This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 838, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

Two single-image methods designed for a fringe image modulation extraction are described. They are based on the two dimensional continuous wavelet transformation (2D CWT) and two dimensional Hilbert transform (2D HT) aided by bidimensional empirical mode decomposition (BEMD). Optimization of the proposed methods is described. Numerical simulations designed to test their performance are presented. Both approaches applicability is verified by processing experimental resonance vibration patterns acquired using time-average interferometry. Obtained results agree well with ones obtained using temporal phase shifting method.

The influence of phase relations and the degree of mutual coherence of superimposing waves in the arrangements of twowave superposition on the characteristics of the microparticle's motion has been analyzed. The prospects of studying temporal coherence using the proposed approach are made. For the first time, we have shown experimentally the possibility of diagnostics the optical currents in liquids caused by polarization characteristics of an optical field alone, using test metallic particles of nanoscale.

In the last decade we have elaborated an approach to the description of the interaction of the polarized light with the polarization devices alternative to the standard matrix (Jones and Mueller) languages, namely a vectorial pure operatorial Pauli algebraic approach. Here we present a complete, coherent and essentialized survey of this approach and we point out its advantages. The operators of various static and dynamic polarization devices, the density operator of the partially polarized light and the light - devices interactions are presented in this "non-matrix" or "coordinate-free" language. Some new results are obtained in this frame illustrating the effectiveness and the compactness of this approach.

The connection between contrast changes of intensity distribution of speckle pattern, obtained for polychromatic illumination of scattering object and coherence characteristics of wave is considered. It is shown, that changes of mean contrast of speckle field (from center of pattern toward the periphery), obtained for quasimonochromatic illuminating wave may by connected with spectral range of the wave. The experimental results are presented.

In this paper the concept of optical vortex scanning microscope (OVSM) is presented. In the OVSM a sample is scanned by the focused laser beam with optical vortex. The beam possessing an optical vortex contains a line along which the phase is undetermined. At image plane this line is seen as the single point. The position of such special singular point (vortex points) changes when the beam is diffracted by a sample. The vortex point sensitivity is higher than the sensitivity of the whole focused beam. In the OVSM the position of vortex point is traced while scanning the sample. In this paper the behavior of focused vortex beam, when scanning the phase step is studied. This simple example illustrates both the OVSM idea and the method for data analysis.

The polarization structure of a field at the superposition of two plain linearly polarized coherent light waves with the referent wave with some polarization is considered. It is shown, that with the help of referent wave zero intensity could be created in any point of a observation plane, if the polarization state of referent wave coincides with a polarization state in this point without a referent wave, and electrical vector of a referent wave oscillates in counterphase with an electrical vector of a superposition of the two first waves.

The paper proposes for consideration an additional possibility to evaluate the degree of coherence of superposing mutually orthogonal linearly-polarized in the incidence plane waves. When analyzing the behavior of various-type particles (Mie and Rayleigh) in the inhomogeneously polarized optical field and in the inhomogeneous field of the averaged values of the Poynting vector, we obtain an additional tool for defining the degree of coherence of interacting fields. The spatial modulation of polarization in the observation plane shapes the spatial modulation of the energy density volume, which changes the velocity of the particle motion according to the coherence characteristics of the superposing fields and to the resulting optical force that causes the motion and trapping of the tested particles.

The optical vortex is introduced into the incident Gaussian beam by a vortex lens. Then the beam with the optical vortex is focused by a lens. By changing the position of the vortex lens we can shift the optical vortex position inside the focused beam. We discussed the relation between vortex lens shift and optical vortex movement inside the focused beam. The influence of optical system errors on this vortex movement is also discussed.

Transformations of spatial characteristics of optical vortex (OV) light beams at passing through a computer-generated hologram (CGH) that imparts an additional phase singularity ("fork" hologram) are investigated. The spatial structure of the diffracted beam is studied for different combinations of the incident OV order m, embedded topological charge of the CGH q and the diffraction order n. Variations of the intensity distribution are investigated experimentally. Due to the incident beam displacement with respect to the CGH optical axis, the diffracted beam profile is deformed, rotates in the azimuthal direction in agreement with the internal energy circulation and its 'center of gravity' is displaced orthogonally to the incident beam displacement. The results are compared with theoretical predictions based on two models of the incident OV beam. As, in experiment, the incident beam was created from the Gaussian beam passed another fork hologram, the Kummer beam model seems presumably more relevant but the standard Laguerre-Gaussian model in some cases fits the experimental data quite well.

We report in this paper some new polarimetric investigations made on pathologically modified human tissues, using the ultra-short laser imaging polarimetry. This technique can be applied for a wide variety of objects with polarization inhomogeneous structure. Real biological tissues have an optically inhomogeneous structure, so any changes produced in the optical polarization state of a light beam passing through such samples (or reflected by them) can reveal important information about the respective biological tissue. The influence of the geometrical architectonics of a cancerous liver tissue on the polarization properties of an ultra-short laser beam who passes through such a sample is radical and can be seen both in the transmitted polarized light, as well as in the SHG (second harmonic generation) polarized light. We used a polarization sensitive imaging system, whose basic optical scheme has been previously published, this time a modified version of the experimental set-up being used. The biological tissue investigated in this paper was a slide of liver tumor. The polarization sensitive intensities for the transmitted and SHG light were measured with two detectors for different polarimetric configurations of the set-up. Experiments show a significant difference between transmitted and, respectively, SHG light behavior.

