1-butanol, 2-propanol, ethanol, acetone, and toluene) on the dispersion and the stabilization of silicon nanoparticles are studied intensively. The results in this study show that ethanol solvent has given smaller particle size, better size distribution, stable suspension and well dispersion of silicon nanoparticles. The diameter of synthesized silicon nanoparticles is in the range of 30-100 nm. Moreover, the absorption edge of silicon nanoparticles in ethanol is observed at a shorter wavelength compared to the others solvent.

We report the vibration reduction in the optically driven V-shaped AFM cantilever with 70 nm gold surface coating. The driving laser at 780 nm is intensity modulated at 1 kHz to 100 kHz and focused on the AFM cantilever surface. The cantilever vibration amplitude is monitored by HeNe probe laser. Two features are observed: high vibration amplitude of the cantilever (1) at several kHz modulation frequencies regime and (2) at around its mechanical resonance. In addition, we found that vibration at the resonance peak increases when the excitation spot is positioned farther from the free end of the cantilever.

We studied transparent organic light emitting diode (TOLED) with semitransparent cathode, Ca-Ag and optical enhanced passivation layer by annealing. The 8-hydroxyquinolatolithium (Liq) passivation layer improves the stability of Ca/Ag double layer, resulting in substantial increase of the efficiency by the enhanced transmittance and change brightness as electrode. Fabricated device was composed as followed structure, glass/ITO/2TNATA/α-NPD/Alq3:C545T (1%)/Bebq2/Ca-Ag. The passivation layer, Liq (40nm) was deposited on the device without broken vacuum before encapsulation with transparent glass sheets. Thermal annealing was carried out in oven at 80oC after encapsulation. At the device without passivation layer, annealing process made device to be deteriorated, such as to increase driving voltage from 6.8 V to 9.0 V at 10 mA/cm² and to drop efficiency 14.89 cd/A to 10.81 cd/A as bottom view. This drop of properties was caused by oxidation of cathode. However, the organic passivation layer played enough roles to protect oxidation of cathode. The efficiency as bottom side view of device with passivation layer, it can be observed that the efficiency and driving voltage were improved from 13.95 cd/A (@ 6.45 V) to 15.32 cd/A (@ 4.60 V) at 10 mA/cm² by annealing. Annealing process, in the device with passivation layer, made to increase the asymmetry of brightness through anode and cathode. So the ratio BBot/BTop of the emitted light through each electrode was changed from 2.26 to 4.33.

The band structures and density of state of tensile strained Ge/GeSiSn QWs with different Sn composition are investigated by using 6-band k.p method. The band lineups of Ge/GeSiSn are given. The hole energy dispersion curves and density of state are calculated. The results are helpful for Si photonics device design.

Highly transparent nano-sized Zn_xCd_1-xS thin films have been prepared by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. In this paper investigations made on the preparation, characterization and photo luminescent (PL) studies of copper doped Zn_xCd_1-xS films are presented and discussed. The deposited films are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and PL spectroscopic techniques. The results of XRD and SEM studies exhibit the average grain size to lie in nano range. The results of optical absorption spectra recorded in the wavelength range 400 - 700 nm, the band gap value is calculated to be ~ 2.57 eV. The PL emission intensity is observed to be maximum for a particular concentration of copper acetate and it almost seizes thereafter.

The electrokinetic transport behaviors of a particle in a microfluidic confined domain under thin electrical double layer (EDL) assumption are investigated. The focus is placed on transport velocity development of the particle. A finite element method based numerical simulation is employed to solve the model. The results indicate that the particle's density, domain width and zeta potential ratio of the wall to the particle are important to the particle's migration. Moreover, the dynamic flow field and vortex evolution within the confined domain are examined. It is found that the translational migration of the particle is significantly affected by electroosmotic flow (EOF) induced vortex flow within the domain.

