This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7000, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and the Conference Committee listing.
The need to keep transmission capacity growing is a never ending process which is becoming more and more
challenging to fulfill. Over the years we have witnessed data rates to grow from less than one bit per second all the way
up to tens of Giga bits per second thus leading to the overall aggregate throughputs of several Terra bits per second
which can be observed in today's the most advanced optical communications networks. This progression was
accomplished by replacing earlier simple copper conductor wires by a twisted pair, then by coaxial cables which later on
were superseded by microwave transmission systems. After fundamental discoveries leading to coherent light sources -
lasers and fiber optic cables, fiber optics data communication became the prevailing way in data transmission. The
combination of fiber optics, optical data multiplexing techniques, and advanced electronic signal processing helped to
realize data transmission capabilities which just a few years ago would have been very hardly even to imagine.
An overview of current commercial and emerging approaches to single-photon-sensitive detection is given. Special
attention is devoted to the detectors providing photon-number resolution with respect to their application in quantum
optics and quantum information. Besides detectors offering photon-number resolution intrinsically, also multiplexing
detectors are treated. A comparison of the detector technologies is presented.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Utilization of selected laser-ablation-based diagnostic methods for study of elemental distribution in various solid samples, 774604 (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881148
Here we report on the recent developments and upgrades of our Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy setups and their
different modification for high-resolution mapping. Mapping capabilities of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
(LIBS) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry are compared. The applied improvements as
an autofocus algorithm, together with the realization of double-pulse LIBS or combination of LIBS by Laser-Induced
Fluorescence Spectroscopy (LIFS) with technique are detailed. The signal enhancement obtained by double-pulse
approach is demonstrated. The state of the art on development of portable remote LIBS apparatus is also presented.
A carefully designed metal-dielectric periodic stack forms a simple optical metamaterial with small losses and
super-resolving properties for imaging between its external boundaries in the near-UV or visible wavelength
range. The effective penetration depth reaches the order of one micrometer with the resolution even tenfold
better than predicted by the Rayleigh criterion in air. Therefore the stack may be seen as a transparent and
super-resolving metamaterial. Depending on the strength of Fabry-Perot resonances it may either support
standing-wave internal field distributions or allow for approximately diffraction-free propagation not limited to
any specific beam profiles. The latter case enables to design shaped elements such as prisms, or elements of optical
cloaks which retain the same diffraction-free properties. Here an overview of the physical models which explain
the super-resolution is presented - in particular with reference to the effective medium theory. The numerical
simulations are based on the transfer matrix method. A discussion on the analogies between subwavelenegth
imaging with metal-dielectric multilayers and isoplanatic imaging systems considered in the past within the
framework Fourier Optics is included.
Optical singularities have focused much of attention for last thirty years. This paper is a short report on applications of
optical vortices both actual and potential. Unfortunately the optical vortices are still more promising features in optical
fields than working in real applications. However, there is a hope that they usefulness will grow in the future.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Pulsed-laser deposition and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of functional oxide materials, 774607 (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881430
Pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) techniques are reviewed and new
results on PLD and LIBS of functional oxide materials are reported. Nano-composite high-Tc superconducting (HTS)
films with enhanced critical current density are produced by laser ablation of novel ceramic targets. The transport
properties of HTS thin films are modified by light-ion irradiation. Nano-patterning of HTS films is achieved by masked
ion beam irradiation. Optically transparent epitaxial ZnO layers are grown by PLD and acoustic resonances in the GHz
range are excited by piezoelectric actuation. LIBS is employed to analyze impurity trace elements in industrial oxide
powder. For quantitative analysis of major and minor elements the calibration-free LIBS method is refined. This CFLIBS
method is employed to the analysis of multi-element materials and very good match with nominal concentration of
oxides is achieved (relative error less than 20 %).
Proc. SPIE 7746, Advanced optical methods for patterning of photonic structures in photoresist, III-V semiconductors and PMMA, 774608 (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881702
This contribution presents experimental results in the field of planar two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PhC)
structures, as well as their design, fabrication and analysis. We demonstrate maskless optical methods leading to
fabrication of 2D PhC structures for applications in optoelectronics. The 2D PhC structures of square and triangular
symmetries with period from 275 nm to 2 μm were fabricated in thin photoresist layer, III-V semiconductor surfaces and
polymethylmethacrylate using interference lithography and near-field scanning optical microscope lithography. The 2D
PhC structures prepared in GaAs surface were used as a mold for nanoimprint lithography in polymethylmethacrylate.
Decreasing the illumination wavelength allows to improve the spatial resolution in photon-based imaging systems and
enables a nanometer-scale spatial resolution. Due to a significant interest in nanometer-scale spatial resolution imaging
short wavelengths from extreme ultraviolet (EUV) region are often used. A few examples of various imaging techniques,
such as holography, zone plate EUV microscopy, computer generated hologram EUV reconstruction, lens-less
diffraction imaging and generalized Talbot self-imaging will be presented utilizing coherent and incoherent EUV
sources. Some of these EUV imaging techniques lead to the high spatial resolution, better than 50nm in a very short
exposure time. The techniques, presented herein, have potential to be used in actinic mask inspection for EUV
lithography, mask-less lithographic processes in the nanofabrication, in material science or biology.