Experimental study of diffraction of coherent (laser, completely polarized) and incoherent (temporal, polychromatic, unpolarized) light radiation at slits whose width is restricted by a few wavelengths is made. It is shown that for diffraction at the edge of metallic half-plane screen, the angular dependences of diffraction field intensity are considerably different for orientation of the electric field vector parallel and perpendicular to the screen edge, so that metallic screen causes polarization action on the probing beam. It is shown that as the width of a slit formed by two metallic half-planes becomes less than ten wavelengths (being left larger than a wavelength), as the polarization effect is considerable even for the forward direction, i.e. for the zero diffraction angle. It causes also spectral effect, if polychromatic radiation diffracts at narrow slit at metallic screen. Namely, one observes pronounced blue shift of the maximum of the spectral distribution of the forward diffracted polychromatic ('white-light') beam. We apply for the first time the Berry's chromascopic technique for experimental data processing to elucidate such diffraction induced spectral changes.

We have experimentally analyzed the topological reactions occurred in the elliptic vortex-beam transmitting orthogonally to the optical axis of the SiO2 crystal. We have revealed that the oscillations of the polarization state when propagating the beam are accompanied by reconstruction of the polarization singularities at the beam cross-section that, in turn, entails the reconstruction of the wavefront in each circularly polarized beam component. Both synchronic oscillations of the spin angular momentum and the sign of the vortex topological charge are expressing in a field structure as birth and annihilation of topological dipoles. Also periodical conversion of the vortex ellipticity along the crystal length z and huge splash of spin angular momentum were analysed. The run of the dislocation reactions in the beam component results in converting the sign of the topological charge in the centered optical vortex, the distance of the vortex conversion being about 0.05 of the wavelength.

I describe a framework useful for designing computational imaging systems and for assessing their efficacy and performance. I cast the problem as the design of a measurement matrix H followed by post-detection processing with an estimation matrix T. I consider only simple imaging as a vehicle to identify the framework and to motivate discussion.

Results of theoretical calculations of angular dependence of the phase incursions for s- and p- orthogonal components of optical wave reflected by the surface with variable refractive index is discussed. The possibility of determining the spatial distribution refractive index from the wavefront measurements was experimentally shown.

We propose holographic wavefront sensor based on the Talbot effect. Optical wavefronts are measured by sampling the light amplitude distribution with a two-dimensional periodic holographic grating. The factors that allow changing an angular measurement range and a spatial resolution of the sensor are discussed. A comparative analysis with the Shack- Hartmann sensor is illustrated with some experimental results.

The interrelations between statistics of the 1st-4th orders of the ensemble of Mueller-matrix images and geometric structure of birefringent architectonic nets of different morphological structure have been analyzed. The sensitivity of asymmetry and excess of statistic distributions of matrix elements c_ik to changing of orientation structure of optically anisotropic protein fibrils of physiologically normal and pathologically changed biological tissues architectonics has been shown.

An imaging technique that had been developed for reading destroyed texts in an ancient manuscript is described. A codex of early Peshitta Gospels was examined. The leaves of the codex were made of vellum. Texts were inscribed with black and red iron based inks. The codex suffered extensive damage from a prolonged exposure to water. The black ink was completely washed off from the majority of the pages. Multispectral imaging showed no detectable traces of ink in the pores of the vellum. It was discovered that the vellum retains "memory" of the long gone inscriptions. It has been shown that in oblique illumination a ratio of reflected to absorbed light differs for areas of vellum at which the ink once was applied and the areas which were never covered with ink. Experiments have been carried out for finding the optimal polarisation and spectral characteristics of light to be used for illumination of the surface of vellum as well as the best angles of incidence of light and angle of observation. A device for imaging folios of the water damaged Peshitta codex have been designed and the algorithms for processing the raw images have been developed. Application of the our imaging technique has allowed reading completely destroyed ink inscriptions of the invaluable historic artefact.

The characteristics of Fourier spectrometer including light-gathering power and resolving power are studied through simulation of the main stages of operation of this device. Such Fourier spectrometer provides the study of spectra of absorbtion, radiation or reflection of liquds or gases into cuvette manufactured from the known grade of glass or other transparent material. In its turn, the material of cuvette causes some changes into optical path differences between interfereing beams due to dispersion. We consider the influence of plane-parallel plate as the axial disperse element on the resolving power of Fourier spectrometer as such element is placed into one leg of an interferometer. Dependences of spectral distribution of radiation are found out with and without influence of plane-parallel plate. We also compare the influence of plane-parallel plate and the range of displacement of moving mirror on resolving power of Fourier spectrometer. Scheme for control of piezo-mirror displaced by sevelal wavelengths has been introduced. The results of theorecical consideration and experiments lead to the following conclusion: as refraction index of the cuvette material increases, as resolving power decreases; but this shortcoming can be compensated by increasing range of modulation of moving mirror.

