This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 8903, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

This paper presents a surface shape measurement system based on laser deflectometry. System’s design aims at application in documentation of objects of cultural heritage. The system is composed of a semiconductor laser, a CCD camera and imaging optics. The principle of measurement involves ray tracing of the laser beam calculated from two positions of the detector along the optical axis to determine the angle of inclination of the measured surface. The object is scanned with the designed system and resulting surface normal vectors are integrated to form the output surface. Exemplary measurement results are presented and discussed.

In the article analysis of UV absorption and visible fluorescence of Sm³⁺ and Tb³⁺ ions doped phosphate glass with molar composition: 65P₂O₅ + 8Al₂O₃ + 10BaO + 17(Na₂O + MgO + ZnO) have been investigated. As a result of optical pumping fabricated glass with radiation from a deuterium lamp four luminescence bands were observed near to the wavelength of 600 nm for Sm³⁺ ions and 550 nm for Tb³⁺ ions. It was found that larger energy gap between laser and ground levels leads to the strongest emission in the visible range in terbium doped glasses than in glasses doped with samarium ions. Both fabricated glasses are characterized by the ability to selectively detect the radiation in the UV range.

The optical properties of Yb³⁺/Ho³⁺ - codoped tellurite glass has been investigated. Upconversion luminescence at the wavelengths of 545 nm (⁵S₂ (⁵F₄) → ⁵I₈) and 654 nm (⁵F₅ → ⁵I₈) in holmium was obtained as a result of energy transfer between Yb³⁺ and Ho³⁺ ions. The optimization of the activator content and the concentration ratio were conducted with the purpose of maximizing the efficiency of energy transfer. Mechanism and energy diagram involved in observed emission were discussed. The highest upconversion emission intensity was obtained in thetellurite glass codoped with 0.5Yb₂O₃/0.1Ho₂O₃ molar ratio.

The purpose of this study was to describe the design of the electronic module for testing bioimpedance measuring devices, for example impedance cardiographs or impedance pneumographs. Artificial Patient was conceived as an electronic equivalent of the impedance of skin-electrode interface and the impedance between electrodes - measured one. Different approaches in imitating a resistance of skin and an impedance of electrode-skin connection were presented. The module was adapted for frequently applied tetrapolar electrode configuration. Therefore the design do not enclose the elements simulating impedance between skin and receiver electrodes due to negligible effect of this impedance on the current flow through the receiver. The Artificial Patient enables testing either application generators, or receiver parts, particularly the level of noise and distortions of the signal. Use of digitally controlled potentiometer allows simulating different tissue resistances changes such as constant values, very-low-frequency and low-frequency changes corresponding to those caused by breathing or heart activity. Also it allows distorting signals in order to test algorithms of artifacts attenuation.

Optical characteristics of thin film carbon-palladium (C-Pd) nanocomposites are analysed theoretically. The multinanolayer model is used to explain its specific optical spectral properties. For analysis an advanced electrodynamical method of single expression is used what is able to perform analysis not only for linear but also nonlinear (intensity depended) boundary problems solution.

In this paper, the results for thin carbon-palladium (C-Pd) nanocomposites obtained by PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition) and PVD/CVD (Chemical Vapour Deposition) method, carried out using Raman spectroscopy method are presented. Studies reveal the dominance of fullerene-like structure for PVD samples and graphite-like structures for CVD samples. The type of substrate and metal content have great impact on spectra shapes.

In the paper the analysis of upconversion luminescence in Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ co-doped tellurite glass and optical fiber has been investigated. Upconversion luminescence at 525 nm, 546 nm, 651 nm corresponding to the Er³⁺: ²H_11/2→⁴I_15/2, ⁴S_3/2→⁴I_15/2, (⁴F_9/2→⁴I_15/2) transitions, respectively was obtained as a result of energy transfer between Yb³⁺ and Er³⁺ ions. Developed tellurite glass characterized by highest intensity of upconversion luminescence (0.5mol% Yb₂O₃/0.1mol% Er₂O₃) was used as core of optical fiber. The analysis of influence of Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ co-doped tellurite optical fiber length on upconversion emission spectra was examinated.

In this paper an influence of the content of palladium on optical properties of fullerene-palladium nanocomposite was discussed, based on Effective Medium Theory (EMT). Since the complex refractive index of Pd is clearly different from the refractive index of fullerene, even a small admixture of metal leads to significant changes in value of effective index and consequently to change the reflection coefficient of the layer.

The paper describes a concept of automatic resources identification algorithm used in reconfigurable measurement systems. In the paper is also presented a concept of algorithm for automatic generation of HDL codes (firmware) and management of reconfigurable measurement and control systems. Following sections are described in details: definition of measurement system, FMC boards installation, automatic FPGA startup configuration, automatic FMC detection and automatic card identification. Reconfigurable measurement and control systems are using FPGA devices and mezzanines in FMC standard. This work is a part of a wider project for automatic firmware generation and management of reconfigurable systems.