Proc. SPIE 7746, The regular lattice of optical vortices used for measurement in two angular and one linear degree of freedom, 77460A (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881752
In this paper authors present the method for measurement of micro displacements along optical axis of the reflective
object. Three separate focused beams are used in those measurements. Those three plane waves are reflected by
examined object surface and their interference tends to create regular lattice of the optical vortices. In this paper authors
present test results of sensitivity of an actual measurement system.
Proc. SPIE 7746, The scanning method for measuring surface shape using the regular lattice of optical vortices, 77460B (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881501
The vortex lattice can be practically used in metrology. The Optical Vortex Interferometer (OVI) is an useful tool to
generate a regular lattice of optical vortices. Unfortunately, there are still many problems that have to be solved before an
OVI-based device can go into production. In this paper experimental results of using another type of OVI, OVI with one
focused beam, are presented. The results of measuring small displacements of reflecting areas are also shown.
This paper presents a new technique of localization of Optical Vortex center (Vortex Point), which is based on Artificial
Neural Network. The network accepts as inputs intensities of pixels in a square sub-area of fixed size and produces two
output signals correlated to X and Y coordinates of vortex point. A feed-forward neural network with one hidden,
non-linear layer was used. The learning criterion was Mean Squared Error and the net was trained with
Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm implemented in MATLAB with distorted and noisy images of simulated Optical Vortex
Interferometer. The authors provide the results of localization for two sizes of sub-area and two types of simulated
interference patterns. The first type of interferogram contain lattice of optical vortices obtained by interference of three
plane waves and the second type of interferogram with fringe bifurcations created by interference of lattice of optical
vortex with additional, fourth plane wave. The results of simulations suggest possible employment of the proposed
method in an experimental setup due to the localization error median being around 0.4 pixel for "three waves" case and
0.9 pixel for "four waves".
Proc. SPIE 7746, Measurement of dispersion characteristics of two-mode birefringent optical fibers by spectral interferometric techniques, 77460D (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.877991
We present the results of measurement of dispersion characteristics of two-mode highly birefringent (HB) fibers
by three spectral interferometric techniques. First, a technique employing a tandem configuration of a Michelson
interferometer and HB fiber under test is used for a broad spectral range measurement (e.g. 500-1300 nm) of
the group modal birefringence for two spatial modes supported by the fiber. Second, a method of a lateral
point-like force acting on the fiber and based on spectral interferometry is used for measuring the phase modal
birefringence at one wavelength for the fundamental mode only. The measured value is combined with the
dispersion of the group modal birefringence to obtain the phase modal birefringence over a broad wavelength
range. Third, a spectral interferometric technique employing an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer with
HB fiber in the test arm is used for measuring the wavelength dependence of the chromatic dispersion of the one
of the polarization modes supported by the HB fiber over a broad wavelength range (e.g. 500-1400 nm). From
this dependence and from the chromatic-dispersion difference, which is obtained from the measured group modal
birefringence, the chromatic dispersion of the other polarization mode supported by the HB fiber is retrieved.
We measured by these techniques dispersion characteristics of two HB fibers, including elliptical-core HB fiber
and microstructured HB fiber.
We present an experimental arrangement of an interferometric system designed to operate with full compensation for
varying refractive index of air in the measuring axis. The concept is based on a principle where the wavelength of the
laser source is derived not from an optical frequency of the stabilized laser but from a fixed length being a base-plate or a
frame of the whole measuring setup. This results into stabilization of the wavelength of the laser source in atmospheric
conditions to mechanical length of suitable etalon made of a material with very low thermal expansion. The ultra-low
thermal expanding glass ceramic materials available on the market perform thermal expansion coefficients on the level
10-8 which significantly exceeds the limits of uncertainty posed by indirect evaluation of refractive index of air through
Edlen formula. To verify the concept a tracking of laser frequency following the drift of refractive index has been
performed.
First set-up of the laser interferometer with tunable semiconductor laser is presented. To reduce the influence of the
index of refraction of air, the design of optical set-up of the experimental interferometer is realized using fiber optics.