Modern acousto-optic devices are often elaborated specially for application in biomedical areas, especially for fast and reliable medical diagnostics. Among all the diversity of acousto-optic devices and components, the acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTF) look the most suitable to be used in this application area. The traditional spectrometers which could be applied for biomedical analyses, contain a light source providing light of wide spectrum, and a set of selective filters (for example, interference filters) which are usually involved in a turret. Hence, the mechanically moving parts must take place in such a device which makes the rate of measurements rather small. Also the diffraction gratings can be used in order to divide the total white light into the spectral components, however, these components are propagated into different directions, and the mechanically moving parts look to be necessary again. Only AOTF application provides the possibility to guide the different spectral components of light into the same direction. We also have proposed a new kind of light source for the spectrometer based on the set of light emitting diodes (LEDs) which allows to control the spectral composition of output light in real time. The device allows to solve the problem of fast and reliable performance of biochemical liquids analyses. Moreover, we consider the possibility to perform some non-invasive methods of analyses using the light reflected from human skin. Another way to use the acousto-optic spectrometer with controlled light source based on LEDs is multispectral processing of the biological objects color images. These problems are considered in details, and the possibility to use the Mancill's theory of color vectors in order to maximize amount of information obtained from the color images, is also discussed.

Application of the optical correlation method to the studies of structure characteristics of turbulence is considered. The structure function of the dielectric constant of turbulence is determinated by measuring the boundary field transverse coherence function. The experimental results are well agree with the theory.

Early detection of malignant transformation is a goal of modern medicine and therefore there is an impressive number of approaches from the scientific field that tries to identify early changes preceding malignant transformation in order to establish a correct diagnosis. This paper aims is to combine the optical and biochemical techniques for identifying the changes in membrane dynamics of growth and development of experimental solid tumours. The experimental Walker 256 carcinoma graft in Wistar rats has been used, followed from day 7 up to day 24 from inoculation of tumour cells. Optical techniques were used in fractalometry laser polarization in the preclinical diagnosis of pathological changes and degenerative-dystrophy of experimental tissue, and in terms of biochemical tumour tissue was determined the reaction of lipid peroxidation monitored by the malondialdehyde (MDA), the end product assays of reaction. In addition the total antioxidants as a response of the endogenous defences systems were followed, too. The results indicate a rising profile of the processes investigated by the 14th day after tumour graft, following a decrease due to the lack of substrate enzymatic reactions, specifically the double links of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the membranes change during tumour development.

Is offered a modificated technology for photodiodes based on n⁺-n-GaP-SnO2(F). This technology is based on analysis of parameters, which are determining the sensitivity of the photodiode with the surface-barrier structure. Also, a special algorithm of computer simulation was developed.. As a result a monochromatic current sensitivity at a wavelength 254 nm (no more than 0,09 - 0,08 A/W) was obtained. The uniformity of the sensitivity of a photosensitive element was no more than 5%.

An analog interference method for measuring the largest Lyapunov exponent in optical fields generated by scattering objects and mediums is proposed. The method is used to make a device for high-speed real time transverse correlation function optical fields measurement.

Methods for creation of graded radiant fluxes for low values (the level of ~ 1.02) used to establish the threshold parameters of optical sensors of physical quantities are analyzed, as well as instruments for measuring these quantities and their metrological characteristics are studied.

Chemical components and initial optical responses of Ti35Nb6Ta alloy are reported. Polished titanium and other titanium alloy Ti₆Al₄V served as reference surfaces. The chemical composition was determined with an X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) for the surfaces as well as for water, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and for human plasma fibrinogen (HPF in PBS) exposed surfaces. The reflectance of the surfaces was modeled utilizing Bruggeman's model, to evaluate the optical changes that the chemical reaction of each liquid can produce. After the model, a diffractive optical element (DOE) based sensor was used to determine the temporal optical signal from the sample surfaces. The coherent and non-coherent signals gathered with DOE sensor were compared to the reflectance model. Exposing to the liquids showed surface oxidation, which could produce lowered reflectance of the surface. The model and the initial temporal responses showed similarities in non-coherent reflectance.

The paper proposes for consideration an alternative method of creating systems for processing and preserving information on the basis of molecular crystals using the phenomenon of optical bistability. Polarization-dependent nonlinear absorption of the benzene type molecular crystals is responsible for the complex dynamics of exciton processes in the analyzed molecular crystal. It is shown that the multilevel signal realized at the outlet is controlled by the outside effecting factors as well as by the inside effecting factors.

To characterize the degree of consistency of parameters of the optically uniaxial birefringent protein nets of blood plasma a new parameter - complex degree of mutual anisotropy is suggested. The technique of polarization measuring the coordinate distributions of the complex degree of mutual anisotropy of blood plasma is developed. It is shown that statistic approach to the analysis of the complex degree of mutual anisotropy distributions of blood plasma is effective during the diagnostics and differentiation of an acute inflammatory processes as well as acute and gangrenous appendicitis.