The paper describes a concept of automatic firmware generation for reconfigurable measurement systems, which uses FPGA devices and measurement cards in FMC standard. Following sections are described in details: automatic HDL code generation for FPGA devices, automatic communication interfaces implementation, HDL drivers for measurement cards, automatic serial connection between multiple measurement backplane boards, automatic build of memory map (address space), automatic generated firmware management. Presented solutions are required in many advanced measurement systems, like Beam Position Monitors or GEM detectors. This work is a part of a wider project for automatic firmware generation and management of reconfigurable systems. Solutions presented in this paper are based on previous publication in SPIE.

The article presents the luminescent based optical fiber transducer. The new construction of polymer optical fibre sensor with resonant energy transfer is shown. The idea and fabrication process of low cost optode is presented. The fluorescein and rhodamine B codoped polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) sensitive layer exhibits the wide range of absorption spectrum ensures high source to optode spectrum alignment. The luminescent response under 430 and 470nm Light Emitting Diode (LED) source is shown. The experimental characteristic of sensor in the range from 293 K to 403 K is shown. The article presents also the potential applications of presented sensor.

The application of the digital stethoscope system is a new tendency in methods of cardiac auscultation. Heart sounds, generated by the fluctuations of blood velocity and vibrations of muscle structure, are an important signal in the primary diagnosis of heart diseases. Since the XIXs century for physical examination an analog stethoscope was used, but the development of microelectronics enable the construction of digital stethoscopes which started modern phonocardiography. The typical hardware of the system could be divided into analog and digital parts, respectively. The first one consists of microphone and pre-amplifier. The second one contains a microcontroller with peripherals for data saving and transmission. Usually the specialized software is applied for the signal acquisition and digital signal processing (filtering, spectral analysis and others). This paper presents an overview of methods used in cardiac auscultation and expected developing path in the future. It also contains the description of our digital stethoscope system, which is planned to be used in poliphysiographical studies.

This paper describes electrical method for measuring junction temperature of high power LEDs. Designed and constructed system with thermal chamber and performed a number of studies in typical operating conditions luminaires with LEDs. The results allow for proper construction of a complete LED lighting system using for operation in ambient temperatures ranging from -10ºC to 100ºC, especially in terms of matching the effective supply.

The paper presents design, simulation analysis, and measurements of parameters of optical multi touch panel backlight system. Comparison of optical technology with commercially available solutions was also performed. The numerical simulation of laser based backlight system was made. The influence of the laser power, beam divergence, and placing reflective surfaces on the uniformity of illumination were examined. Optimal illumination system was used for further studies.

In this work, spectroscopic ellipsometry combined with transmittance measurements in a spectral range of 0.6 - 6.5eV (2.2μm – 193nm) have been used to determine the thickness and optical constants of carbon-palladium thin films. The C-Pd nanocomposite samples are synthesised by physical vapour deposition and chemical vapour deposition methods on to fused silica substrates. The C₆₀ fullerene and palladium acetate are used as the source materials. The effective complex dielectric functions [equation-see manuscript] of the particulate films are found to depend strongly on preparation technology and concentration of Pd nanoparticles embedded in the carbon matrix. Optical parameterisation with a Drude-Lorentz model of the dielectric functions has been applied to match the experimental data. Influence of chemical treatment and Pd nanoparticles on structural disorder and relevant optical and electronic properties of the C-Pd samples is analysed.

In the article effect of temperature on luminescent properties of antimony - silicate glass co - doped with 1.0mol%Yb³⁺/1mol%0.2Tm³⁺ under 976 nm was investigated. As a result of optical excitation with radiation with the wavelength of 976 nm three luminescence bands were obtained: 477 nm for ¹G₄→³H₆ quantum transition, 650 nm for ₁G₄→³F₄ and 698 nm for ³F_2,3→3H6 in thulium ions, formed by the efficient Yb³⁺ → Tm³⁺ energy transfer. It has been found that the increase in temperature of a glass leads to higher probability of phonon transitions from the ¹G₄ to the ³F_2,3 level leading to quenching of luminescence band with the wavelength within the band of 650 nm. The maximum sensitivity to temperature change is 0.02139 [K^-1] at 250°C. The nature of a change over a range of studied temperature from 5 to 250°C is linear. The results of the research indicate that the fabricated glass can be used to construct luminescence temperature sensors.

A paper describes a possibility of upgrading trigger RPC system at CMS detector for research of Heavy Stable Charged Particles (HSCPs). An experiment for the High Energy Physics (HEP) is located at CERN at the world's biggest accelerator complex mostly aimed to the research of particles and forces described in Standard Model (SM) theory. The SM explains the structure of matter but omits some important factors as the Gravity. There are three main branches of the New Physics that expand the SM: supersymmetry (SUSY), technicolors and additional dimentions. The SUSY provides the hipotetic HSCPs existence. Algorithms for search of those particles are implemented as a FPGA firmware in the RPC trigger system. Proposed methods expand the functionality of the existing trigger firmware. They are supposed to implement the simultaneous HSCPs and muons identification. The proposed solutions increase the trigger time resolution that is the important element of the system competitiveness to the other systems of the CMS detector. They also enable distinction between the particles produced inside the detector as the result of the collisions and the particles generated outside the detector that fly back through it. Such generation can be the result of the HSCP the reaction with rocks surrounding the detector cavern. The described methods are supposed to provide the selective trigger for the data most wanted for the HEP experiments research that could introduce the experimental science to the Great Unification.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect the body weight and position on the mechanical output of vibration platform measured as maximal acceleration of vertical sinusoidal oscillations of vibrating plate. We examined five subjects applying the frequencies 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 Hz and different amplifier’s voltage output fed to mechanical vibration generator. We found that at given frequency and voltage the greatest vibration of vibrating plate has been observed when subject stood on the forefoot; this effect was more distinctly pronounced at lower frequencies. The effect of body mass was less consistently evident. The effect of foot placement on the oscillations of vibration platform may be caused by different absorption of the mechanical energy by the body. We believe that in order to explain effect observed a mathematical model which accounts for body position on absorption of vibration along the trunk and mechanical properties of the platform should be constructed by combining already existing models of human body.