VCSEL diodes (Vertical Surface Emitting Laser) and DFB laser diodes (Distributed FeedBack) were used in our setup
of the laser interferometer. Comparison of the frequency stability and the wavelength tuneability of these laser diodes are
presented. In our first set-up of the laser interferometer was used the method of the frequency stabilization on optical
resonator to stabilize of frequency of laser diodes and measurement of the tuneability of the wavelength. Measurement
of absolute values can be providing by this laser interferometer. The project will be proceed with the research of other
modulation and detection techniques and development of a new method with high level of digital signal processing for
the detection of interference signals to improve resolution of the interferometer. The design of an absolute laser
interferometer which was intended to operate in applications oriented to precision manufacturing and testing where the
ability to measure distance directly is needed and where the measured distances are relatively small ranging over no
more than few cm.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Continuous wavelet transform analysis and visualization of additive type moire and time-average fringe patterns, 77460G (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881543
An application of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to modulation extraction of additive moir´e fringes
and time-average patterns is described. To facilitate the task of demodulating a signal with zero crossing values
a two frame approach for the wavelet ridge extraction is proposed. Experimental studies of resonance vibration
mode patterns by time-average interferometry provide verification of numerical findings. They agree very well
with our previous investigation results obtained using the temporal phase shifting method. No need of performing
phase shifting represents significant simplification of the experimental procedure.
Proc. SPIE 7746, The image quality and resolution limits of phase-shifting digital holography based on the self-imaging effect, 77460H (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881766
A method of a digital holography based on the use of a self-imaging of the phase element is presented and assessed in
terms of image quality and resolution. The experimental results of digital hologram acquisition and reconstructions are
given for a standard USAF test pattern. The self imaging effect is used in the reference beam of the Mach-Zehnder
interferometer in order to project a structured phase modulated beam directly onto the photosensitive matrix of a digital
camera. The main advantage of this method is a simple optical setup and the possibility of performing phase-shifting
with a single camera exposure. The numerical reconstruction takes advantage of the Talbot effect and does not involve
any approximation or interpolation techniques. In order to evaluate the applicative potential of the method, in this work
the image quality is checked for various parameters of the optical setup, especially the period of the self-imaging
structure and imaging distances.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Monitor of mirror distance of Fabry-Perot cavity by the use of stabilized femtosecond laser comb, 77460I (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881891
The use of an ultra low expansion cavity plays a crucial role in laser stabilization, and in atomic or ion clocks.
We propose an easy method of precise monitoring of optical path distance in Fabry-Perot interferometer. The
spacing of mirrors of the Fabry-Perot interferometer in ambient air represents the optical path distance referenced
to stable optical frequency of the femtosecond mode-locked laser. With the help of highly selective optical filter it
is possible to get only a few of separate spectral components of laser comb. Optical path distance is transfered to
optical frequency of the comb component and through the repetition frequency of the laser to the radio-frequency
domain. Repetition frequency of the laser can be monitored with the uncertainty referenced to the any local
oscillator or through the GPS to the atomic clock standard. By using this mehod we are able to measure and
lock the Fabry-Perot cavity to a selected single component of optical frequency comb an to measure the optical
path distance directly in rf domain.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Application of the S-transform to the phase-shift extraction in phase shifting interferometry, 77460J (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.882568
A new method of determining arbitrary phase shifts in Phase Shifting Interferometry (PSI) is presented. The
method uses a unique property of Localized Cross Spectral Analysis (LCSA) that constitutes a part of the Stransform
to estimate the unknown parameter. The computed phase shifts are then used as an input to the
generalized PSI algorithm to obtain accurate phase distribution information. The effectiveness of this method is
then verified by means of computer simulations and experimentally acquired data.
Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a powerful tool for observation of biological samples. The main advantage of
DHM imaging is the possibility to reconstruct the intensity image and the phase image of an observed sample in
real-time. The background of phase images is deformed and this deformation is changing during a long-term experiment.
We describe here a novel procedure of deformation compensation for sequence of phase images. This novel procedure is
based on deformation compensation procedure for a single phase image which uses the least square method. The novel
procedure is applicable to compensate deformation during observation in real-time. The proposed procedure is applied to
phase images of cells obtained by a transmitted-light digital holographic microscope.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Holographic color projection with additional phase factor to suppress zero diffractive order, 77460L (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881763
A method of color projection of 2D images utilizing red, green and blue laser sources and Fourier holograms addressed
on a single phase modulator has been reported. High quality rich-colored images were achieved, although the main
difficulty in reaching the TV-quality is the presence of a 0th diffractive order. It is inevitably created due to a limited fill
factor and phase modulation nonlinearity of the used Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) device. However, in certain
conFigureurations the light energy contributing to the spurious diffractive order can be focused in a single point in space
and absorbed with an amplitude filter. In this work we present the experimental results of a color projection with the
non-diffracted peak shifted outside the viewing range in both transverse directions and along the optical axis.