In this work the macroscopic phenomenological model of spin-crossover compounds in term of relaxation rate in mean field approach have been comprehensive analyzed. It is given the more accurate description of spin-crossover model, which take into consideration environmental noise influence modeled as interaction with a heath bath. Also we have obtained the distribution of probability density function for different values of multiplicative and additive noise intensity. The correlation between the noises is considered. The calculations of mean first passage time of metastable state for correlated case have been performed.

Presented in this work are the results of investigation aimed at analysis of coordinate distributions for azimuths and ellipticity of polarization (polarization maps) in blood plasma layers laser images of three groups of patients: healthy (group 1), with dysplasia (group 2) and cancer of cervix uteri (group 3). To characterize polarization maps for all groups of samples, the authors have offered to use three groups of parameters: statistical moments of the first to the fourth orders, autocorrelation functions, logarithmic dependences for power spectra related to distributions of azimuths and ellipticity of polarization inherent to blood plasma laser images. Ascertained are the criteria for diagnostics and differentiation of cervix uteri pathological changes.

This work studies displacement and deformation fields in Si arising at radiation with neodymium laser beam of energy ~1 J and pulse duration 10^-3 s. Investigations were performed using moiré fringe method with employment of X-ray interferometer based on the LLL-diffraction pattern.

The aim of this work is the investigation of polarization correlated structure of Muller matrix images of thin film amino acids and their absorption spectrums in IR region. The following tasks have been solved: the study of the optical properties of amino acids, the modeling of optical characteristics of biocrystals, the experimental investigation of coordinate distribution of Muller matrix images of thin film amino acids, their statistic and correlated characteristics with the use of Stocks polarimetry of their images. The samples of 22 aminoacids were used in the experiment. The research methods are Mueller matrices polarimetry and spectrometry in 2 500 - 40 000 nm.

In this paper we present the results of examination of laser light scattering by suspensions of dielectric microspheres in host media with near-resonant absorption. It was found that when the mean transport free path of probing light in the suspensions becomes comparable with their geometrical thickness, the increase in resonance absorption of the host medium causes the expressed speckle modulation of transmitted light and the decrease in the extinction coefficient of the probed substances. These effects can be explained in terms of reduction of the scattering efficiency and increase of the scattering anisotropy parameter of scattering centers (dielectric microspheres) due to partial matching of the real parts of the refractive indices of the centers and the host medium. The statistical modeling of light transport through the examined dispersive systems was applied for analysis of this effect.

Simulation of the full-field speckle probing with the improved depth resolution of spatially heterogeneous stratified inhomogeneous media was performed. The concept of improved depth resolution is based on the application of strongly localized source of probe light (i.e., the sharply focused laser beam) and the collection of multiple scattered probe light with ring-like apertures of different radii. The numerical simulation is focused on reconstruction of the probe pulse response in the case of point-like or long inclusions at the given depth (which is related to the Green function of the light diffusion equation in an inhomogeneous medium). This can give the potential for reconstruction of the depth distributions of scatter mobility and concentration on the base of analysis of speckle correlometric data.

In this work, we have theoretically grounded conceptions of characteristics points observed in coordinate distributions of Mueller matrix elements for a network of human tissue biological crystals. The interrelation between polarization singularities of laser images inherent to these biological crystals and characteristic values of above matrix elements is found. We have determined the criteria for statistical diagnostics of pathological changes in the birefringent structure of biological crystal network by using myometrium tissue as an example.

The optical model of polycrystalline networks of biological tissues protein fibrils is presented. The technique of determining the Mueller-matrix reconstruction of the coordinate distribution of polarization properties of subsurface layers of biological tissues is suggested. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of statistical (statistical moments of the 1^st-4^th order), correlation (correlation area, asymmetry coefficient and autocorrelation function excess) and fractal (dispersion of logarithmic dependencies of power spectra) parameters are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of Mueller-matrix elements of subsurface layers of biological tissues and orientation-phase structure of birefringent network of protein fibrils.

Quantitative technique for comparison of experimentally obtained histograms with theoretically calculated size distribution functions of clusters in heterosystems is introduced. The most important characteristics of theoretically derived size distributions as dependences on the growth mechanism and form of clusters are computed using calculated magnitudes of the initial and central momentums. Obtained quantitative characteristics are compared with the corresponding ones for experimentally obtained histograms. Theoretical dependence to the best advantage fitting experimentally obtained histogram is found out on the results of such comparison.

The size distribution function of nanoclusters has been calculated in assumption of parallel action of two mechanisms of mass transfer, which are controlled by the volume diffusion and the rate of forming chemical connections at particle surface. Comparison of theoretical curve with experimentally obtained histograms is provided. The results of comparison confirm the feasibilities for practical implementation of the considered mechanism of particle growth under the Ostwald's ripening.

