This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9047, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

An accurate characterization is a very important topic in a wide range of MEMS/MOEMS applications and crucial for their fabrication process. Standard characterization is performed with bulk measurement system. Usually, a high resolution optical systems measure one structure at a time and scan the measurement samples from structure to structure. These systems are not well suited to the production control of microsystems, where several thousands of structures are fabricated on the same substrate simultaneously. The paper presents new approaches using microoptics and micromachining to overcome the large ratio of wafer size to feature size in the testing step of production. The refractive and diffractive microoptical components, often fabricated on glass wafer, allow to create arrays of integrated measurement instruments. This work focuses on a new full-field optical concept for parallel, high volume M(O)EMSs' testing. The use of diffraction gratings for the realization of an array of integrated interferometers allows to create compact device with 25 measurement channels. The design of measurement platform and interferometer array, its assembly and the validation measurement results, are discussed in details. The functionality of system includes static and dynamic in-line characterization of MEMS.

Accurate sample positioning and automatic sample operation can improve the performance of measuring instruments. A Sub-millimeter servo system for sample positioning based on thresholding of defocused laser spot is proposed. The effective laser spot image is extracted by thresholding of the light cone section on the sample surface. By estimating the section area and centroid of the spot, the defocus status and position of the measured sample can be acquired. A focused light cone at visible wavelength is cast onto the surface of sample, forming a marked laser spot as the indicator of the measurement point. A CCD camera is used for visual imaging, and a high-precision three-dimensional motorized translation stage is used for the accurate servo control. The marked spot is real-time monitored and processed in the platform of LabVIEW. The Autonomous Thresholding Image-Processing Algorithm (ATIPA) is proposed to detect and analyze the defocused marked spot, through which system creates a servo whereby accurate position control of the sample can be achieved. The measurement point on the sample can be accurately located by computing the center coordinates of the marked spot. And a focus function is implemented by measuring the size of defocused spot. This focus function is then used within an improved climbing search algorithm to obtain the focused sample position via moving the sample stage. Experimental results show that the system could measure the laser spot and control the sample in a robust, repeatable way within reasonable errors. The accuracy of the sample autofocus reaches 0.1 mm.

For hyper-numerical aperture (NA) lithographic optics, one of the design goals is to minimize polarization aberration (PA). However PA represented by Jones pupil can not be acquired by design software CODE V™ directly. And most researchers generate PA by computer randomly in study of various presentation of PA. Optical designers and instrument developers should analyze the realistic PA in optical design procedure, which is most important for controlling the PA before the optics is fabricated. This work presents a technique for extracting and analyzing the realistic PA caused by large incident angle of light, film coatings and intrinsic birefringence of lens materials in hyper-NA optics. The PA and its decomposition is obtained and analyzed for optics with different coatings using the technology in this paper. The results show that the subset aberrations of PAs can compensate each other via different coatings on the PO. The results also reveal that coating design should balance the transmission and its aberration (apodization).

Technological advances in endoscopes, such as capsule, ultrathin and disposable devices, promise significant improvements in safety, clinical effectiveness and patient acceptance. Unfortunately, the industry lacks test methods for preclinical evaluation of key optical performance characteristics (OPCs) of endoscopic devices that are quantitative, objective and well-validated. As a result, it is difficult for researchers and developers to compare image quality and evaluate equivalence to, or improvement upon, prior technologies. While endoscope OPCs include resolution, field of view, and depth of field, among others, our focus in this paper is geometric image distortion. We reviewed specific test methods for distortion and then developed an objective, quantitative test method based on well-defined experimental and data processing steps to evaluate radial distortion in the full field of view of an endoscopic imaging system. Our measurements and analyses showed that a second-degree polynomial equation could well describe the radial distortion curve of a traditional endoscope. The distortion evaluation method was effective for correcting the image and can be used to explain other widely accepted evaluation methods such as picture height distortion. Development of consensus standards based on promising test methods for image quality assessment, such as the method studied here, will facilitate clinical implementation of innovative endoscopic devices.

The theoretical method for analyzing the first-order optics of stabilized zoom lenses with two focal-length-variable elements is presented. The first and second derivatives and the Hessian matrix of the zoom equations with respect to the Gaussian parameters are determined to represent the sensitivity of the zoom ratio of the system to changes in the corresponding system variables. Four-group stabilized zoom lens designs with 2:1 and 5:1 zoom ratios are successfully investigated.

