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This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 8281, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and the Conference Committee listing.
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PVA (Polyvinyl acetate ) glue is one of the most common forms of adhesive on the market, which is popular because it
has an ability to adhere to many different surface, but besides in this research we shown that can be employed as
polymeric matrix and is employed for holographic recording when this is doped with ammonium dichromate.
Thin, uniform coating of this photopolymer is generated by gravity settling method. The drying time for the
photosensitive layers is approximately 24 h. Therefore, we present the experimental results obtained through diffraction
gratings were recorded using a laser of He-Cd (442 nm).Furthermore the average results of the diffraction efficiency
parameter which is quantified by their two first orders of diffraction.
The PVA glue with ammonium dichromate can be considered as versatile holographic recording media due to their good
sensitivity low cost and self -developing.
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Recent researches have been reported that is possible increase the diffraction efficiency parameter from
holographic gratings when photosensitive material (PVA with ammonium dichromate) it is painted after register the
hologram with commercial fluorescent ink.
In this research we shown that PVA as a binder, with the fluorescent ink and ammonium dichromate, this mixed
can be used as recording medium. We characterize this material by implementing holographic films in which holographic
gratings are recorded with a He- Cd laser at 442nm, and measuring holographic parameters such as diffraction efficiency.
We get increased the diffraction efficiency and also the lifetime of the film.
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Photochromic materials can find application in holography, thanks to the peculiar possibility to change reversibly their
transparency in the visible (amplitude holography) and their refractive index in the near infrared region (phase
holography). The main advantages of such materials are rewritability and self-development. A large change of the key
property is crucial to obtain efficient devices and some strategies are followed, accordingly. Production of the holograms
have open important issues regarding the film thickness and the nonlinear response to light, because of the strong
absorption of the writing light by the material. Results related to these topics, mainly focused on diarylethene-based
materials, are reported.
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Liquid photopolymers produced by Polygrama-Lynx (SM-532TR and SM-532TRF) have been studied to determine their
performances in terms of refractive index modulation, transparency and overall optical quality. Volume phase
holographic gratings (VPHGs) based on these materials have been obtained using a 532 DPSS laser and the grating
efficiency has been measured at different angles and wavelengths. Using the Kogelnik model and/or the RCWA
approach, the thickness and the refractive index modulation has been determined for gratings as function of light
exposure, line density, etc. Index modulations up to 0.03 together with good optical quality were obtained.
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Phase-shifting digital holography is a hologram capture method used for natural scenes. We propose a method for
enlarging the viewing-zone angle for the electronic holography input. During hologram generation, if we use multiple
reference beams or multiple object beams whose incident angles differ slightly from each other, the viewing-zone angle
of the phase-shifted hologram can be expanded several times compared to the original. In the experiment, a phase-shifted
hologram with a viewing-zone angle of 16 degrees was generated using 3 object beams whose incident angles differ
from each other by 5.6 degrees.
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Because holography can reconstruct the wavefront of the light emitted from an object, eyes might focus on
holographically generated three-dimensional (3D) images. Therefore, eye accommodation is considered to function
properly for holographic 3D images. However, the measurement of the accommodation responses to 3D images
generated by electronic holographic displays have not been reported, because their viewing zone angle and screen size
are limited and the observation of the reconstructed 3D images with both eyes is difficult. In the recent study, we have
developed a horizontally scanning holographic display that enables the increase of both horizontal viewing zone angle
and screen size. The reconstructed images can be observed with both eyes. In this study, we measured the
accommodation responses to the 3D images generated by the horizontally scanning holographic display. We found that
the accommodation responses to the 3D images were similar to the responses to real objects.
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A holographic television system, featuring realtime incoherent 3D capture and live holographic display is used for experiments
in depth perception. Holographic television has the potential to provide more complete visual representations,
including latency-free motion parallax and more natural affordances for accommodation. Although this technology has potential
to improve realism in many display applications, we investigate benefits in uses where direct vision of a workspace
is not possible. Applications of this nature include work with hazardous materials, teleoperation over distance, and laparoscopic
surgery. In this study, subjects perform manual 3D object manipulation tasks where they can only see the
workspace through holographic closed-circuit television. This study is designed to compare performance at manual tasks
using holographic television compared to performance with displays that mimic 2D, and stereoscopic television.