In this work on the base of Mueller-matrix description of optical anisotropy, the possibility of monitoring of time changes of myocardium tissue birefringence, has been considered. The optical model of polycrystalline networks of myocardium is suggested. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values correlation (correlation area, asymmetry coefficient and autocorrelation function excess) and fractal (dispersion of logarithmic dependencies of power spectra) parameters are presented. They characterize the distributions of Mueller matrix elements in the points of laser images of myocardium histological sections. The criteria of differentiation of death coming reasons are determined.

The values of refraction index, the main reflection index and reflection coefficient for the investigated crystals were determined on the basis of the study of reflection and transmission coefficients of (3HgSe)0.5(In2Se3)0.5 crystals doped with Mn or Fe. The investigation was carried out on the wavelengths interval of 0.9≤λ≤26.6 μm. Basing on the dependencies α² on the energy of incident electromagnetic radiation it was determined that in crystals the direct allowed interband optical transitions occur, and the value of the band gap was obtained. The influence of temperature on the optical transmittance has been studied in the interval of 120-300 K.

This paper was considered the possibility of phase imaging optical anisotropic multilayer biological structures. Was founded a principle of superposition of polarization displays optical anisotropy of polycrystalline protein networks. The optical model of polycrystalline networks of biological tissues protein fibrils is presented. The technique of phase tomography based on determining the coordinate distributions of Mueller-matrix elements of biological tissues is suggested. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of statistical (statistical moments of the 1^st-4^thorder) parameters are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of phase shifts of biological tissue layer of different optical thickness and the degree of muscle dystrophy.

The possibility to increase the sensitivity of the full field speckle-correlometry to the scatter mobility variations is discussed. The considered technique is based on application of diagnostic parameters such as the skewness and the kurtosis of probability distributions of intensity fluctuations for time-integrated dynamic speckles.

This paper is devoted to simulation of speckle field dynamics during coherent light scattering by the cement surface in the process of hydration. Cement particles are represented by the spheres which sizes and reflection indexes are changing during the hydration process. The results of this simulation are in good agreement with the experimental results.

We investigate scattering indicatrix and Mueller matrix elements of scattered radiation for different voltages applying to the polymer dispersed liquid crystals cell. We observe modulation of scattering indicatrix and Mueller matrix elements with period equals to 2.5°. We calculate the size of LC drops in polymer matrix that equals to 7.25 μm which is confirmed by microscopic research. We construct spatial frequency filter for separation of large and small details of images.

We study the mechanisms of forming X-ray moiré images arising under the action of one-dimensional rows of local concentrated forces at output surface of a surface of triple-crystalline-interferometer for the cases of orientation of them parallel and perpendicular to the vector of diffraction. Presence of constant phase shift of one of the interfering waves in the interferometer's analyzer results in diminishing of period, contrast and area of deformation moiré fringes. It is shown that the area of efficient interaction of phase and deformation moirés depends on both the magnitude of the constant phase shift and on the magnitude and character of arrangement of local concentrated forces in rows.

We have investigated the influence of the CoO impurity and that of the substrate temperature on the transmittance spectra of the as-deposited and annealed titanium dioxide (TiO₂) thin films prepared by means of the electron-beam evaporation technique. Also we have investigated the polarimetric properties of the undoped TiO₂ thin film using the Mueller matrix polarimetry technique.

The features of formation of diffraction images of edge dislocation sets forming clusters (of two, three and more dislocations) as well as small-angle dislocation boundaries (walls) were studied. Various intensity interference effects of rescattering and internal reflection of the newly formed and already existing wave fields on thickness distributions of intensity for the case of presence in the same glide plane of edge dislocations with parallel and anti-parallel Burgers vectors were discovered.

The investigations of structural changes in epitaxial films of iron-yttrium garnet (IYG) Y_2,95La_0,05Fe5O₁₂ after high dose ion implantation with nitrogen ions were performed using X-ray diffraction methods. The behaviour of structural transformations after irradiation of Y_2,95La_0,05Fe5O₁₂ crystals by the nitrogen ions was established by means of choice of the proper models of defect structure that contain several types of dominant micro defects and definitely distributed surface damaged layer. It is shown that reorganization of the crystal structure under the influence of high-doze nitrogen ion implantation leads to improved magnetic properties of Y_2,95La_0,05Fe5O₁₂ epitaxial films.

In this paper we demonstrate possibilities of electron backscattering diffraction technique (Kikuchi method) for determination of strain distribution in local areas of synthetic diamond samples. To increase the precision of lattice parameter determination a correlation method and corresponding software were used for accurate identification of coordinates of Kikuchi lines intersections on the Kikuchi patterns. Consequently, subjective factors influencing on accuracy at determination of displacements of image details were minimized. Samples have been investigated by scanning electron microscope "Zeiss" EVO-50 using CCD detector. The complex analysis of location changes of Kikuchi lines intersections and Kikuchi line intensity profiles permits to specify peculiarities of strain distribution for diamonds grown by various methods.