With the help of silicon industry microfluidic processors were invented utilizing nano membrane valves, pumps and microreactors. These so called lab-on-a-chips combined together with molecular computing create molecular-systems-ona- chips. This work presents a new approach to implementation of molecular inference systems. It requires the unique representation of signals by DNA molecules. The main part of this work includes the concept of logic gates based on typical genetic engineering reactions. The presented method allows for constructing logic gates with many inputs and for executing them at the same quantity of elementary operations, regardless of a number of input signals. Every microreactor of the lab-on-a-chip performs one unique operation on input molecules and can be connected by dataflow output-input connections to other ones.

The aim of this paper is new application for de novo assembly DNA reads produced by next generation sequencers. The algorithm based on de Bruin graph is proposed, it uses both DNA strands: coding and complementary. The read errors are corrected. The repetitive sequences longer than read are correctly reconstructed in some cases. The application in client-server architecture was developed and tested on pseudo-random sequences and reads generated from genomes of model organisms.

This article describes new algorithm to combine shorter sequences representing fragments of DNA molecules, called contigs, into longer structure called scaffold. This algorithm is based on the constraint satisfaction approach. The computer program ‘PETconn’ which is using presented algorithm based on three-tier architecture was developed. User interface is accessible by browser. The algorithm properties explored on generated data are promising. Performed experiments proved the correctness of the algorithm, but its performance is insufficient for real data.

The aim of this article is to discuss the issue of comparing nucleotide sequences in order to detect chromosomal rearrangements (for example, in the study of genomes of two cucumber varieties, Polish and Chinese). Two basic algorithms for detecting rearrangements has been described: Smith-Waterman algorithm, as well as a new method of searching genetic markers in combination with Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm. The computer program in client-server architecture was developed. The algorithms properties were examined on genomes Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana genomes, and are prepared to compare two cucumber varieties, Polish and Chinese. The results are promising and further works are planned.

This paper presents a simple system consisting of the FPGA core, network protocol and Linux kernel driver, aimed on efficient transmission of acquired data from the low resources FPGA equipped with Ethernet PHY to the embedded system, responsible for preprocessing of those data and sending them further via standard network links. The system has been optimized regarding the memory and logic consumption in the FPGA. Implementation based on the Layer 3 protocol allows to minimize latency of the packet acknowledge, which results in reduction of memory requirements on the FPGA side. The driver code has been optimized to avoid unnecessary copying of data between buffers in memory, allowing the user application to access received data via memory mapped buffer. The system has been successfully tested in real hardware. Sources of the whole system are published and freely available under Open Source licences ( partially under GPL, partially under BSD and partially as public domain).

This paper presents the tethered Forth system dedicated for testing and debugging of FPGA based electronic systems. Use of the Forth language allows to interactively develop and run complex testing or debugging routines. The solution is based on a small, 16-bit soft core CPU, used to implement the Forth Virtual Machine. Thanks to the use of the tethered Forth model it is possible to minimize usage of the internal RAM memory in the FPGA. The function of the intelligent terminal, which is an essential part of the tethered Forth system, may be fulfilled by the standard PC computer or by the smartphone. System is implemented in Python (the software for intelligent terminal), and in VHDL (the IP core for FPGA), so it can be easily ported to different hardware platforms. The connection between the terminal and FPGA may be established and disconnected many times without disturbing the state of the FPGA based system. The presented system has been verified in the hardware, and may be used as a tool for debugging, testing and even implementing of control algorithms for FPGA based systems.

This paper presents a recording system optimized for long term measurement of bed headrest elevation angle in the Intensive Care Unit. The continuous monitoring of this parameter allows to find the correlation between the patient’s position in bed and the risk of the Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP), a very serious problem in therapy of critically ill patients. Recorder might be be an important tool to evaluate the “care bundles” – sets of preventive procedures recommended for treatment of patients in the ICU.

This paper describes the embedded controller used for the multichannel readout system for the GEM detector. The controller is based on the embedded Mini ITX mainboard, running the GNU/Linux operating system. The controller offers two interfaces to communicate with the FPGA based readout system. FPGA configuration and diagnostics is controlled via low speed USB based interface, while high-speed setup of the readout parameters and reception of the measured data is handled by the PCI Express (PCIe) interface. Hardware access is synchronized by the dedicated server written in C. Multiple clients may connect to this server via TCP/IP network, and different priority is assigned to individual clients. Specialized protocols have been implemented both for low level access on register level and for high level access with transfer of structured data with "msgpack" protocol. High level functionalities have been split between multiple TCP/IP servers for parallel operation. Status of the system may be checked, and basic maintenance may be performed via web interface, while the expert access is possible via SSH server. System was designed with reliability and flexibility in mind.