There is presented a simulation of the speckle propagation by means of a computer in this paper. The model is designed
for in-plane translation of an object generating speckle field. There is used the Fresnel-Kirchhof diffraction theory for
description of the speckle field propagation. The presented numerical model involves detection of speckle pattern at any
observation angles. The model is verified through a method of correlation of speckle fields which results are compared to
ones provided by theoretical relations.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Modelling of the space invariant optical systems with a spatially incoherent illumination, 77460N (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881768
A study of imaging in an isoplanatic optical setup with a spatially incoherent illumination is presented. In such optical
setups a light intensity distribution in an image plane can be calculated by a convolution of an input field with a Point
Spread Function (PSF). Additionally a numerical simulation of incoherent monochromatic illumination is done by an
integration of intensity images obtained with different random initial phase distributions (equivalent to a long exposure
with a rotating diffuser in an optical setup). When an optical system is non space-invariant the point source image
changes in various regions of the image plane and imaging simulation becomes complicated. Method with a simple
convolution with PSF distribution cannot be applied because there is no one well defined PSF for the whole optical
setup. This second method needs a bigger computational effort but can provide imaging modelling for both isoplanatic
and non space invariant situations. In this contribution we compare the two mentioned methods in terms of imaging
quality and its agreement with theoretical expectations. We give some statistical analysis of a contrast and noise level of
the obtained pictures. We discuss the advantages and limitations of both modelling techniques for typical greyscale test
patterns.
Proc. SPIE 7746, 3D imaging with the light sword optical element and deconvolution of distance-dependent point spread functions, 77460O (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881762
The experimental demonstration of a blind deconvolution method on an imaging system with a Light Sword optical
element (LSOE) used instead of a lens. Try-and-error deconvolution of known Point Spread Functions (PSF) from an
input image captured on a single CCD camera is done. By establishing the optimal PSF providing the optimal contrast of
optotypes seen in a frame, one can know the defocus parameter and hence the object distance. Therefore with a single
exposure on a standard CCD camera we gain information on the depth of a 3-D scene. Exemplary results for a simple
scene containing three optotypes at three distances from the imaging element are presented.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Design, realization, and applications of diffractive structures for laser beam manipulation, 77460P (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.882197
This paper deals with the design, fabrication, and applications of the synthetic diffractive elements. Selected
design algorithms such as the Iterative Fourier Transform Algorithm and others have been researched and
improved to give better results for particular applications. Interesting fabrication technologies such as the
matrix laser lithography are also presented. Finally, several applications are described that have been solved at
the Department of Physical Electronics of the Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering.
Spatial imaging is nowadays realized using a number of principles and technologies. Application of
stereography in combination with the diffractive structures is thus only one of many possible solutions.
We introduce two methods of synthetic stereography using diffractive structures. The two-step method
of holographic stereography records a 2D matrix of primary holograms in its first step, using an original
recording device. This multiplexed master is then reconstructed in a typical holographic scheme and
a full-color rainbow hologram can be recorded in the second step. The second presented method,
the method of direct writing, records the diffractive structure of a full-color synthetic stereogram
in a single step, using an optical lithograph. The recorded structure is composed of elementary
diffraction gratings and is completely calculated using a computer. Benefits and specific problems of
both methods are discussed.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Analysis of the Faraday and the Cotton-Mouton effects interaction in a tokamak plasma, 77460R (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.882511
Polarimetry, based on the measurement of the Faraday and the Cotton-Mouton effects, gives an important information on
thermonuclear plasma density and current value. However at high plasma density and current conditions both effects
start combine nonlinearly and it is difficult to obtain pure Faraday rotation angle and Cotton-Mouton phase shift angle.
The paper presents an estimation of this interaction for various plasma regimes, typical for modern tokamak devices.
The accuracy of the model, taking into account the coupling between the Faraday and the Cotton-Mouton when both
effects are equal, is analyzed for the vertical beam path in the magnetized plasma.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Interaction of Cotton-Mouton and Faraday effect under different initial polarization state of incident beam, 77460S (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881869
The evolution of polarization along the ray in homogeneous plasma is analyzed in situation when Faraday and
Cotton-Mouton effects are not small and comparable with each other. On the basis of the quasi-isotropic
approximation of geometrical optics method authors find the numerical solution for azimuthal and ellipticity
angles of polarization ellipse and analyze how the initial state of the incident beam affects obtained results.
Numerical modeling is performed for plasma parameters comparable with those acceptable for the ITER project.
The fundamental research of the parametrical fluorescence is discussed. We start with the mathematical model.
We have included the final size of nonlinear crystal, the chirped pump pulse of Gaussian elliptical beam in the
model. We have verified the numerical results experimentally. We have used two different methods. First one
used ICCD camera, and second one, scan by Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer.