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Transmission of hologram is very important to realizing the holographic 3D TV. Transmission of
Computer Generated Hologram(CGH) data using SSTV wire-less method was tried before and
one frame with 76.8k bit data transmitted by 2kbbs was reported1-2). In this research we
consider about more high speed transmission and more high resolution hologram data
transmission and reconstruction using white LED.
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The speed at which our world is changing is reflected in the shifting way artistic images are created and produced.
Holography can be used as a medium to express the perception of space with light and colour and to make the
material and the immaterial experiments with optical and digital holography.
This paper intends to be a reflection on the final product of that process surrounding a debate of ideas for new
experimental methodologies applied to holographic images. Holography is a time-based medium and the
irretrievable linear flow of time is responsible for a drama, unique to traditional cinematography. If the viewers
move to left or right, they see glimpses of the next scene or the previous one perceived a second ago. This
interaction of synthetic space arises questions such as: can we see, in "reality", two forms in the same space?
Trying to answer this question, a series of works has been created. These concepts are embryonic to a series of
digital art holograms and lenticulars technique's titled "Across Light: Through Colour". They required some
technical research and comparison between effects from different camera types, using Canon IS3 and Sony HDR
CX105.
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A holographic video camera with use of a high-power pulsed laser is developed for recording time-sequential 3-D
images of moving objects by applying one-shot digital holography. Recorded off-axis holograms are transmitted to a
computer where the 0-th order and the conjugate beams are eliminated by fast data processing, and digital output signals
from the computer are transmitted to a holographic LCD display system to reconstruct moving 3-D images. Optical
experiments demonstrate that complex-amplitude holograms are recorded under room lighting, and that moving 3-D
images are reconstructed from the holographic display system in real time.
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In Computer Generated Hologram (CGH), the hidden surface removal is needed to display 3D objects. Some
methods of the hidden surface removal for a CGH have been proposed. However, these methods are unsuitable to
make realistic images that have the complicated reflection, refraction and shadowing. We propose a calculation
method of CGH using the ray tracing method. In the ray tracing method, complicated descriptions are expressed
with a simple algorithm. The ray tracing method is avoided ever in CGH having a very high resolution because
of enormous calculation cost. In order to speed up, we attained improvement of the calculation time using a
graphics processing unit (GPU). The ray tracing from one viewpoint is unable to express full parallax CGHs. In
this study, a hologram plane is divided into elementary holograms, and the center of each elementary hologram
is made the starting point of the ray. Then, sets of point light every elementary hologram are constructed by
the ray tracing method. As a result of optical reconstruction, it was confirmed that hidden surface removal was
conducted when plural objects were in one scene. Moreover the texture of material and shadows by a front object
were expressed.
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In off-axis digital holographic microscopy, short coherence length of the source results in an unwanted reduced field of
view. A diffractive optical element (DOE) which combines two high efficiency transmission volume phase gratings
holographically recorded into a thin photopolymer, is proposed to manipulate the coherence plane tilt of beam containing
a plurality of wavelengths simultaneously. The DOE extends the interference pattern between object and reference
beams in digital holographic microscope (DHM) over the whole physical beam overlap area. We experimentally
demonstrate full field imaging in a commercial, two colors (685 nm and 794 nm) reflection digital holographic
microscope (DHM). The synthetic wavelength created by the two colors extends the unambiguous depth range of the
DHM from 0.39μm to 2.49μm .
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In this paper, a full parallax occlusion algorithm for holographic 3D display is developed and the motion parallax and
dynamic occlusion effect of the reconstructed 3D object is successfully demonstrated. The ray-casting, directional
clustering and vertical angle marking technologies are integrated with coherent ray tracing (CRT) hologram computation
algorithm. By applying the vertical angle marking technology, only a single pass of the entire horizontal viewing angle is
needed to compute full parallax occlusion. The complexity of the algorithm is reduced by about one order compared to
standard occlusion algorithm which considers the entire range of combination of horizontal and vertical viewing angles
for occlusion. Compared to conventional CRT computation which does not consider occlusion effect, the algorithm has
also increased the computation speed to about 350%. The algorithm is able to work with any forms of 3D data. The
optimal horizontal angular resolution has also been identified as 0.007 degree for our system experimentally which
enables the optimization of the algorithm. Various 3D objects with full parallax occlusion effect have been reconstructed
optically.