We have proposed the projection relations to restrain aberrations caused by change of object distance for some cases. Now we comprehensively reconsider them for various cases. We theoretically develop the projection relations to restrain coma aberration, sagittal and meridional field curvatures both for plane image and spherical image in two ways of the view points of 3rd order aberration theory and direct method. We also confirm them by practical lens designing.

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) has been widely applied for the topography measurement of microscopic specimen. A total surface fitting method based on Zernike polynomials is presented to remove aberrations in DHM, in which Zernike polynomial coefficients enable to provide quantitative measurement of primary aberrations. The phase free of aberrations is obtained by subtracting out the surface fitting result from the reconstructed phase. The method carries out the total phase aberrations compensation automatically by only one hologram, instead of knowing the physical parameters of optical setup and the aberration mathematical model in advance. The optical system of off-axis DHM is set up and the experiment results are given. Compared with the double-exposure method, the Zernike surface fitting method obtains better phase information owing to removing residual tilt aberration.

To ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of missile-borne star sensor for attitude determination, its optical axis direction must be adjusted in real time to avoid the stray light effectively and obtain star image with high-quality. In this paper, a fast optimal direction determination method that can be applied online in engineering is studied. Take the range of missile maneuver into consider, the proposed method solves the optimal direction of optical axis which can make star sensor obtain the best star image for star identification within the visible sky that avoids stray light. In the optical axis optimization model established, for a star sensor with given specification, the optimization indexes include the stars number and their mean magnitude of a star image obtained at a given direction, the control cost to reach the optimal direction from current status. The constraints include invisible sky, stray light etc. For such a complex nonlinear optimization problem without analytical solutions, the combination of enumeration method and table look-up method is employed to obtain solution rapidly for engineering applications. The stray light model is validated by comparing the simulation results with Satellite Tool Kit (STK). Simulation results show that the optimal direction determined by the proposed method can significantly improve the star image's quality and the optimization speed is fast enough to meet the requirement of online applications.

Holographic technology is considered to be vastly promising as a 3D electronic display in future. The advantage of holographic display is a capability of reproducing all the depth cues for 3D perception, and it is emphasized especially in the case of deep 3D scene. This paper introduces the technique for computation of hologram that can reproduce deep 3D scene. Conventional methods for computational holography mostly based on the wave propagation from point cloud. Those methods provide accurate simulation of wave propagation from 3D objects, but the generation of realistic image is not straightforward; such as hidden-surface removal, surface glossiness, translucency, etc. Another approach for hologram computation is based on holographic stereogram, or ray-based 3D display. In this case the images are rendered using conventional computer graphic techniques, which can generate very realistic and natural images. However, as this approach relies on ray-based image generation, the resolution of deep scene deteriorates depending on the distance of the image from the screen. We have proposed a method for the computation of hologram utilizing the ray-based rendering technique without the decrease of image resolution. In the method, a virtual ray-sampling (RS) plane is defined near the object, and the set of light-rays is converted to wavefront on the RS plane using Fourier transform. The propagation from the RS plane to the hologram plane is calculated by wave-propagation theory, such as Fresnel diffraction formula. Then it is possible to generate realistic 3D images by exploiting existing ray-based rendering techniques, such as ray-culling, shading and texture mapping, while the simulation of wavefront propagation enables high-resolution image reproduction even in the case of deep 3D scene. In the proposed method, the RS plane is defined near the object for high-resolution image reproduction, and if there are plural objects in 3D deep scene, RS planes should be defined for those respective objects. In this case, it is necessary to consider the mutual occlusion between the objects located at different depths. For this purpose, we have also developed a method for the occlusion-culling between the objects registered to different RS planes. In this method, the wavefront from background object is converted to light-rays, and the occlusion-culling is implemented in the ray-space. Therefore the occlusion between objects is accurately processed without huge computational difficulty. We also demonstrate the number of RS planes required for reproducing very deep 3D scene, which covers the region near the hologram plane to infinity. As a result of theoretical analysis, if we define 23 layers of RS planes, it will be possible to display 3D image from hologram plane to infinite distance with satisfactory high-resolution for human vision. Experimental results by hardcopy hologram show the effectiveness of the proposed technique for computational holography.

We present a special-purpose computer named HORN (HOlographic ReconstructioN) for fast calculation of computer- generated holograms (CGHs). The HORN can realize parallel processing of the CGH calculation by using field- programmable gate arrays. The latest version of HORNs, HORN-7, can reconstruct holographic images more clearly than previous HORNs because HORN-7 can make CGHs as a phase-only hologram (kinoform). In addition, the HORN- 7 can directly output calculated CGHs on a spatial-light modulator via Digital Visual Interface. In this paper, we demonstrate real-time reconstruction of holographic motion pictures by the HORN-7. We calculated CGHs, which consist of 1,920 × 1,080 pixels, from the object data of ~6,000 points, and succeeded in reconstructing holographic motion pictures from the calculated CGHs at the rate of ~7 frames per second.