In the paper propagation of two overlapping light pulses in saturable nonlinear medium of Kerr type is analyzed. During
their interaction higher order effects are taken into account. The total field of both pulses satisfies Higher Order
Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (HONSE). This equation is being solved analytically and numerically for the field
describing sum of two concentric solitons - one high and narrow and the second low but very wide. The approximate
analytical solution of HONSE is obtained by means of canonical method. The derived ten Euler-Lagrange equations can
be solved analytically if parameters of considered solitons significantly differ. The obtained solution describes
oscillations of altitude and width of the narrow soliton and monotonous change of parameters of the wide component -
its width increases and altitude decreases during propagation. The correspondence between numeric and analytical
solutions is analyzed.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Absorptive optical bistability in organic media under the influence of transverse effects, 77460V (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.882780
The influence of transverse effects on optical bistability in Fabry-Perot cavity filled with saturable absorber was
numerically investigated. A simple model of singlet absorption was used on numerically solving the relationships
between the input and output light fields. The proposed model corresponds well to organic compounds considered as
novel optical materials with third-order optical nonlinearities. The proposed optically bistable systems were
demonstrated for two organic dyes of fluorescein and rhodamine 6G dispersed in transparent solid matrices. Their
optically bistable behaviour was anticipated considering the homogeneous and Gaussian distribution of light energy in
the radial direction. Most notable cases are discussed related to the changes of the Gaussian beam radii, positive
feedback conditions in the Fabry-Perot cavity and considering linear and nonlinear absorption parameters of the organic
media. The simulation results enabled us to establish numerically thresholds of Fabry-Perot mirror reflectance and
Gaussian beam radius for both nonlinear organic materials, above which absorptive optical bistability can occur. The
results can be helpful in design of optical switches for all-optical communication networks.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Photoelectron spectra for an atom with one autoionizing level that interacts with a neighbor, 77460W (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881772
We investigate two atoms coupled with a quantized field mode. Whereas one is the Jaynes-Cummings (JC)
two-level atom, the other is an autoionizing system with two discrete levels and a continuum of states. In case
interactions between the atoms do not occur, the periodic behavior of the JC atom contrasts with the autoionizing
system. We ask whether or not a seesaw-like interaction between the atoms can change the behavior of the JC
atom. We present photoelectron spectra dependent on the time for various initial states of the field mode.
Raman spectroscopy can elucidate fundamental questions about intercellular variability and what governs it. Moreover,
knowing the metabolic response on single cell level this can significantly contribute to the study and use of microalgae in
systems biology and biofuel technology. Raman spectroscopy is capable to measure nutrient dynamics and metabolism
in vivo, in real-time, label free making it possible to monitor/evaluate population variability. Also, degree of unsaturation
of the algae oil (iodine value) can be measured using Raman spectra obtained from single microalgae. The iodine value is
the determination of the amount of unsaturation contained in fatty acids (in the form of double bonds). Here we
demonstrate the capacity of the spatially resolved Raman microspectroscopy to determine the effective iodine value in
lipid storage bodies of individual living algal cells. We employed the characteristic peaks in the Raman scattering spectra
at 1,656 cm-1 (cis C=C stretching mode) and 1,445 cm-1 (CH2 scissoring mode) as the markers defining the ratio of
unsaturated-to-saturated carbon-carbon bonds of the fatty acids in the algal lipids.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Analysis of coupled equation scheme for modelling of nonlinear pulse propagation in coupled microring resonators, 77460Y (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881935
We present a simple finite-difference scheme for solution of nonlinear coupled evolution equations that describe
propagation of optical pulses under the slowly-varying envelope approximation. The scheme is based on upwind
differencing and enables inclusion of various nonlinear effects. For the analysis we use examples of Kerr-nonlinear
structures: waveguide directional coupler and channel dropping filter consisting of coupled microring resonators.
Generalization to the more complex systems is straightforward. We study accuracy and stability of the scheme,
demonstrate typical features, and comparison with other techniques.
Resolution of scanning near-field optical microscopes is limited by a sum of the aperture diameter at the tip of a
tapered waveguide probe and twice the skin depth in metal used for coating. To increase the resolution we need
to decrease the aperture diameter, to this end increase of energy throughput is necessary. Recently, we proposed
that the interface between the fiber core and metal coating is structured into parallel grooves of different profiles
curved inward the core. The role of grooves is to facilitate conversion of photons to plasmons at the core -
cladding interface. In this paper we prove that a singe groove is enough to increase energy throughput by 500%
in the case of aluminum cladding and 3000% for gold cladding over probes without corrugations. Moreover, one
groove assures better transmission than a set of 10 grooves. Our investigations of aluminum, copper and gold
coated probes are carried out using finite-difference time-domain simulations within the optical range 400-700
nm, a computational volume equal 30μm3, and discretisation step 0.5 nm.
In this work we designed and made a photonic crystal structure with a photonic band gap around 532 nm wavelength.
The structure was to be made from two commercially available glasses. Both should have similar temperature
coefficients (alpha), also melting and softening temperatures should be as close as possible in order to thermally process
both glasses together. In addition the refractive indexes of chosen glasses should be as different as possible in order to
facilitate a wide band gap. The pair of glasses that met those requirements is LLF1 and SF6 produced by Schott. For
those two glasses we performed a series of computer simulations using MIT MPB software. After checking various
structures the widest band gap for the 532 nm wavelength was found for the hexagonal structure of high dielectric
constant rods in low index material with a linear fill factor of 0.12 and a lattice constant 3.75 μm. This structure was
manufactured using the stack and draw method. The measurements of the final structure made by ESM show that it is
regular, with diffusion between glasses at the manageable level. This assures that manufacture process is repeatable.