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We propose a technique to shade reconstructed images of electronic holography. Our technique modifies the zone plate
technique, which represents a three-dimensional object as an aggregate of object points and zone plates, which generate
object points, are summed to calculate a hologram. Our technique is based on the Phong reflection model developed for
computer graphics, which assumes that light reflected from an object consists of three components: diffuse, specular, and
ambient reflection light. Among these components, only the specular component depends on the position of the camera
(or the eye). A holographic reconstructed image changes depending on the viewing direction. Therefore, the specular
component changes for different viewing directions. Because light modulated by a zone plate converges to an object
point, we assumed that light is redirected differently at each point on the zone plate. Therefore, two-dimensional
amplitude modulation of the zone plate would generate an object point that emits light with different intensities in
different directions. The proposed two-dimensional amplitude modulation comprises variable and constant modulations:
the former one controls the specular component and the latter one controls the diffuse and ambient components. We
experimentally verified the proposed technique.
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The optical imaging takes advantage of coherent optics and has promoted the development of visualization of biological
application. Based on the temporal coherence, optical coherence tomography can deliver three-dimensional optical
images with superior resolutions, but the axial and lateral scanning is a time-consuming process. Optical scanning
holography (OSH) is a spatial coherence technique which integrates three-dimensional object into a two-dimensional
hologram through a two-dimensional optical scanning raster. The advantages of high lateral resolution and fast image
acquisition offer it a great potential application in three-dimensional optical imaging, but the prerequisite is the accurate
and practical reconstruction algorithm. Conventional method was first adopted to reconstruct sectional images and
obtained fine results, but some drawbacks restricted its practicality. An optimization method based on 2 l norm obtained
more accurate results than that of the conventional methods, but the intrinsic smooth of 2 l norm blurs the reconstruction
results. In this paper, a hard-threshold based sparse inverse imaging algorithm is proposed to improve the sectional image
reconstruction. The proposed method is characterized by hard-threshold based iterating with shrinkage threshold strategy,
which only involves lightweight vector operations and matrix-vector multiplication. The performance of the proposed
method has been validated by real experiment, which demonstrated great improvement on reconstruction accuracy at
appropriate computational cost.
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Using the infrared matrix of pyroelectric or other photodetectors along with THz band pass filters with pulsed
or CW sources one can record the 2D intensity distribution of THz radiation with a high degree of monochromatization.
This allows one to use various approaches to solving the phase problem which were developed for
the visible frequencies. In this contribution we present the results of the numerical investigation of the wavefront
reconstruction using THz radiation at several wavelengths and taking the intensity distribution at various
distances.
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Performance of various holographic techniques can be essentially improved by homogenizing the intensity profile of the
laser beam with using beam shaping optics, for example, the achromatic field mapping refractive beam shapers like
πShaper. The operational principle of these devices presumes transformation of laser beam intensity from Gaussian to
flattop one with high flatness of output wavefront, saving of beam consistency, providing collimated output beam of low
divergence, high transmittance, extended depth of field, negligible residual wave aberration, and achromatic design
provides capability to work with several laser sources with different wavelengths simultaneously. Applying of these
beam shapers brings serious benefits to the Spatial Light Modulator based techniques like Computer Generated
Holography or Dot-Matrix mastering of security holograms since uniform illumination of an SLM allows simplifying
mathematical calculations and increasing predictability and reliability of the imaging results. Another example is multicolour
Denisyuk holography when the achromatic πShaper provides uniform illumination of a field at various
wavelengths simultaneously.
This paper will describe some design basics of the field mapping refractive beam shapers and optical layouts of their
applying in holographic systems. Examples of real implementations and experimental results will be presented as well.
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A new numerical method for in-line hologram reconstruction is proposed. It is shown that the object image is
successfully recovered by applying Hartley transform to the difference of two phase shifted holograms followed
by the application of a phase retrieval type of an algorithm. The algorithm is explained in detail and simulation
results are presented.