Three-dimensional (3-D) motion-picture recording by parallel phase-shifting digital holographic microscopy that has the ability of instantaneous 3-D recording of dynamic phenomena in the microscopic field of view is presented. Parallel phase-shifting digital holography is a scheme to record multiple phase-shifted holograms with a single-shot exposure, and to achieve 3-D motion-picture recording of objects with high accuracy and wide 3-D area, based on space-division multiplexing of phase-shifted holograms. Parallel phase-shifting digital holographic microscopy is implemented by an optical interferometer and an image sensor on which polarization-detection function is introduced pixel by pixel. This time, we constructed a parallel phase-shifting digital holographic microscope for recording high-speed dynamic phenomena, and then motions of biological objects in water were recorded at more than 10,000 frames per second, which is the fastest among the previous reports on 3-D imaging of biological objects.

Parallel phase-shifting digital holography (PPSDH) method can record dynamic three-dimensional events with higher spatial resolution than that of off-axis digital holography. In PPSDH, all amount of phase retardations are included in a multiplexed hologram and can be optically implemented by using a phase-mode spatial light modulator (SLM) located in the reference beam. The SLM can also compensate optical aberration caused by lenses, beam splitters, and air fluctuation as in adaptive optics. In this presentation, we review our experimental results using stationary two-dimensional object using a liquid-crystal on Silicon (LCOS) SLM.

In this paper, the laser speckle pattern on human retina for a laser projection display is simulated. By introducing a specific eye model ‘Indiana Eye’, the statistical properties of the laser speckle are numerical investigated. The results show that the aberrations of human eye (mostly spherical and chromatic) will decrease the speckle contrast felt by people. When the wavelength of the laser source is 550 nm (green), people will feel the strongest speck pattern and the weakest when the wavelength is 450 nm (blue). Myopia and hyperopia will decrease the speckle contrast by introducing large spherical aberrations. Although aberration is good for speckle reduction, but it will degrade the imaging capability of the eye. The results show that laser source (650 nm) will have the best image quality on the retina. At last, we compare the human eye with an aberration-free imaging system. Both the speckle contrast and the image quality appear different behavior in these two imaging systems. The results are useful when a standardized measurement procedure for speckle contrast needs to be built.

A low driving voltage with fast response LC-lens by using high resistance material was developed. By implementing the LC-lens as an array structure, it can be adaptively used for multi-function of 3D displays. Furthermore, by combining with coded optical barrier with embedded optical sensors, it can yield 3D air-touch function.

Stereoscopic display has witnessed rapid progress in recent years, but it still suffers from the bad quality of experience (QoE) problem. Development of more reliable metrics for objective assessment of 3D QoE is challenging. In this paper, we propose a model that combines 2D and 3D features of the analyzed images with SSIM in order to produce more reliable estimation of the perceived subjective quality in terms of mean opinion score (MOS). The model was trained and evaluated on a public stereoscopic image database with associated ground truth MOS. Our results show that the proposed model achieved high correlation with perceived quality and it is promising for objective evaluation of large stereoscopic image dataset after a relatively small training procedure.

For better performance of laser coupling in inertial confinement fusion (ICF), beam shaping of the focus spot is required. Among all the beam smoothing methods, the multi frequency modulation smoothing by spectral dispersion (MultiFM-SSD) proposed by LLE has the advantages of the faster smoothing and better operability. Strong frequency modulation to amplitude modulation conversion(FM-to-AM) will take place because of the complex spectrum imposed by the multi frequency modulators applied in the Multi FM-SSD method. The FM-to-AM effect is studied with numerical simulation including the polarization mode dispersion and group velocity dispersion. The results reveal that the modulation frequencies and bandwidths of multi modulators will influence the contrast degree of the FM-to-AM effect. The compensation of the FM-to-AM with arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) is also numerically simulated. The FM-to-AM effect is effectively suppressed, i.e. the non-uniformity of the pulse decreases substantially, by applying multiple intensity and phase compensation (the compensation function is obtained via G-S algorithm).