Presented work is dedicated to analysis of nonlinear effects in dual core photonic crystal fiber. Both theoretical and
experimental approaches are used. Theoretical analysis includes determination of dispersion and coupling curves.
Simulation of nonlinear propagation is based on coupled generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Modified
numerical model utilizing split-step Fourier method was adapted for dual core fibers. In theoretical part possibility to use
dual core fiber as supercontinuum source or nonlinear coupler is analyzed. Possibility to influence coupling efficiency
and coupling length by intensity was shown in order to propose utilization of dual core fiber as nonlinear coupler.
Experimental analysis was performed with femtosecond laser system in near IR region. Investigation included different
input settings such as polarization, intensity, selective input coupling into each core and selective detection of spectra
from each core. Theoretical and experimental spectra are compared and analyzed.
In the paper metamaterial nanotips with multi-frequency local field enhancement are proposed and studied
theoretically and numerically. The nanotips are in form of pyramids built from silver nanoplates embedded in
a dielectric block. The pyramids are layered structures with subsequent plates parallel to the pyramid base.
Thickness of nanoplates and their transversal size is chosen to efficiently convert the light impinging on the
pyramid base into hot spots near the pyramid apex, and also to support large number of plasmonic resonances
which allow for multi-frequency enhancement of the light intensity. Geometrical parameters are designed to cover
the visible light range.
In this paper we study the propagation of light through silver-dielectric metamaterial layered prism which
operates in the canalization regime. The prism is illuminated with TM-polarized light and is designed using the
effective medium theory as strongly anisotropic and impedance matched to air. The structure has an infinite
value of the effective permittivity in the direction perpendicular to layer surfaces. Therefore it is able to couple a
broad spectrum of incident spatial frequencies, including evanescent waves, into propagating modes. As a result,
subwavelength resolution at the output interface of the structure is observed. Further the device is characterised
with the transfer matrix method (TMM), and investigated with Finite Difference Time Domain method (FDTD).
Two parameters of the prism are studied, namely the angle of incidence and the apex angle, to obtain the best
resolution.
Surface plasmons-polaritons (or briefly, surface plasmons, SP) have been intensively investigated as potential
information carriers for ultra-small photonic (plasmonic) devices and circuits. SPs can be confined in subwavelength
regions, but their propagation is inherently lossy due to free-carrier absorption in metals. Thus, the proper balance
between confinement and loss is the basic problem in the design of plasmonic waveguides and devices. This work is
devoted to the analysis of waveguiding properties of plasmonic structures in which a homogeneous (bulk) metal is
replaced with mutually interlaced metal and dielectric layers with deeply subwavelength thicknesses. Approaches based
on effective medium theory and rigorous electromagnetic analysis are presented and mutually compared.
Undoped amorphous silicon thin films pasivated by hydrogen (a-Si:H) are important for a number of industrial and
research applications, especially for optoelectronics, photovoltaics, optical communications, senzorics, laser technology
and so on. We experimentally studied properties of the a-Si:H thin films prepared by the plasma-enhanced chemical
vapour deposition (PECVD) method. Sample microstructure properties and the effect of the microstructure on optical
properties of the a-Si:H thin films deposited by PECVD on glass were analysed. The spectral refractive index, extinction
coefficient, and surface morphology were analysed for the series of a-Si:H samples prepared in different technological
conditions from H diluted silane plasma. Surface morphology of studied samples was described by the atomic force
microscopy (AFM) method. Optical properties of a-Si:H thin films were analysed by numerical optimization of the
microstructural and dispersion model of optical parameters relative to the experimental spectral reflectance. The results
show that at dilution between 20 and 30 the transition between amorphous and polycrystalline phase occurs. The sample
becomes a mixture of amorphous and polycrystalline phase with nano-sized grains and voids with decreasing hydrogen
concentration.
This contribution presents experimental results from the fabrication of planar photonic structures with two-dimensional
(2D) arrangement. We demonstrate the near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) lithography as an effective
optical method for fabrication of 2D photonic structures in thin photoresist layer. We employ a non-contact mode of
NSOM lithography using a metal coated fiber tip in combination with 3D nanoposition piezosystem. Prepared photonic
structures in thin photoresist layer deposited on the GaAs substrate are analyzed by scanning probe diagnostics. Set of
experiments was realized in order to improve the aspect ratio of the patterned structures, where the exposure time and the
intensity of the exposing field were parameters.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Far-infrared spectroscopy of terbium-scandium-aluminium garnet and terbium-scandium perovskite, 774617 (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881907
Single crystals of the terbium-scandium-aluminium garnet (Tb3Sc2Al3O12) and terbium-scandium perovskite
(TbScO3) prepared using the micro-pulling down method represent important materials with potential in photonics
and optics. A method for far- and mid-infrared spectroscopy of the samples as small as 1 mm is proposed
and tested in reflection and transmission configuration. High signal-to-noise ratio and high precision are obtained
using the vacuum Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and a special pinhole holder. Reflectance spectra
of the materials are measured in the spectral range from 7500 to 100 cm-1 (1.3 μm - 100 μm) for the angle of
incidence of 11 degree. Optical functions were obtained by fitting of the data with the model dielectric function
consisting of Lorentz damped harmonic oscillators and fulfilling the Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations.