Skin cancer is a worldwide health problem. It is the most common cancer in the countries with a large white population; furthermore, the incidence of malignant melanoma, the most dangerous form of skin cancer, has been increasing steadily over the last three decades. There is an urgent need to develop in-vivo, noninvasive diagnostic tools for the disease. This paper attempts to response to the challenge by introducing a simple and fast method based on polarization and laser speckle. The degree of maintaining polarization estimates the fraction of linearly maintaining polarization in the backscattered speckle field. Clinical experiments of 214 skin lesions including malignant melanomas, squamous cell carcinomas, basal cell carcinomas, nevi, and seborrheic keratoses demonstrated that such a parameter can potentially diagnose different skin lesion types. ROC analyses showed that malignant melanoma and seborrheic keratosis could be differentiated by both the blue and red lasers with the area under the curve (AUC) = 0.8 and 0.7, respectively. Also malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma could be separated by the blue laser (AUC = 0.9), while nevus and seborrheic keratosis could be identified using the red laser (AUC = 0.7). These experiments demonstrated that polarization could be a potential in-vivo diagnostic indicator for skin diseases.

The results of examination of 35 arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease patients are presented. The clinical, paraclinical and echocardiographic examinations were performed, and the parameters of prognosis (survival) according to Seattle Heart Failure Model, as well as the optical (polarimetric) properties of erythrocytic suspension were determined. The group of patients under examination was stratified by patterns of remodeling of left ventricle (LV). It was determined that increasing of anisotropy of erythrocytic suspension along LV remodeling patterns continuum correlates with aggravation of structural and functional state of LV and is associated with unfavorable prognosis.

This paper discusses ptychography, a coherent diffraction imaging technique. Advantages of ptychography with respect conventional imaging techniques for cell visualisation are highlighted and demonstrated using unstained healthy and tumorous mouse cells as the object under investigation. A novel procedure to automatically refocus a possible slightly out of focus ptychographic data set will be discussed, by which an improved quantitative analysis and discrimination is enabled.

The possibilities of the local wavelet-analysis of polarization-inhomogeneous laser image of human blood plasma were considered. The set of statistics, correlation and fractal parameters of the distributions of wavelet-coefficients that are characterize different scales of the polarization maps of polycrystalline networks of amino acids of blood plasma were defined. The criteria for the differentiation of the transformation of birefringence optical-anisotropic structures of blood plasma at different scales of their geometric dimensions were determined.

Desulfuromonas acetoxidans are uncoloured gram-negative sulfur bacteria that inhabit sulfur containing aquatic environments. These are gram-negative obligatory anaerobes that have an ability to reduce S⁰ to H₂S and Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ in the processes of dissimilation Sulfur- and Fe (III)-reduction. Existence of Sulfur and Ferric ions in the anaerobic sediments causes binding of hydrogen sulfide which diffuses from the zone of sulfur reducing. As a result hydrogen sulfide is detoxificated. The ability of these bacteria to use Sulfur or Ferric ions as acceptors of electrons during organic carbon oxidation causes their special adaptation to the changes of surrounding environment. Interaction between bacterial Desulfuromonas acetoxidans cells and different concentrations of ferrous Fe²⁺ and ferric Fe³⁺ ions possibly could cause the changes of cells' light scattering characteristics. The changes of cells relative content and their size distribution during five days of cultivation under the influence of FeSO4 and FeCl₃×6H₂O in concentration from 0.01 to 10 mM was investigated by the new method of measurement. It includes sounding of flow suspended bacterial cells by monochromatic coherent light, registration of signals of co-operation of sounding radiation with the explored microbiological objects by detects of the changes of amplitudes and durations of scattered light impulses. Under the influence from 0.01 to 10 mM of FeSO4 the maximum of cells' size distribution changed from 0.55 to 0.62 μm and effect of investigated range of FeCl₃×6H₂O concentrations caused it changes from 0.43 to 0.49 μm during five days of sulfurreducing Desulfuromonas acetoxidans bacteria growth.

Proposed in this work is a novel method of early laser polarimetric diagnostics of vessels pathologies and hemangioma formation. The generalized model of formation processes of polarization inhomogeneous laser images of experimental samples of biological tissues is presented. It was performed the experimental measurements of polarization states of both biological tissues laser images points and the hemangioma liquids. The results of investigating the interrelation between statistical moments of the 1^st-4^th order are presented that characterize the coordinate distributions of polarization azimuth of laser images of histological sections of hemangioma, hemangioma blood smears and blood plasma with vascular system pathologies. The diagnostic criteria of hemangioma nascency are determined.

The results of studies of linear dichroism values of different types of biological tissues (human prostate, esophageal epithelial human muscle tissue in rats) both healthy and infected tumor at different stages of development are shown here. The significant differences in magnitude of linear dichroism and its spectral dependence in the spectral range λ = 330 - 750 nm both among the objects of study, and between biotissues: healthy (or affected by benign tumors) and cancer patients are established. It is researched that in all cases in biological tissues (prostate gland, esophagus, human muscle tissue in rats) with cancer the linear dichroism arises, the value of which depends on the type of tissue and time of the tumor process. As for healthy tissues linear dichroism is absent, the results may have diagnostic value for detecting and assessing the degree of development of cancer.

