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Rare earth ions are frequently incorporated into lasers by doping common glasses with the ions in the glass melt. This paper describes the potential of using diffusion of the rare earth ion from molten salt baths to incorporate it in the glass. The paper discusses the molten salts, the rare earths as a group, the diffusion phenomena, the glasses, and finally the interaction of all these to produce the process. General predictions of the waveguide profile and potential problems are presented.
Brian P. Howell andTimothy Beerling
"Evaluation Of Ion Exchange For Fabrication Of Rare-Earth Doped Waveguides", Proc. SPIE 0836, Optoelectronic Materials, Devices, Packaging, and Interconnects, (1 January 1987); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.967508
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Brian P. Howell, Timothy Beerling, "Evaluation Of Ion Exchange For Fabrication Of Rare-Earth Doped Waveguides," Proc. SPIE 0836, Optoelectronic Materials, Devices, Packaging, and Interconnects, (1 January 1987); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.967508