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19 March 2014A second generation of physical anthropomorphic 3D breast phantoms based on human subject data
Previous fabrication of anthropomorphic breast phantoms has demonstrated their viability as a model
for 2D (mammography) and 3D (tomosynthesis) breast imaging systems. Further development of these
models will be essential for the evaluation of breast x-ray systems. There is also the potential to use them as
the ground truth in virtual clinical trials. The first generation of phantoms was segmented from human
subject dedicated breast computed tomography data and fabricated into physical models using highresolution
3D printing. Two variations were made. The first was a multi-material model (doublet) printed
with two photopolymers to represent glandular and adipose tissues with the greatest physical contrast
available, mimicking 75% and 35% glandular tissue. The second model was printed with a single 75%
glandular equivalent photopolymer (singlet) to represent glandular tissue, which can be filled independently
with an adipose-equivalent material such as oil. For this study, we have focused on improving the latter, the
singlet phantom. First, the temporary oil filler has been replaced with a permanent adipose-equivalent
urethane-based polymer. This offers more realistic contrast as compared to the multi-material approach at
the expense of air bubbles and pockets that form during the filling process. Second, microcalcification
clusters have been included in the singlet model via crushed eggshells, which have very similar chemical
composition to calcifications in vivo. The results from these new prototypes demonstrate significant
improvement over the first generation of anthropomorphic physical phantoms.
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Adam Nolte, Nooshin Kiarashi, Ehsan Samei, W. Paul Segars, Joseph Y. Lo, "A second generation of physical anthropomorphic 3D breast phantoms based on human subject data," Proc. SPIE 9033, Medical Imaging 2014: Physics of Medical Imaging, 90331Y (19 March 2014); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2043703