The cycle of WILGA Symposia [wilga.ise.pw.edu.pl] on Photonics and Web Engineering, Advanced Electronic Systems, under the auspices of SPIE, IEEE, KEiT PAN and WEiTI PW was initiated in 1998 by a Research Team PERG/ELHEP ISE PW. The WILGA conferences take place two times a year and the participants are young scientists from this country and abroad. This paper debates chosen topical tracks and some papers presented during the 31 WILGA Multi-Conference, which took place on 8-10 February 2013 at the Faculty of WEiTI PW. The January conference was attended by around 100 persons. Here we discuss closer the subjects of biomedical photonics, electronics and informatics, as well as chosen aspects of applications of advanced photonic, electronic circuits and systems. The 32 nd WILGA Symposium took place on 27 May – 02 June 2013 in WUT WILGA resort near Warsaw. These two editions of WILGA Conferences - January and May have generated more than 250 articles, from which around 100 were chosen by the Symposium and Conference Committees to be published in this volume of Proc.SPIE. WILGA Symposium papers are traditionally submitted via the WILGA web page [wilga.ise.pw.edu.pl] to the SPIE Proceedings publishing system [spie.org]. Email for the correspondence is: photonics@ise.pw.edu.pl. All Wilga papers are published in journals Elektronika, IJET-PAN and in Proc.SPIE. Topical tracks of the symposium usually embrace, among others, new technologies for photonics, sensory and nonlinear optical fibers, object oriented design of hardware, photonic metrology, optoelectronics and photonics applications, photonics-electronics co-design, optoelectronic and electronic systems for astronomy and high energy physics experiments, JET and pi-of-the sky experiments development. The symposium In its two editions a year is a summary of the development of numerable Ph.D. theses carried out in this country and this geographical region in the area of advanced electronic and photonic systems. It is also a great occasion for SPIE, IEEE, OSA and PSP members, young researchers and students to meet together in a large group spanning the whole country with guests from this part of Europe. A digest of chosen Wilga references is presented.

The paper presents the results of investigations on the new approach to optimization of sub-ranging analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) working with the assumed level of their components imperfections caused by technological dispersions, errors, noises or disturbances. The suggested approach is based on application of digital estimation algorithms that take into consideration the anticipated parameters of the components imperfections. Implementation of the approach is possible in the sub-ranging ADCs whose digital parts permit to calculate output codes of ADCs by means of simple mathematical operation. The performance of ADCs operating according to this approach is analyzed for the imperfections of different ADC components in simulation experiments. The results obtained for the proposed ADC are compared with the results obtained for the conventional pipeline ADC employing the identical analog components.

The positive fractional linear systems and electrical circuits are addressed. New classes of fractional asymptotically stable and unstable electrical circuits are introduced. The Caputo and Riemann-Liouville definitions of fractional derivatives are used to analysis of the positive electrical circuits composed of resistors, capacitors, coils and voltage (current) sources. The positive fractional electrical and specially unstable different types electrical circuits are analyzed. Some open problems are formulated.

In the hardware video encoder, the quantization is responsible for quality losses. On the other hand, it allows the reduction of bit rates to the target one. If the mode selection is based on the rate-distortion criterion, the quantization can also be adjusted to obtain better compression efficiency. Particularly, the use of Lagrangian function with a given multiplier enables the encoder to select the most suitable quantization step determined by the quantization parameter QP. Moreover, the quantization offset added before discarding the fraction value after quantization can be adjusted. In order to select the best quantization parameter and offset in real time, the HD/SD encoder should be implemented in the hardware. In particular, the hardware architecture should embed the transformation and quantization modules able to process the same residuals many times. In this work, such an architecture is used. Experimental results show what improvements in terms of compression efficiency are achievable for Intra coding.

This paper describes the construction, fabrication and properties of large-area ultra violet detector that is transparent in the visible range. The device was made on n-type 4H SiC substrate with a double epitaxial layer in which aluminum was implanted to form a p-n junction close to the surface, and a SiO₂ layer was formed for passivation, without a guard ring. The design of the top and bottom electrodes of 4mm diameter UV sensitive area allows not less than 20% visible range transmission. This transmission was measured across sensitive area of examined devices and was only 5% lower than that of the substrate before implantation and electrodes deposition.

The aim of this paper is to design and implement software application converting text of law acts documents from Microsoft Word file format to structural form of law acts in XML format. The structure of XML documents is consistent with the legislative rules and standards which are defined in XML Schema provided by Polish parliamentary units. This approach encompasses the following steps: analysis of software requirements, presentation of problem solving concept, design and implementation directions of the final application. Certain experiments and software testing were performed in order to verify the correctness of the solution. A brief summary and some comments were demonstrated in the final conclusion.