THE PHENOMENON OF TRANSPIRATION, WHICH COMBINES EVAPORATION AND CAPILLARITY, COULD BE USED TO AUTONOMOUSLY AND SPONTANEOUSLY DRIVE FLOWS IN PUMP-LESS MICROFLUIDICS. WHILE PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN DIVERSE EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATIONS, NO COMPREHENSIVE THEORETICAL ANALYSIS HAS BEEN DONE ON THESE PROCESSES. HERE WE PERFORM PARAMETRIC STUDIES ON THE SYSTEM, WITH EMPHASIS ON STUDYING THE FEASIBILITY OF A LOW-COST VERSION OF TRANSPIRATION-BASED MICROFLUIDICS, WHICH COULD BE FABRICATED USING INEXPENSIVE AND READILY AVAILABLE MATERIALS (E.G. COTTON THREADS AND TISSUE PAPERS). OUR ANALYSIS IS PARTICULARLY FOCUSED ON THE GEOMETRIC VARIATION OF THE SYSTEM, INCLUDING THE RATIO BETWEEN CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CAPILARRITY PARTS AND EVAPORATION PARTS, AS WELL AS THE WIND VELOCITY AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE EVAPORATOR AND ITS SURROUNDING AMBIENCE. OUR RESULTS SERVE AS GENERAL DESIGN GUIDES FOR LOW-COST TRANSPIRATION-BASED MICROFLUIDICS.

The influence of the Palmitoyl Pentapeptide (PPp) and Ceramide IIIB (Cm III B) as active ingredients on the droplet size of nano-emulsion was studied using different kinds of oil (avocado oil, sweet almond oil, jojoba oil, mineral oil and squalene). The formation of nano-emulsions were prepared in water mixed non ionic surfactant/oils system using the spontaneous emulsification mechanism. The aqueous solution, which consist of water and Tween® 20 as a hydrophilic surfactant was mixed homogenously. The organic solution, which consist of oil and Span® 80 as a lipophilic surfactant was mixed homogenously in ethanol. Ethanol was used as a water miscible solvent, which can help the formation of nano-emulsion. The oil phase (containing the blend of surfactant Span® 80, ethanol, oil and active ingredient) and the aqueous phase (containing water and Tween® 20) were separately prepared at room temperatures. The oil phase was slowly added into aqueous phase under continuous mechanical agitation (18000 rpm). All samples were subsequently homogenized with Ultra-Turrax for 30 minutes. The characterizations of nano-emulsion were carried out using photo-microscope and particle size analyzer. Addition of active ingredients on the formation of nano-emulsion gave smallest droplet size compared without active ingredients addition on the formation of nano-emulsion. Squalene oil with Palmitoyl Pentapeptide (PPm) and Ceramide IIIB (Cm IIIB) gave smallest droplet size (184.0 nm) compared without Palmitoyl Pentapeptide and Ceramide IIIB (214.9 nm), however the droplets size of the emulsion prepared by the other oils still in the range of nano-emulsion (below 500 nm). The stability of nano-emulsion was observed using two methods. In one method, the stability of nano-emulsion was observed for three months at temperature of 5°C and 50°C, while in the other method, the stability nano-emulsion was observed by centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 30 minutes. Nanoemulsion with active ingredient was remained stable even when stored until three months. Coalescence process between the droplets was not occurred significantly and droplet size was still below 500 nm. Over all, the emulsion remained stable, even it was centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 30 minutes.

Vital signals of patients, such as heart rate, temperature and movement are crucial to monitor patients in hospital. Current heart rate measurement is obtained by using Electrocardiograph, which normally applies electrodes to the patient's body. As electrodes are extremely uncomfortable to ware and hinder patient's movement, a non-invasive vital signal-monitoring device will be a better solution. Similar to Electrocardiograph, the device detects the voltage difference across the heart by using concept of capacitance, which can be obtained by two conductive fiber sewing on the bed sheet. Simultaneous temperature reading can also be detected by using surface mounted temperature sensor. This paper will mainly focus on the heart rate monitoring.