The entire process of image formation and refocusing of light field photography with microlens array is simulated using the in-house software OTS based on real ray tracing. The optical system consists of a photographic lens and the microlens array which are specifically designed. Objects are placed in different distance before the lens, and images of them on the detector plane are got by imaging simulation algorithm. Utilizing the color, intensity and the corresponding direction information of light rays on the image plane, pictures focusing at different depth in the image space are calculated, so that we can refocus at different objects in different distance. The paper also details the basic requirement of optical system and this simulation process is a fundamental work of research on design method and performance of lens using in light field photography.

For the projection lithography, off-axis illumination has become one important resolution enhancement technique, which can also increase the depth of focus. It is realized by the pupil shaping unit to change the partial coherence factor. The pupil shaping unit is composed of a zoom system, diffractive optical elements (DOE) and axicons. By changing the focal length of the zoom system, a continuously adjustable diameter of the pupil is achieved. For the zoom system, its front focal plane and the back focal plane must be fixed and the telecentricity should be maintained in the process of zoom. In this paper, a zoom system with a zoom ratio of eight is designed. The system comprises only five lenses. The first lens works as the front fixed group and the last lens works as the back fixed group. The second lens is the zoom group to achieve the desired focal length, while the third and fourth lenses constitute the compensatory group to compensate the image shift. To eliminate the aberrations and obtain a compact structure, these five lenses are aspherical lenses. By using the multi-configuration design of ZEMAX software, the system is optimized to have a high imaging quality. Under the working wavelength of 193.368nm, the modulation transfer function is close to the diffraction limit. With this zoom system, the pupil shaping unit is simulated using ASAP software. The simulation results show that this zoom system can meet the requirement of pupil shaping of the lithography tool.

A face recognition system usually consists of one recognition algorithm by processing single spectral images. For example, face pattern byte (FPB) algorithm was initially created using thermal (LWIR) images, while Elastic Bunch Graphic Matching (EBGM) algorithm was originated with visible (RGB) images. When there are two or more recognition algorithms and/or spectral images available, system performance can be enhanced using information fusion. In this paper, a score fusion with multispectral images is proposed to improve system performance, which is termed as an integrated multispectral face recognition system. Score fusion actually combines several scores from multiple matchers (algorithms) and/or multiple modalities (multispectra). The system performance is measured by the recognition accuracy (AC; the higher the better) and false accept rate (FAR; the lower the better). Specifically, a fusion method will combine the face scores from three matchers (Circular Gaussian Filter, FPB, EBGM) and from two-spectral bands (visible and thermal). We present and compare the system performance using seven fusion methods: linear discriminant analysis (LDA), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), binomial logistic regression (BLR), Gaussian mixture model (GMM), artificial neural network (ANN), and hidden Markov model (HMM). Our experiments are conducted with the Alcon State University multispectral face dataset that currently consists of two spectral images from 105 subjects. The experimental results show that the KNN score fusion produces the best performance (AC = 98.98%; FAR = 0.35%); and the SVM yields the second best. Compared with the performance of the single best matcher (AC = 91.67%, FAR = 8.33%), the integrated system with score fusion highly improves the accuracy, meanwhile dramatically reduces the FAR.

Automatic video identification is important for indexing, search purposes, and removing illegal material on the Internet. By combining a high-speed correlation engine and web-scanning technology, we developed the Fast Recognition Correlation system (FReCs), a video identification system for the Internet. FReCs is an application thatsearches through a number of websites with user-generated content (UGC) and detects video content that violates copyright law. In this paper, we describe the FReCs configuration and an approach to investigating UGC websites using FReCs. The paper also illustrates the combination of FReCs with an optical correlation system, which is capable of easily replacing a digital authorization sever in FReCs with optical correlation.

In the past few years, optical metrology has found numerous applications in scientific and commercial fields owing to its non-contact nature. One of the most popular methods is the measurement of 3D surface based on fringe projection techniques because of the advantages of non-contact operation, full-field and fast acquisition and automatic data processing. In surface profilometry by using digital light processing (DLP) projector, many factors affect the accuracy of 3D measurement. However, there is no research to give the complete error analysis of a 3D imaging system. This paper will analyze some possible error sources of a 3D imaging system, for example, nonlinear response of CCD camera and DLP projector, sampling error of sinusoidal fringe pattern, variation of ambient light and marker extraction during calibration. These error sources are simulated in a software environment to demonstrate their effects on measurement. The possible compensation methods are proposed to give high accurate shape data. Some experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of these error sources on 3D shape measurement. Experimental results and performance evaluation show that these errors have great effect on measuring 3D shape and it is necessary to compensate for them for accurate measurement.