European Framework Research Projects have recently added a lot of meaning to the building process of the ERA – the European Research Area. Inside this, the accelerator technology plays an essential role. Accelerator technology includes large infrastructure and intelligent, modern instrumentation embracing mechatronics, electronics, photonics and ICT. During the realization of the European research and infrastructure project FP6 CARE 2004-2008 (Coordinated Accelerator Research in Europe), concerning the development of large accelerator infrastructure in Europe, it was decided that a scientific editorial series of peer-reviewed monographs from this research area will be published in close relation with the projects. It was a completely new and quite brave idea to combine a kind of a strictly research publisher with a transient project, lasting only four or five years. Till then nobody did something like that. The idea turned out to be a real success. The publications now known and valued in the accelerator world, as the (CERN-WUT) Editorial Series on Accelerator Science and Technology, is successfully continued in already the third European project EuCARD² and has logistic guarantees, for the moment, till the 2017, when it will mature to its first decade. During the realization of the European projects EuCARD (European Coordination for Accelerator R&D 2009-2013 and TIARA (Test Infrastructure of Accelerator Research Area in Europe) there were published 18 volumes in this series. The ambitious plans for the nearest years is to publish, hopefully, a few tens of new volumes. Accelerator science and technology is one of a key enablers of the developments in the particle physic, photon physics and also applications in medicine and industry. The paper presents a digest of the research results in the domain of accelerator science and technology in Europe, published in the monographs of the European Framework Projects (FP) on accelerator technology. The succession of CARE, EuCARD and EuCARD Projects is evidently creating a new quality in the European Accelerator Research. It is consolidating the technical and research communities in a new way, completely different than the traditional ones, for example via the periodic topical conferences.

Accelerator science and technology is one of a key enablers of the developments in the particle physic, photon physics and also applications in medicine and industry. EuCARD² is an European research project which will be realized during 2013-2017 inside the EC FP7 framework. The project concerns the development and coordination of European Accelerator Research and Development. The project is particularly important, to a number of domestic laboratories, due to some plans to build large accelerator infrastructure in Poland. Large accelerator infrastructure of fundamental and applied research character stimulates around it the development and industrial applications as well as biomedical of advanced accelerators, material research and engineering, cryo-technology, mechatronics, robotics, and in particular electronics – like networked measurement and control systems, sensors, computer systems, automation and control systems. The paper presents a digest of the European project EuCARD² which is Enhanced European Coordination for Accelerator Research and Development. The paper presents a digest of the research results and assumptions in the domain of accelerator science and technology in Europe, shown during the final fourth annual meeting of the EuCARD – European Coordination of Accelerator R&D, and the kick-off meeting of the EuCARD². There are debated a few basic groups of accelerator systems components like: measurement – control networks of large geometrical extent, multichannel systems for large amounts of metrological data acquisition, precision photonic networks of reference time, frequency and phase distribution, high field magnets, superconducting cavities, novel beam collimators, etc. The paper bases on the following materials: Internet and Intranet documents combined with EuCARD², Description of Work FP7 EuCARD-2 DoW-312453, 2013-02-13, and discussions and preparatory materials worked on by Eucard-2 initiators.

In simulation of VLSI Integrated Circuits (ICs) that operate at considerably high frequencies essential is distributed modeling of interconnects. In this paper a study of algorithms is proposed dedicated to simulation of nonlinear ICs together with their interconnects which are modeled by means of lossy, nondispersive, in general also coupled transmission lines. A vector model of the coupled transmission lines is proposed and discussed. This model is efficiently applicable in transient analysis of ICs where cts with such solution techniques as sparse matrix, band matrix, iterative approach and mixed approach. Numerical complexity of these techniques is analyzed and compared and the best approach is selected. Several simulation results are shown.

Logic simulation of digital circuits is a well explored research area. Most up-to-date CAD tools for digital circuits simulation use an event driven, selective trace algorithm and Hardware Description Languages (HDL), e.g. the VHDL. This techniques enable simulation of mixed circuits, as well, where an analog part is connected to the digital one through D/A and A/D converters. The event-driven mixed simulation applies a unified, digital-circuits dedicated method to both digital and analog subsystems. In recent years HDL techniques have been also applied to mixed domains, as e.g. in the VHDL-AMS. This paper presents an approach dual to the event-driven one, where an analog part together with a digital one and with converters is treated as the analog subsystem and is simulated by means of circuit simulation techniques. In our problem an analog solver used yields some numerical problems caused by nonlinearities of digital elements. Efficient methods for overriding these difficulties have been proposed.

Our aim is to present the algebra of concepts in two formal languages. First, after introducing a primary relation between concepts, which is subsumption, we shall specify in a language that uses quantifiers, the Boolean algebra of general concepts. Next, we shall note down the same algebra in simplified non-quantifying language, in order to use it as basis for two specific implementations, i.e. to create the Boolean algebras of deontic concepts and axiological concepts.

The paper presents two techniques of balancing energy in ScaleFactor bands for Advanced Audio Coding. The techniques allows the AAC encoder to get a better audio quality. The first one modifies Scale Factors assigned to each band after the quantization whereas the second finds and changes offsets in the quantization - just before rounding down. The implementations of the algorithms have been tested and results discussed. Results show that these techniques significantly improve the quality. At last hardware implementation possibilities are discussed.