Fuel oxidation reaction in anode electrode of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) is a multi-step reaction. The oxidation reaction begins with dissociative adsorption of fuel molecule on the surface of the electrode and subsequently diffusion of hydrogen atoms to the triple phase boundary sites, where the hydrogen atom combines with the oxygen ion and forms water; the final product of the fuel cell cycle. The electrons that release during this reaction will be transferred to the electrode materials and finally will be collected by current collector layer and transmitted to the external circuit. What people normally measure as the impedance of this circuit is summation of all the resistances in the circuit. By using palladium catalyst nanoparticles we will be able to alter the resistance against adsorption and diffusion step of the reaction and estimate the share of each step of the reaction in the whole electrode resistance. Our results reveal that presence of Pd catalyst nanoparticles cause a sharp decrease in the activation energy of the adsorption and diffusion step of the reaction, while the activation energy for charge transfer step does not change. Presence of Pd nanoparticles causes a significant decrease in anode impedance value and also separates the impedance spectra into two split portion. Incremental application of bias current on the anode electrode leads to gradual decrease in the resistance against both adsorption/diffusion and charge transfer step of the reaction. The reduction in the resistance is almost equal in percentage for both reaction steps. Studying impedance spectra for pure and Pd impregnated Ni/GDC anode at open circuit and under bias potential reveal that the impedance spectra for hydrogen oxidation reaction over pure Ni/GDC anode is mostly formed by resistance against adsorption and diffusion of the hydrogen species. Thus the main effort for enhancing the performance of the anode electrode should be focused on increasing the affinity of the electrode materials for adsorbing hydrogen species.

The vegetative in vitro propagation of Lemna minor stain SING-4 exposed to two different types of fluorescent light sources, Philips TLD 36W/54 and Toshiba FL40T8BRF/36, was studied. The liquid culture medium contained 4.43gl^-1 phytohormone-free full-strength Murashige & Skoog (MS) basal medium with vitamins, 30gl^-1 sucrose, and 1gl^-1 MES. The results showed that both plant cultures had undergone normal asexual reproduction with an exponential increase trend. Cultures exposed to Toshiba FL40T8BRF/36 reproduced at a slightly faster rate while expressing significantly greener foliage (leaf color chart shade No.8), which indicates the presence of more chlorophyll, than cultures exposed to Philips TLD 36W/54 (leaf color chart shade No.4). The data obtained from our experiment reveals that light emitted from Toshiba FL40T8BRF/36 produces healthier and higher quality cultures.

The development of new products based on the immobilization of nanoparticles on fibers has recently received a growing interest from both the academic and industrial sectors. A wide range of nanoparticles and nano-structures can be immobilized on fibers, which brings new properties to the final product. In the present work, silver nanoparticle was immobilized on nylon fibers by immersed deposition method as an antimicrobial agent. Silver colloid was produced by chemical reduction of silver salt (silver nitrate) solution, in the presence of sodium citrate. Synthesis of silver colloid was carried out by using chemical reduction method at temperature of 95 and 100°C. The mixture was heated until color changed into pale yellow. UV-Vis spectrometry indicated formation of silver nanoparticles. UV-Vis analysis was reported that the absorption spectrum of silver nanoparticles showed a maximum between 420 and 450 nm. Characterization of silver nanoparticles was conducted using Fourier Transformed Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, particle size analyzer (PSA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that silver nanoparticles forms aggregates on the surface of fiber, during deposition process. The size of aggregates varied from 19.9 ± 4.8 nm to 49.5 ± 12.5 nm. To evaluate the antimicrobial effects against microorganisms, we used representative microorganisms S. aureus. Silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity reducing bacterial growth.

Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) has gained wide interest as a viable microscopic technique for the study of surface properties at the nanoscale. SNOM uses optical fiber to detect evanescent wave which provides a high resolution imaging beyond the diffraction limit. The collected intensity is influenced by complex refractive index of the sample. This project exploits the property of evanescent wave to discriminate between unhybridized and hybridized DNA which has a significant difference in complex refractive index. The concept could become a promising alternative since it circumvents fluorescence-labeling problems. The research focuses on numerical modeling by mean of finitedifference beam propagation and DNA hybridization based on empirical data from literatures.

Nowadays, most activities require lesser physical actions, which could ultimately lead to accumulation of excessive body fat. The main roles of body fat are to store energy and acts as various kinds of insulators for the body. The thickness of fat layers can be measured to indicate fat-body weight ratio. Exceeding the body-mass index (BMI) could lead to many illnesses regarding obesity. Consequently, many studies have proposed various principles and techniques to measure the amount of fat within one's body. In this paper, infrared interactance in skin layers is studied for investigation of the influence of fat thickness upon photon travelling pattern in skin tissues using Monte Carlo model (MCML). Photon propagation is numerically simulated in simplified multi-layered tissues. The optical coefficients of each skin layers are accounted for different traveling paths of photons that move through random motion. The thickness of fat layer is varied, and changing in optical parameters is observed. Then the statistically obtained data are computed and analyzed for the effect of the fat layer upon reflection percentage using different wavelengths. The calculations have shown increment in the slope of change of reflection percentage versus fat thickness, when using infrared compare to visible light. This technique can be used to construct a mobile device that is capable of measuring the volume fraction of melanin and blood in the epidermis layer and dermis layer, to calculate for the necessary optical coefficients that would be necessary for measurement of fat thickness.