In this paper results of soft glass single mode photonic crystal fibers (PCF) fabrication are presented. Using "stack and
draw" technique a few kinds of PCFs (various core sizes and filling factors) made of multicomponent glasses has been
successfully fabricated. Two glasses, developed in-house at the Institute of Electronic Materials Technology (ITME),
have been used. High refractive index (nD=1.94) lead-bismuth-gallate glass (PGB-08) and borosilicate glass (NC21A).
We have achieved attenuation 3.9 - 5.1dB/m (λ=806nm) for fibers made of NC21A glass and 15dB/m (λ=632.8nm) for
PBG08 glass. Glasses attenuation: NC21A - 3.2dB/m, PBG-08 - 14.5dB/m. Fibers have very regular photonic cladding
with filling factor in range 0.2 - 0.7.
In this paper we report on design and development of three types of the soft oxide glasses devoted to microstructured
optical fibers manufacturing. The lead-bismuth glasses are synthesized in three-component oxide system of PbO-Bi2O3-
Ga2O3 and in a complex five-component oxide system of SiO2-Ga2O3-Bi2O3-PbO-CdO. The tellurite glasses are
synthesized in oxide system of TeO2-WO3-PbO-Na2O-Nb2O5 with various concentration of WO3 (5-38%mol) and PbO
(0-18%mol). Measurements of glass transmittance are performed over the range 200nm-10μm. Linear thermal expansion
coefficients and characteristic temperatures of glasses are determined based on dilatometer and Leitz heat microscope
measurements. A use of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) method and crystallization tests (isothermal treatment)
allows estimating the thermal stability of the glasses and susceptibility to crystallization. As a reference, similar
measurements are performed for commercially available lead-silicate glasses SF57 and SF6, which are considered for
development of nonlinear microstructured fibres. The glasses with an optimum resistance for devitrification during
multiple thermal processing are selected among all developed glasses for further fibre development. We present a
method for development of preform and subpreform elements as tubes, capillaries and rods used in the stack-and-draw
technique of the fiber manufacture. We report also successful development of subpreform components of
microstructured fibers based on selected tellurite and lead-bismuth glasses.
Proc. SPIE 7746, The role of bending in influencing the transfer function of photonic crystal fibers, 77461A (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881698
We have measured the dependence of transfer function of endlessly single mode photonic crystal fiber on the bends
radius. The results are confirmed by numerical simulations. New questions on bending insensitivity of the Photonic
Crystal Fibers and effective refractive index approximation of the Photonic Crystal Fiber arise as result.
Recently, 3D silver nanolenses with concentric slits with an on-axis stop and with concentric corrugations on both
surfaces and no hole on the optical axis were proposed. The nanolenses illuminated with a radially polarized visible
range Laguerre-Gauss beam focus light into subwavelength spots and act as high numerical aperture refractive optical
systems. Focal lengths range from one to a few wavelengths. Due to constructive interference of far-field radiation of
SPPs generated on the back side the lens focuses without contribution of the evanescent field. In this technical note we
investigate transmission and focusing properties of lenses of both kinds made of different metals: silver, gold, copper,
and aluminum.
We present a novel method for optical manipulation of microobjects and nanoobjects employing adaptive optical
element to control properties of two counter-propagating beams overlapping in a sample chamber. We show that
using this system one can eliminate optical aberrations in both pathways, online realign the system remotely
from a computer interface, arbitrarily switch in real time between various beams types (i.e. Gaussian, Bessel,
vortex) and their spatial intensity distributions (beam width, vorticity). We demonstrate optical manipulation
of both high- and low-index particles in water or air, particle delivery in an optical conveyor belt using stationary
mechanical components, formation of colloidal solitons, visualization of fluid flow in microcapillary as well as the
rotation and reorientation of a trapped cell.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Surface diagnostics using low-coherence interferometry and colour single CCD camera, 77461D (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.882058
We describe in this paper a pilot experiment of a white-light fringe analysis with a low-cost color CCD camera. The used
detection technique employs the phase-crossing algorithm which identifies the zero optical path difference as the point
where the phase difference between the red, green and blue part of the white-light interference fringe becomes equal to
zero. An experimental arrangement is based on superluminescent LED diode. The experimental setup is designed to be a
crucial part of the complex system for automatic contactless diagnostic and calibration of gauge blocks.