The paper presents the results of the simulation of the brusselator performed in the MATLAB environment. The brusselator is a kind of a chemical oscillating system (with periodically changing concentrations of reactants and the possibility of self-organizing), described by the Partial Differential Equation (PDE) system. The brusselator is analyzed by solving a set Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) obtained by the space discretization of the original PDE. The resulting ODE system is huge (the better accuracy expected, the more dense discretization and the larger ODE set), so its solving is a highly time-consuming task. This paper illustrates solving brusselator equations by means of the generic mathematical software (MATLAB), using both built-in integrating algorithms, as well as the dedicated iterated integration scheme, with the focus on the efficiency of the simulation.

The task of a short baseline stereo matching algorithm is to calculate the disparity map given two rectified images of one scene. Most algorithms assume that a maximal possible disparity exists and search all disparities in the range from 1 to this maximal disparity. In the case of large images and wide disparity search range this can be very computationally demanding. In this article a simple coarse to fine hierarchical matching method based on the Gaussian pyramid and local stereo matching is investigated. Such an approach allows significant reduction of the number of disparities searched compared to the full search algorithm. Moreover it is shown, that grouping pixels into simple square regions is in most cases sufficient to avoid significant errors that typically appear at disparity map discontinuities when hierarchical schemes are used. Finally, it is presented that in most cases the quality of the disparity map obtained using the investigated algorithm is of comparable quality to a disparity map obtained using full-search local stereo algorithm.

New video coding systems use very efficient algorithms and coding methods. Encoded stream can be fit even into narrow transmission channel. That is why effective rate control algorithms are needed to maximize usage of transmission resources. This paper presents test results of bitrate estimation instead of basic rate control algorithms for video sequences with inter-frame prediction. This approach may simplify rate control process by excluding complex errorbased operations. It is an important goal as recent rate control algorithms are quite complex and its implementation, particularly in hardware structures, may be inconvenient.

The Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) is one of 10 instruments on-board Solar Orbiter mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) scheduled to be launched in 2017. STIX is aimed to provide imaging spectroscopy of solar thermal and non-thermal hard X-ray emissions from 4 keV to 150 keV using a Fourier-imaging technique. The instrument employs a set of tungsten grids in front of 32 pixelized CdTe detectors. These detectors are source of data collected and analyzed in real time by Instrument Data Processing Unit (IDPU). In order to support development and implementation of on-board algorithms a dedicated detector hardware simulator is designed and manufactured as a part of Electrical Ground Support Equipment (EGSE) for STIX instrument. Complementary to the hardware simulator is data analysis software which is used to generate input data and to analyze output data. The simulator will allow sending strictly defined data from all detectors’ pixels at the input of the IDPU for further analysis of instrument response. Particular emphasis is given here to the simulator hardware design.

This paper presents a novel, three-stage approach to optimum selection of calibration standard lengths for broadband Vector Network Analyzers (VNA). First, an initial standard D-optimal calibration selection problem is reformulated such as to eliminate redundant locally optimal solutions. Second, good quality basic solution to the calibration selection problem is found, as a result of analytic investigation of the problem properties. Finally, a multistep numeric bi-criterion optimization procedure with variable frequency range is proposed to generate a set of candidate solutions, with different relationship of bandwidth and ripple of the normalized determinant of the Fisher matrix. Example results demonstrate high quality of the solutions found and high efficiency of the proposed optimization-based approach.

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are extensively used in diverse fields, wherever inexpensive and easy-to-deploy platforms are required for close-range remote sensing. Applications proposed in archaeology to date include ortho-photography and 3-D modeling. On the other hand, use of image processing and feature detection methods, well developed in other fields is hardly used. After reviewing technologies and methods for UAS-based surveying and surface modeling, we propose feature detection methods (e.g. line detection, texture segmentation) dedicated to extraction of structures in the images that are significant for archaeological survey, planning, and documentation and show results on selected case studies.

One of the techniques which had the biggest impact on the development of microelectronics, optoelectronics, photonics and other similar technologies was doping the substrates with various elements. Although many techniques have been developed resulting in reliable industrial designs, still there is a need of further development and optimization of some of them for specific applications. A very interesting method of doping is the ion implantation based on LIS (Laser Ion Source). The great advantage of this method is its ability to implant ions from any solid state material onto any substrate. Besides – a control of the laser irradiation parameters gives also a flexibility in the parameters of the implantation process, i.e. the ion energy which corresponds to the implantation depth and the ion flux which results in the concentration. On the other hand there are also drawbacks of the direct method – usually the power density of the laser beam needs to be higher than that offered by standard industrial solution and together with the dopant the contaminations present in the projectile are implanted. Another issue for the applications requiring high precision of the implanted layer depth and width is the relatively broad energy spread of the laser produced ions. To deal with this problems the research at the IPPLM was focused on the extent characterization of laser produced ion streams in the direct variant of the method and optimization of the method with the application of electrostatic field to accelerate, focus and shape the ion beams.