Health is an important part of human life. Every person in this world want healthy body, in other words free of any disease. When seeing the pattern of human life today is high activity, always eat instant foods and lack of exercise makes a very bad human health from year to year. Therefore, there is need for the health revolution that can keep human health in order to remain in the condition is always healthy. Eat healthy foods four plus five perfect diligent exercise is the real solution to maintain health. In addition also advisable to always check each month to the doctor so that our health can be controlled. Most people underestimate it, especially the routine checks once a month to the doctor, therefore I created a simple research that aims to get people to mengonytrol health at any time without having to check into the doctor. By utilizing the resistance in the human body's health so we can be controlled. By using a simple tool to measure human resistance by using the concept of the bridge. Bridge circuit used to convert impedance variations into voltage variations. One advantage of this circuit is the voltage produced can vary around 0. This means strengthening can be used to raise the voltage level so as sensitivity to variations in impedance also increases. Another application is the impedance measurement accuracy. The bridge is the simplest and most widely used is the Wheatstone bridge circuit. This circuit is used for signal conditioning applications where a sensor can change the resistance value when the process variable is changed.

In this work, simulation technique for single electron transistor (SET) based on master equation is presented. The SET is modeled as a circuit consisting of two tunnel junctions, one non-tunnel junction and two voltage sources of gate voltage and drain voltage. A tunneling electron is described as a discrete charge due to stochastic nature of a tunneling event. Simulated source-drain current versus drain voltage characteristics show the staircase behavior, while source-drain current is a periodic function of the gate voltage. Coulomb diamond region is also found, which means that the SET operation is based on single electron tunneling. These results reproduce the previous studies of the SET, indicating that the simulation technique achieves good accuration. Such simulation method is also useful in the application of single electron turnstile, single electron pump and the other more complex multiple tunnel junction circuits.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique widely used in various applications especially in biomedical field. It constructs a high resolution 3-D image using multiple cross-sectional views. The axial resolution can be degraded if the sample is dispersive, which is usually true as most of the samples are living tissues. For time-domain OCT, this dispersion is minimized numerically by introducing a compensation filter, which is applied to the obtained signal in Wigner domain, a time-frequency domain. The filter is designed using simulated annealing optimization technique. This paper shows the design of the filter and the results of dispersion compensation.

A high numerical aperture (NA) lens is used in many applications that require tightly focused beams including microscopy. The Debye-Wolf electromagnetic diffraction integral describes focusing by high NA lenses. Using an eigenfunction expansion of this integral, we numerically obtain a pupil mask that generates an arbitrary, within the diffraction limit, intensity distribution at the Gaussian focal plane.

From the past until now, a radio frequency technology takes an important role in a communication system. Optical wireless technology is gaining more importance and becoming a smart alternative in the communication systems since noise and interference problem issues can be minimized. This project aims to create a smart environment by using optical wireless technology with a color multiplexing scheme. RGB Light Emitting Diodes (RGB-LEDs) are used as a visible white light source as they are becoming the next generation of lamps. A color de-multiplexing scheme is applied at the receiver port.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation technique which provides higher bit rate and efficient bandwidth. This paper presents an implementation of a 4/16/64 Order Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Mapper-Demapper for 256 Sub channel OFDM Model on Xilinx SPARTAN 3E Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) series, using schematic approach. This QAMOFDM model is reconfigurable in term of its QAM order. The result shows that under the clock frequency around 262 MHz, the implementation works well, high precision is achieved at its serial output. A precision process conducted at 20 ns internal clock input period, with the 25 Mbps input bit rate requires 81.94 μs QAM processing-time. The implementation consumes about 80 % of the total FPGA slices (3736 slices).