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We describe two novel modulation techniques for collinear holographic data encoding, employing a spatial light
modulator (SLM) based on twisted nematic LCD. In the Fourier transform holographic storage system, the reference
beam in the outside part and the object beam in the inside part are simultaneously modulated by one single SLM, with
different modulation techniques. In one of the modulation methods, the reference beam is phase modulated with a
circular blazed grating pattern, and then diffracted into the central part to interfere with the amplitude modulated object
beam. Multiple holograms can be recorded on the same location with reference beams of different grating period.
Another modulation method is to modulate both the reference beam and the object beam with pure phase modulation by
the SLM. The binary ones are encoded with random phase shift from 0 to 2π, while the binary zeroes are encoded with a
constant phase of 0. When the dc component of the spatial frequency generated by the binary zeroes is blocked, a
homogeneous hologram will be obtained, and the amplitude object will be reconstructed directly. In this paper, both of
the two modulation methods are performed theoretically and experimentally. From the experimental results, it can be
seen that the blazed-grating modulation technique gets a higher efficiency, while pure phase modulation method can
reconstruct the images with more uniform intensity. These techniques are demonstrated to be attractive for applications
in data storage and encryption systems.
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A computer-generated hologram (CGH) is well-known to reconstruct 3D image truly, and several CGH printers
are reported. Since those printers can only output a transmission hologram, the large-scale optical system is
necessary to reconstruct the full parallax and full color image. As a method of a simple reconstruction, it is only
necessary to use a volume reflection hologram. However, the making of a volume hologram needs to transfer
a CGH by use of an optical system. On the other hand, there are the printers which output volume type
holographic stereogram reconstructing the full parallax and full color image. However, the reconstructed image
whose depth is large gets blurred due to the insufficient sampling rays of a 3D object. In this study, the authors
propose the volume hologram printer to record the wavefront of a 3D object. By transferring the CGH which
is displayed on the LCoS, the proposed printer can output a volume hologram. In addition, the large volume
hologram can be printed by transferring plural CGH that recorded partial 3D object in turn. As a result, the
printed volume hologram has been able to reconstruct a monochrome 3D image by white light, and realized the
full parallax image.
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We introduce and demonstrate a new holographic recording technique based on birefringent prisms for creating
polarization gratings (PGs). Conventional holographic arrangements for creating PGs consist of several polarization
and collimating optics that are carefully aligned with each other, and often require substantial physical
space. Both the size and the relative distance between these optics increase for large exposure areas, that limit
the range of grating period achievable. Moreover, the cost and complexity associated with the mounting of the
several elements also increases, and therefore such approaches are not viable for large area PGs and large volume
manufacturing. To overcome the above limitations, we propose new approach using multiple polarizing prisms
to record PGs that is compact, scalable for large areas, and enables easy tuning of the grating period by simple
rotation of at most two elements.
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In the microwave band, the radiated wave from the pyramidal horn antenna is calculated in the diffracted field by
the Fresnel approximation. In addition, the Fresnel approximation has been introduced into the diffracted field
with half infinite diffraction plane. This phenomenon is examined compared with the experiment value based on
a hologram interpretation. In this report, the electromagnetic diffracted field with the pyramid horn antenna is
calculated as the first stage under the Fresnel approximation. As a result, the hologram was made by interfering
with the reference wave whose obtained diffracted field and angle of incidence are 60° on the computer. It can
be interpreted that this is one computer generated hologram. Moreover, the image that this hologram pattern
is reconstructed in optics with the He-Ne laser was obtained.
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Today, along with the wider use of high-speed information networks and multimedia, it is increasingly necessary to
have higher-density and higher-transfer-rate storage devices. Therefore, research and development into holographic
memories with three-dimensional storage areas is being carried out to realize next-generation large-capacity memories.
However, in holographic memories, interference between bits, which affect the detection characteristics, occurs as a
result of aberrations such as the deviation of a wavefront in an optical system. In this study, we pay particular attention to
the nonlinear factors that cause bit errors, where filters with a Volterra equalizer and the morphologies are investigated
as a means of signal processing.