Gradient structures are very important for sensors, laser and wave-guide techniques, telecommunications and other
techniques which employ radiation propagation and conversion. By varying admixture concentration, the stress occurring
in the structure may increase or reduce, which is vital for charge carrier movement velocity. We discusse two kind of
gradient structures of thin TiNx layer with a total thickness of approximately 22 nm deposited on the Si(100) substrate
and multi-layer structures with a Si-Pd and Si-Mg bi-layer periods. The gradient structures were deposited using a laser
ablation of target-compound materials. A Lambda Physics excimer laser (model LPX 305i; t ~ 15 ns, λ = 193 nm) with
f = 5 Hz operating frequency was used for layer depositing. The analyses confirmed the presence of the gradient
distribution of deposited materials. The gradient structures proved highly sensitive to both thermal effects and strong
adsorption of ambient gases. The usefulness of titanium-containing structures for gas, especially hydrogen and oxygen,
sensors was confirmed. Due to the strong gas adsorption, the gradient structures used in radiation conversion or waveguide
technology should be adequately protected against ambient conditions.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Performance analysis of imaging Stokes polarimeter based on liquid crystal modulators, 77461F (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881462
We present a setup established to measure the light polarization state based on the general concept of Stokes
polarimeter. This setup consists of two liquid crystal modulators (LCMs), linear analyzer and CCD camera connected to
PC computer. Using this polarimeter all two-dimensional distributions of main polarized light parameters can be
measured. The measurement process consists of six fast intensity distributions measurements. In addition to the setup
description we discuss also the ways of the angular justification of both LCMs elements as well as the proper selection of
the LCMs' input voltages. The results of the measurement of some exemplary uniform and non-uniform polarized light
distributions are presented.
A modern and efficient non-destructive testing method - active infrared thermography is analysed in the paper. This
method can be used for detection of defects (e.g. hidden bubbles and cracks) and inhomogenities inside materials and
various objects. Goal of the presented research is theoretical evaluation of the performance of the pulse active
thermography, numeric modelling of heat propagation in complex non-homogeneous environment by Finite Element
Method and experimental validation of theoretical results.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Spectral ellipsometry based on a channeled spectrum detection to measure the thickness of a thin film, 77461H (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.877996
We describe a new concept of spectral ellipsometry based on a channeled spectrum detection in a polarimetric
configuration with a birefringent crystal to measure the thickness of a thin film. We use a two-step technique to
retrieve the ellipsometric phase of a thin-film structure from the recorded channeled spectra. In the first step,
the phase difference between p- and s-polarized waves propagating in the birefringent crystal alone is retrieved.
In the second step, the additional phase change that the polarized waves undergo on reflection from the thin-film
structure is retrieved. Moreover, in the same polarimetric configuration, the ratio between the reflectances of
both polarization states is determined. The new concept of ellipsometry is used in measuring the data for a
SiO2 thin film on a Si substrate in a range from 550 to 900 nm and in determining the thin-film thickness
provided that the optical parameters of the structure are known. The thicknesses of different samples obtained
are compared with those resulting from previous interferometric and reflectometric measurements, and good
agreement is confirmed.
The contribution is oriented towards measuring in the nanoscale through local probe microscopy techniques, primarily
the AFM microscopy. The need to make the AFM microscope a nanometrology tool not only the positioning of the tip
has to be based on precise measurements but the traceability of the measuring technique has to be ensured up to the
primary etalon. This leads to the engagement of laser interferometric measuring methods. We present a design of a
single-frequency stabilized laser which serves as a laser source for multiaxis position control of a nanopositioning stage.
The laser stabilization technique is described together with comparison of frequency stability.
Proc. SPIE 7746, Utilization of an LCoS spatial light modulator's phase flicker for improving diffractive efficiency, 77461J (15 December 2010); doi: 10.1117/12.881767
This work presents the observation, measurement and utilization of phase modulation in-time flickering, on a high-end
Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) Spatial Light Modulator (SLM). The flicker due to binary driving electronics is a
negative effect. However, this drawback can be minimized by appropriate adjustment of phase modulation depth, which
results in a time-synchronization of peak efficiencies for selected wavelengths. In this paper optimal parameters for three
wavelengths of primary RGB colors are investigated. The result is optimal performance of the SLM for full-color
dynamic holography.
The paper deals with a computer simulation and an experimental realization of an optical setup for automatic quality
control of microlenses arrays. The method is based on a 4f coherent light correlator setup with an amplitude filter placed
in the Fourier plane. The output intensity signal is simple to analyze and interpret because the intensity is proportional to
the first derivative of the distortion of the input wavefront. This method is shift invariant, so it allows for examination of
single elements or a set of micro-optical elements simultaneously. Such an analysis does not allow to obtain quantitative
data, however it can give the initial assessment of the quality of the elements to be analyzed. A more detailed analysis
can be carried out with the use of the Fourier-based modal method and Zernike polynomials expansion method. What is
important, the analysis is computer-based and is done on the basis of the initial single optical measurement. Moreover,
the whole resolution of the camera is used.