A soft-docking system is one of the features of modern intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) technology. It permits delivery of a single fraction of radiation to the surgically exposed tissue, whilst the treatment head is not in direct contact with the applicator. The aim of this study is to present the design of the positioning system for soft-docking of mobile linear accelerator that is being developed at the National Centre of Nuclear Research in Otwock-Świerk, Poland (NCBJ). Our proposed design includes four red laser beams installed along with the treatment head, and a specially prepared applicator with a pre-drawn reference circle. When the treatment head is correctly positioned, all four laser dots intersect with the circle. Numerical simulation showed that it is possible to minimize misalignment to around 0.5° angular and 1 mm linear with this model.

The paper attempts to summarize author’s investigation of parallel computation capability of MATLAB environment in solving large ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Two MATLAB versions were tested and two parallelization techniques: one used multiple processors-cores, the other – CUDA compatible Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). A set of parameterized test problems was specially designed to expose different capabilities/limitations of the different variants of the parallel computation environment tested. Presented results illustrate clearly the superiority of the newer MATLAB version and, elapsed time advantage of GPU-parallelized computations for large dimensionality problems over the multiple processor-cores (with speed-up factor strongly dependent on the problem structure).

ALICE designed as a general purpose heavy-ion detector for the CERN Large Hadron Collider successfully recorded pp, p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions at different centre of mass energies. The data analysis shows intriguing properties of the matter produced in Pb–Pb collisions. The results indicate that the created system is larger, hotter and denser compared to the one created in heavy-ion collisions at lower energies and it still behaves like a perfect, strongly interacting liquid.

ALICE is the dedicated heavy-ion experiment at the CERN LHC. The main aim of the experiment is the detailed characterization of the properties of the quark-gluon plasma, the deconfined state of matter produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. The experimental setup was optimised to study high-multiplicity heavy-ion collisions and it is well suited to also study elementary reactions which are an integral part of its program. ALICE is a complex device, composed of several sub-detectors systems of different technologies which measure complementary properties of the emitted particles produced in the collision. In this article, the detector and its most important capabilities are presented.

Pi of the Sky is a system of wide field-of-view robotic telescopes, which search for short timescale astrophysic phenomena, especially for prompt optical GRB emission. The system was designed for autonomous operatio , monitoring a large fraction of the sky with 12m-13m range and time resolution of the order of 1 - 10 second , and automatic flash recognition in real time. System design and observation stratedy was successfully tested with a prototype detector operational in 2004- 2009 at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile, and moved to San Pedro de Atacama Observatory in March 2011. In October 2010 the first unit of the final Pi of the Sky detector system, with 4 CCD cameras, was successfully installed in the INTA El Arenosillo Test Centre in Spain. Three more units (12 CCD cameras) are being prepared for installation on a new platform in INTA, aiming at a total coverage of about 6400 square degrees. Observation strategy and background conditions are different than those in Chile. Therefore additional selection algorithm are needed to improve rejection of false flash candidates selected by the on-line selection algrithm.

The development of RF particle accelerators was undoubtedly the great achievement of science and civilization which allowed for unique observations being in line with the Standard Model theory. On the other hand, this technology reached its limits of performance and building RF devices which would allow for obtaining significantly higher energy is questionable from physical and economic point of view. Due to this fact, a development of a different acceleration technique became of utmost importance. The candidate method is Laser Wakefield Acceleration (LWA). LWA may offer drastic reduction in the size of the accelerator; however; it demands an enormous laser systems to provide both high power density and average power. Presently operating laser systems offer sufficient power density but the crucial obstacle to overcome is the repetition rate which circumscribes the average power and the number of the collision events. To deal with this problem the ICAN (International Coherent Amplification Network) project has been proposed. It is aimed on the construction of high power, high repetition rate fiber laser which would be efficient for LWA for the particle accelerator and other applications including XFEL, transmutation, nuclear waste management and fundamental plasma research. It is worth mentioning that all technologies needed for the development of such a device are presently available just need to be upgraded and combined into one operating system. This contribution is a review of the mechanisms of acceleration of charged particles, fiber and optical techniques which will be employed in ICAN and its possible applications and perspectives.

Accelerator science and technology is one of a key enablers of the developments in the particle physic, photon physics and also applications in medicine and industry. The paper presents a digest of the research results in the domain of accelerator science and technology in Europe, shown during the realization of CARE (Coordinated Accelerator R&D), EuCARD (European Coordination of Accelerator R&D) and during the national annual review meeting of the TIARA – Test Infrastructure of European Research Area in Accelerator R&D. The European projects on accelerator technology started in 2003 with CARE. TIARA is an European Collaboration of Accelerator Technology, which by running research projects, technical, networks and infrastructural has a duty to integrate the research and technical communities and infrastructures in the global scale of Europe. The Collaboration gathers all research centers with large accelerator infrastructures. Other ones, like universities, are affiliated as associate members. TIARA-PP (preparatory phase) is an European infrastructural project run by this Consortium and realized inside EU-FP7. The paper presents a general overview of CARE, EuCARD and especially TIARA activities, with an introduction containing a portrait of contemporary accelerator technology and a digest of its applications in modern society. CARE, EuCARD and TIARA activities integrated the European accelerator community in a very effective way. These projects are expected very much to be continued.