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A computer generated hologram(CGH) is hologram made by computer simulation. As fast calculation method
for CGHs, basic object light method has been proposed. Lightwaves of arbitrary object shapes are calculated by
transforming calculation of object light for basic object. And calculation method with spherical basic object light
has been proposed to reduce memory capacity. We proposed transformations which are slide, rotation, distance,
tilt, scaling and skew with spherical basic object light. This paper shows implementation of these transforming
calculation on GPU to accelerate. Memory capacity for basic object light is larger than video memory. We
divide data of basic object light and improve the algorithm to enable GPU to calculate at high speed. In the
processing speed measurement, processing speed on GPU with basic object light is about 700 times faster than
CPU.
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The memory system described herein can record multiple holograms by a simple shift of the
photopolymer film medium. The primary advantage of this method is that it enables the generation of
make a single, large capacity hologram because the corresponding optical system is simpler than the
transmission-type recording system, which has generally been studied to date. The experimental results
confirm the possibility of multiple recording by medium shift. Furthermore, the results indicate that a
large capacity memory system of over 1 Tb/in2 can be obtained if a thick medium (about 1 mm) is used.
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A computer-generated hologram (CGH) is generated by simulating light waves propagated from virtual objects, and we are able to observe natural 3-D images without feeling tired. However, the resolution of current output devices, liquid crystal displays, is not high enough to display CGH data, so the size of reconstructed images are restricted. To increase image size, a method by using the Fourier transform optical system has been proposed. The Fourier transform optical system converges reconstructed light by arranging a lens between an observer and hologram and reconstructs floating images near the observer. In the system, a reconstruction position is confined around a focal point of the lens because a CGH calculation method had not yet been developed . To solve this problem, this describes a CGH calculation method using a unified formula to reconstruct images at arbitrary depth. This formula is derived by considering image formation of a lens and hologram. Moreover, process for eliminating unnecessary light elimination processing is described in this paper. By changing the elimination process according to the reconstruction position, images are reconstructed without overlapping unnecessary light at arbitrary depth. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, we conducted optical reconstruction experiments. The results show that correctly sized images are reconstructed at correct depth, and unnecessary light is eliminated. It is possible to observe large and free-depth 3-D images with the proposed method.
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In this paper, we propose a method of enlarging the visual field for displaying 3-D images of larger objects at
wide angles. We also theoretically derived a maximum border for the visual field. Because its viewing zone is
close to the lens, we called our method eyepiece-type electro holography. By placing a real image within the
focal point of a convex lens, we obtain a 3-D image of the object as a virtual image behind the lens. The range
of visual field in this case starts on the lens, continues to infinity on the z-axis, and shapes a truncated cone.
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Computer-generated holograms (CGHs), which are generated by simulating the recording process of a hologram
in a computer, are noted as an ideal three-dimensional (3D) display technology. However, with CGHs it
is necessary to create precise 3D model data based on objects that already exist, and it is difficult to do this.
To solve this problem, there has been much research on generating CGHs using multi-view images (MVIs).
MVIs make it possible to generate CGHs from real-existing objects in natural light. A method using ordinary
digital cameras resulted in high-resolution reconstructed images without the need for any special devices, but
with this method it is necessary to capture a huge number of images or to use a huge number of cameras to
ensure a sufficient continuous motion parallax. This is simply not realistic for the construction of 3D display
applications. In this paper, we describe a method of generating voxel models from captured images and then
using the MVIs obtained by the models to generate CGHs. We generate voxel models by SFS, determine
voxel value using the captured images, and render voxel models into MVIs. Using this method enables us to
arrange holograms at arbitrary positions in the range in which MVIs are generated correctly. We can also
obtain a sufficient continuous motion parallax by generating MVIs obtained from voxel models in spite of
capturing only a small number of images. Results of optical experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of
the proposed method.
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Image-type binary CGHs, fabricated by a laser lithography system, commonly lost the object shading and
texture. This is caused by the binary amplitude fringe that is unable to reconstruct object brightness because
amplitude information of the object field is removed by binarization if the object is too close to the hologram.
In this paper, optimized error diffusion is applied to encoding binary-amplitude image-type CGHs in order to
improve reconstruction of surface shading and texture. An actual image-type high-definition CGHs is created by
the proposed technique and demonstrated to verify that the CGHs can be reconstructed by white light source
without much chromatic aberration.