This work is aimed at searching the interconnections between the statistic structure of blood plasma microscopic images and manifestations of optical anisotropy of liquid crystal protein network. The model of linear birefringence of albumin and globulin crystals underlies in the ground of this work. The results of investigating the interrelation between statistical moments of the 1^st-4^th order are presented that characterize the coordinate distributions of polarization ellipticity of laser images of blood plasma smears and pathological changes in human organism. The diagnostic criteria of breast cancer nascency and its severity degree differentiation are determined.

The model of laser radiation interconnection with biological tissue as a two-component amorphous-crystalline matrix was proposed. The processes of polarization state formation of laser radiation were considered taking into account the birefringence of protein fibrils net. The measurements of coordinate distributions of polarization states were performed by means of laser micropolarimeter. The results of investigation the interrelation between the values of correlation (correlation area, asymmetry coefficient and autocorrelation function excess) and fractal (dispersion of logarithmic dependencies of power spectra) parameters are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of polarization azimuth of laser images of histological sections of women's reproductive sphere tissues and pathological changes in human organism. The diagnostic criteria of the ovarian tissue cancer nascency and its severity degree differentiation are determined.

The results of investigating the absorption spectra of blood plasma in the visible and infrared parts of spectra obtained using the techniques of spherical photometer and spectrophotometric complex "Specord IR75" are presented. The possibility of using these spectra for diagnoses the cases of diffuse toxic goiter and nodular goiter and control of treatment process in postsurgical period in the cases of thyroid gland surgery is estimated.

For the first time the complex correlation and fractal analysis was used for the investigation of microscopic images of both tissue images and hemangioma liquids. It was proposed a physical model of description of phase distributions formation of coherent radiation, which was transformed by optical anisotropic biological structures. The phase maps of laser radiation in the boundary diffraction zone were used as the main information parameter. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of correlation (correlation area, asymmetry coefficient and autocorrelation function excess) and fractal (dispersion of logarithmic dependencies of power spectra) parameters are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of phase shifts in the points of laser images of histological sections of hemangioma, hemangioma blood smears and blood plasma with vascular system pathologies. The diagnostic criteria of hemangioma nascency are determined.

A new approach for monitoring temporal changes in the optical anisotropy of the human eye tissue after death was proposed. The basis of the research study assigned degree of depolarization of laser radiation, converted collagen networks vitreous of the eye.The optical model of polycrystalline networks of vitreous body histological sections is suggested. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of statistical (statistical moments of the 1^st-4^th order), correlation (correlation area, asymmetry coefficient and autocorrelation function excess) and fractal (dispersion of logarithmic dependencies of power spectra) parameters are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of phase shifts between the orthogonal components of the amplitude in the points of laser images of histological sections of vitreous body and temporal dynamics of optical anisotropy of this biological object. The diagnostic criteria of death coming prescription are determined.

In this paper the possibility of polarization correlometry complex distributions of azimuth and ellipticity of laser images polarization of layers of human bile. Were found new approach of comparative analysis of polarization of different points in the far field. The principles of optical model of human bile polycrystalline structure are described. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of statistical, correlation and fractal parameters are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of mutual polarization degree of the points of laser images of bile smears of cholelithiasis patients in combination with other pathologies. The diagnostic criteria of the cholelithiasis nascency and its severity degree differentiation are determined.

This paper was provide a description of the principles defining prescription death by polarimetric study the temporal dynamics of changes in optical anisotropy of the cerebrospinal fluid of the human body. The optical model of polycrystalline networks of human body liquor is suggested. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of statistical (statistical moments of the 1^st-4^th order), correlation (correlation area, asymmetry coefficient and autocorrelation function excess) and fractal (dispersion of logarithmic dependencies of power spectra) parameters are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of absolute value and phase of complex degree of mutual polarization in the points of laser images of liquor and temporal dynamics of optical anisotropy of human body liquor. The diagnostic criteria of death coming prescription are determined.

In this paper, was given the basis of the method of spectral Stokes polarimetry of human synovial fluid. The optical model of polycrystalline networks of human knee joint synovial fluid is suggested. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of statistical (statistical moments of the 1^st-4^th order), correlation (correlation area, asymmetry coefficient and autocorrelation function excess) and fractal (dispersion of logarithmic dependencies of power spectra) parameters are presented. They characterize spectral distributions of polarization azimuth and ellipticity of the body's electromagnetic radiation and dynamics of change in optical anisotropy of this biological object. The diagnostic criteria of human knee joint inflammation processes are determined.

The paper was presented principles of a new polarization-correlation approach to the evaluation of microscopic images of biological tissues of different physiological state. Introduced a new option - the complex degree of mutual polarization. Was presented the method of experimental measurement of the coordinate distribution of degree of polarization states of polarization coherence laser point images of the stomach tissue.The optical model of polycrystalline networks of the stomach wall histological sections is suggested. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of statistical (statistical moments of the 1^st-4^th order) parameters are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of complex degree of mutual polarization in the points of laser images of the stomach histological sections. The diagnostic criteria of stomach cancer nascency and its severity degree differentiation are determined.