Parallel computing is emerging as an important area of research in computer architectures and software systems. Many algorithms can be greatly accelerated using parallel computing techniques. Specialized parallel computer architectures are used for accelerating speci c tasks. High-Energy Physics Experiments measuring systems often use FPGAs for ne-grained computation. FPGA combines many bene ts of both software and ASIC implementations. Like software, the mapped circuit is exible, and can be recon gured over the lifetime of the system. FPGAs therefore have the potential to achieve far greater performance than software as a result of bypassing the fetch-decode-execute operations of traditional processors, and possibly exploiting a greater level of parallelism. Creating parallel programs implemented in FPGAs is not trivial. This paper presents existing methods and tools for ne-grained computation implemented in FPGA using Behavioral Description and High Level Programming Languages.

The hardware random number generator based on the 74121 monostable multivibrators for applications in cryptographically secure distributed measurement and control systems with asymmetric resources was presented. This device was implemented on the basis of the physical electronic vibration generator in which the circuit is composed of two “loop” 74121 monostable multivibrators, D flip-flop and external clock signal source. The clock signal, witch control D flip-flop was generated by a computer on one of the parallel port pins. There was presented programmed the author's acquisition process of random data from the measuring system to a computer. The presented system was designed, builded and thoroughly tested in the term of cryptographic security in our laboratory, what there is the most important part of this publication. Real cryptographic security was tested based on the author's software and the software environment called RDieHarder. The obtained results was here presented and analyzed in detail with particular reference to the specificity of distributed measurement and control systems with asymmetric resources.

The paper presents results of stochastic analysis of deep metastability behavior of some bistable circuit models using frameworks of Stochastic Ordinary Differential Equations (SODE) and Randomized Ordinary Differential Equations (RODE). Three models of bistable circuits are investigated: the standard linear and two non-linear dynamics models. Random uncertainty is modeled with (additive) Gaussian noise. The paper demonstrates dependence of the stochastic distribution of response time of the bistable circuits on both the dynamics model and stochastic modeling framework used.

European X-Ray FEL – free electron laser is under construction in DESY Hamburg. It is scheduled to be operational at 2015/16 at a cost more than 1 billion Euro. The laser uses SASE method to generate x-ray light. It is propelled by an electron linac of 17,5GeV energy and more than 2km in length. The linac uses superconducting SRF TESLA technology working at 1,3 GHz in frequency. The prototype of EXFEL is FLASH Laser (200 m in length), where the “proof of principle” was checked, and from the technologies were transferred to the bigger machine. The project was stared in the nineties by building a TTF Laboratory -Tesla Test Facility. The EXFEL laser is a child of a much bigger teraelectronovolt collider project TESLA (now abandoned in Germany but undertaken by international community in a form the ILC). A number of experts and young researchers from Poland participate in the design, construction and research of the FLASH and EXFEL lasers.

This paper describes possible use of Sagnac interferometer, based on the polarization maintaining fiber, as an optical microphone. Operation of investigated setup is based on the refractive index changes induced by acoustic wave and fiber strain. In the conducted experiment, Sagnac interferometer working as an optical microphone was able to achieve 6 dB bandwidth up to 4.5 kHz. Possibilities for linear operation was examined as well. Experimental results are preceded by a mathematical analysis of the operating principles.

The ambitions of accelerator based science, technology and applications far exceed the present accelerator possibilities. Accelerator science and technology is one of a key enablers of the developments in the particle physic, photon physics and also applications in medicine and industry. The paper presents a digest of the research results and visions for the future in the domain of accelerator science and technology in Europe, shown during the final fourth annual meeting of the EuCARD – European Coordination of Accelerator Research and Development. The conference concerns building of the research infrastructure, including advanced photonic and electronic systems for servicing large high energy physics experiments. There are debated a few basic groups of such systems like: measurement – control networks of large geometrical extent, multichannel systems for large amounts of metrological data acquisition, precision photonic networks of reference time, frequency and phase distribution. The main subject is however the vision for the future of particle accelerators and next generation light sources.

Traditional WILGA Symposia are held two times a year since 1998. Each year the WILGA May edition gathers around 300 young researchers active in advanced photonics and electronics systems. The paper, as each year, presents a digest of chosen technical work results shown by young researchers from different technical universities from this country during the SPIE-IEEE Wilga 2013 Symposium on Photonics and Web Engineering. Topical tracks of the symposium embraced, among others, nanomaterials and nanotechnologies for photonics, sensory and nonlinear optical fibers, object oriented design of hardware, photonic metrology, optoelectronics and photonics applications, photonics-electronics codesign, optoelectronic and electronic systems for astronomy and high energy physics experiments, CMS, ITER, JET – Joint European Torus, BRITE nanosatellite, and pi-of-the sky experiments development. The symposium is an annual summary in the development of numerable Ph.D. theses carried out in this and neighboring countries in the area of advanced electronic and photonic systems. It is also a great occasion for SPIE, IEEE, OSA and PSP students and young researchers to meet together in a large group spanning the whole country with guests from this part of Europe. A digest of Wilga references is presented [1-225].

In this paper we present an evaluation of the chosen versions of Active Appearance Models (AAM) in varying background conditions. Algorithms were tested on a subset of the CMU PIE database and chosen background im- ages. Our experiments prove, that the accuracy of those methods is strictly correlated with the used background, where the differences in the success rate differ even up to 50%.