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Novel techniques is proposed for rendering specular smooth surfaces in polygon-based computer holography
that features reconstruction of fine 3D images accompanied with strong sensation of depth. The technique is
an improvement of the conventional technique for rendering flat specular surfaces. In this technique, phase
distribution that works as a diffuser is divided into small rectangular segments and the reflection direction is
controlled for each segment. In addition, this new method increases freedom for lighting the object. Two
high-definition CGHs are calculated by the proposed method. One of them is fabricated and demonstrated for
verifying the technique.
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We present the performance characterization of photosensitive film emulsions prepared with saccharides like:
pectin, fructose and sugar (Glass ®), at certain physicochemical conditions for holographic recording. The
photo-oxidation was carried out with concentrations of iron ions, Fe+3. We analyzed the parameters of the
diffraction efficiencies of each grating constructed with saccharides film. The work was to achieve stability
and non-toxicity of the films prepared easily with water-Fe ions. We performed an experimental comparison
of the holographic films capacity between the three saccharides.
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We present the characterizations of the photosensitive film made with albumins gallus gallus and callipepla
cali, with the purpose to make holographic recording. Albumin was combined with propylene glycol, to build
colloidal systems by adding the ammonium dichromate solution as photosensitive salt at certain
concentrations. Hence, we conducted the photo-oxidation process with laser, λ=442nm. Obtaining holograms
that allowed the analysis of the diffraction efficiency parameter. One of the objectives of this work was to
obtain some mechanical and chemical stability of films made with albumin when prepared with propylene
glycol. At once, experimental studies were performed to compare the results of the holographic recording
films between chicken albumin and quail albumin film to prove the recording capabilities and to quantify the
diffraction efficiency in holographic grating made with each kind of albumin.
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Holographic interferometer is used with a dye-doped photopolymer on one of its arms, the sample is radiated
simultaneously with two wavelengths, and measuring the pattern fringe displacement we can calculate the refraction
index changes. The photopolymer we use is a mix of Norland Optical Adhesive No. 65 and Crystal Violet dye deposited
between two glass plates making a cell of 220 microns thickness. The sample is radiated with a beam from an Ar-ion
laser at 515 nm; in the interferometer we employed a He-Ne laser at 633 nm in emission line. We show some
experimental results.
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We study experimentally the capacity of a transmission in volume holograms, which have a phase and amplitude
modulation in a matrix of nitrocellulose. Which is photosensitized with ferric chloride salt FeCl3. They use different
sources of radiation to determine which wavelength is most efficiently achieved registration diffractive holographic
elements.
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This work presents a study of gum Arabic as holographic recording material, and to quantify the parameter of the
diffraction efficiency through holographic diffraction gratings. This material exhibits excellent properties such as
transparency, consistency, easy to handle, non toxic, non degradable. It also shows a low moisture absorption
environment, hydro-phobic behavior. It is easy to produce a homogeneous thin film layer with a smooth texture on a
glass substrate with gravity techniques. It also has adhesive properties. Also shown is a study of the pH behavior of this
matrix, related to its viscosity.
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Recently, the demand to the diffractive optical element (DOE) is increasing with the developments in the
technology. We created a relative large holographic optical element (HOE) with same course of production
of the DOE. To make the person who is situated on the long distance recognize image data using the hologram,
the hologram must have bright image reconstruction ability and a high SN ratio. Therefore, we made
the multi-level phase type hologram for the former and measured the optical intensity of the reproduction
image. For an evaluation method of the diffraction efficiency, we used 2-, 4-, and 8-level phase type Fresnel
Zone Plate (FZP).
Because it supposed that the amount of object was large, it adopted a computer-generated hologram
(CGH). Also, it used laser direct write lithography system that has the feature of high-resolution drawing,
high-speed drawing, and a high accuracy positioning system, for the making of hologram.
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Multi-valued phase patterns were multiply recorded by retardagraphy in order to improve recording density and data
transfer rate. In the experiment, the phase pattern consists of four values were recorded on a polarization-sensitive
medium by focusing the recording beam, and three patterns were multiply recorded by shifting the focal point. The
recorded patterns could be independently reconstructed.
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