The principles of optical modeling of human bile polycrystalline structure are described. The main types of polycrystalline structures are detailed. It has been proposed and founded the scenarios of formation of bile microscopic images polarization structure in coherent radiation. The results of investigating the interrelation between statistical moments of the 1^st-4^th order are presented that characterize the coordinate distributions of intensity of laser images of bile smears of cholelithiasis patients in combination with other pathologies. The diagnostic criteria of the cholelithiasis nascency and its severity degree differentiation are determined.

The principles of optical model of human bile polycrystalline structure are described. The three optical levels - isotropic, liquid-crystal and solid-crystal have been proposed. It has been introduced and proposed the scenarios of phase distribution formation in the boundary field of laser radiation, transformed by bile layers. The experimental scheme of direct measurement of coordinate phase distributions has been presented. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of correlation and fractal parameters are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of phase shifts between the orthogonal components of the amplitude in the points of laser images of bile smears of cholelithiasis patients in combination with other pathologies. The diagnostic criteria of the cholelithiasis nascency and its severity degree differentiation are determined.

The possibilities of polarization-optical diagnostics of plasma protein structures changes, which are connected with the breast pathologies, were investigated. As the main investigation object it has been used the coordinate structure of polarization states distributions of blood plasma images. The results were obtained by means of novel technique of digital polarimetry. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of correlation (correlation area, asymmetry coefficient and autocorrelation function excess) and fractal (dispersion of logarithmic dependencies of power spectra) parameters are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of polarization azimuth of laser images of blood plasma smears and pathological state of the organism. The diagnostic criteria of breast cancer nascency are determined.

This paper presents the foundations of a large scale - localized wavelet - polarization analysis - inhomogeneous laser images of histological sections of myocardial tissue. Opportunities were identified defining relations between the structures of wavelet coefficients and causes of death. The optical model of polycrystalline networks of myocardium protein fibrils is presented. The technique of determining the coordinate distribution of polarization azimuth of the points of laser images of myocardium histological sections is suggested. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of statistical (statistical moments of the 1^st-4^th order) parameters are presented which characterize distributions of wavelet - coefficients polarization maps of myocardium layers and death reasons.

The possibility of breast cancer diagnostics by means of phase structure measurements of laser radiation transformed by human blood plasma samples. The theoretical fundamentals of polarization filtration method for direct phase shifts measurements of microscopic images are provided. The optical model of polycrystalline networks of blood plasma proteins is suggested. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of statistical (statistical moments of the 1^st-4^th order), correlation (correlation area, asymmetry coefficient and autocorrelation function excess) and fractal (dispersion of logarithmic dependencies of power spectra) parameters are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of phase shifts between the orthogonal components of the amplitude in the points of laser images of blood plasma smears and pathological changes in the mammary gland tissue. The diagnostic criteria of breast cancer nascency are determined.

The results of examination of 35 arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease patients are presented. The clinical, paraclinical and echocardiographic examinations were performed, and the parameters of prognosis (survival) according to Seattle Heart Failure Model, as well as the optical (polarimetric) properties of erythrocytic suspension were determined. The group of patients under examination was stratified by patterns of remodeling of left ventricle (LV). It was determined that increasing of anisotropy of erythrocytic suspension along LV remodeling patterns continuum correlates with aggravation of structural and functional state of LV and is associated with unfavorable prognosis.

This work presents the principles of laser fluorescence diagnostic technique in the tasks of diagnostics of stomach pathological states. It has been proposed the new criteria - overall area and integral intensity of fluorescence in differentiation of pathological states. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of intensity and area of laser fluorescence are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of reradiation in the points of polarizationally filtered laser images of stomach histological sections. The criteria of laser polarization fluorescent diagnostics of stomach cancer nascency and its severity degree differentiation are determined.

A new method for differential diagnosis of pathological changes of the joints on the basis of synovial fluid was founded. Adduced description scheme and the principles of polarization filtering to determine the coordinate distributions of phase shifts.The optical model of polycrystalline networks of knee joint synovial fluid is suggested. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of statistical (statistical moments of the 1^st-4^th order) parameters are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of phase shifts between the orthogonal components of the amplitude in the points of laser images of synovial fluid smears and the change in optical anisotropy of this biological object. The diagnostic criteria of knee joint inflammation processes are determined.

The results of absorption spectra of blood plasma in the ultraviolet and visible areas of the spectrum using the technique of spherical photometer. Possibilities of using these spectra to detect the diseases - diffuse toxic goiter and nodular euthyroid goiter and to control the surgical treatment of this pathology.

Nowhere days, a Bessel beams are of a great interest because of their high importance in practical applications in micromanipulations of micro particles and possibility to create a bottle-beams which employed in metal-cutting machines. Angular spectrum of a Bessel beam formed by a variety of a plane waves, belong to a hollow conical surface with the angle 2β at the top of the cone. Take into account this fact, one can form a Bessel beam by means of the conical lense-axicon. Generally speaking, we must note, that such a beam, formed by axicon changes it is shape along the propagation axicon and become the beam corresponding to Bessel-Gaussian solution.