3D surface reconstruction is one of the most important topics in Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR). Using structured light is a simple and rapid method to reconstruct the objects. In order to improve the precision of 3D reconstruction, we present a high-accuracy multi-view 3D measurement system based on Gray-code and Phase-shift. We use a camera and a light projector that casts structured light patterns on the objects. In this system, we use only one camera to take photos on the left and right sides of the object respectively. In addition, we use VisualSFM to process the relationships between each perspective, so the camera calibration can be omitted and the positions to place the camera are no longer limited. We also set appropriate exposure time to make the scenes covered by gray-code patterns more recognizable. All of the points above make the reconstruction more precise. We took experiments on different kinds of objects, and a large number of experimental results verify the feasibility and high accuracy of the system.

Light tunneling phenomenon controlled by electromagnetically-induced-transparency-like (EIT-like) metamaterials is investigated. The numerical results show that, when a EIT-like metamaterial layer is introduced at the interface of a pair structure constructed by two kinds of single-negative metamaterials, the EIT-like system can give rise to the enhancement of Q-factor of the tunneling mode. Moreover, the Q-factor can be tuned by altering paremeters of the EIT-like metamaterial. Compared with the traditional method of increasing confinement, the presented way has the advantages of miniaturized device volume and less transmission losses.

Although some progresses have been achieved by the traditional diagnostic methods, such as X mammography, computer tomography (CT) imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) etc, their applications are limited by some drawbacks to some extent. As a more promising alternative method, the breast tumor diagnosis method based on infrared spectrometer was introduced. According to the theory of spectral unique characteristics for matter, i.e. the spectrums are different for the matter with different properties, so the spectrums are different between the tumor and normal tissues. Therefore, a spectrometer system was developed to diagnose the breast tumor in this paper. Meanwhile, a spectrophotometer for breast tumor diagnostic spectrometer was designed, and the plane holography concave (PHV) grating was used as the dispersion device in this spectrophotometer because of excellent performances. In this system, linear CCD detector combined with PCI data acquisition card was used as the spectral detector, and the virtual instruments (VI) technique was used to control the data acquisition and data processing. In experiments, the spectral calibration based on mercury lamp was performed. Experimental results illustrated that the construction of the spectrophotometer system is available, the spectral range is from 300-850nm, its wavelength resolution reached 2nm. The simulation experimental result proved that the design of the diagnostic system was very satisfied and diagnostic method was also feasible.

A readout electronics system is presented for the mobile direct detection Doppler Wind LIDAR (DWL). The structure of the readout electronics is compact to fit the mobile DWL which is fixed on a truck. According to the wind measurement principle of double-edge technique with triple-channel Fabry-Perot etalon, the readout electronics system is designed adjustable for wind speed detection due to the multi-channel technique and reconfiguration of the FPGA. The experimental results indicate that there is good consistency between the readout electronics and the current commercial devices. The detection range of the experiments can cover the troposphere and low stratosphere even in daylight.

In the development process of satellite control systems and solar sensors, conventional solar simulators can‟t show variations in the solar shape and intensity in the state of solar occultation, so we set up a solar simulation and test platform. A method is put forward to simulate the wavefront error based on deformable mirror (DM). In this paper, the main relevant parameters which describe the atmospheric turbulence are introduced. The statistic characteristics of optical wavefront phase influenced by atmospheric turbulence are presented, and analyzed by the method of Zernike modes. A piezoelectric DM with 109 electrodes manufactured by OKO is used as the wavefront phase modulator. The important technology parameter about the deformable mirror is tested. Owing to the linear superposition, we have a research in the optical influence function and voltage deflection. The method of Karhunen-Loeve function is used in the simulation of optical wavefront, because it is statistically independent and can be expanded into the form of Zernike polynomials. We can get the coefficient matrix of random turbulence wavefront, and then link up with surface of the mirror. According to the relationship between deformation of the mirror and the voltage, we can deduce the voltage control matrix, and change the surface of the mirror as we conceive. The numerical results indicate that wavefront error can be introduced to the distribution maps of solar shape and intensity in different orbital position and any tangent point by DM in the light path.

The human eye has the ability to distinguish millions of colors, with this feature we can identify very subtle color differences, and the measurement of human eye color difference threshold can provide a visual function diagnosis for testee. In recent years, people begin to focus on studies on visual threshold diagnostic equipment. This paper proposes a human eye color difference threshold measurement system which is based on dual integrating sphere. The system includes two pairs of dual integrating sphere and color control module. Dual integrating sphere uses to mix and produce color, and palette unit which produces primary colors (red (R), green (G), blue (B)) is embedded in dual integrating sphere. At the same time, the embedded palette unit which produces cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y) expands color area that the system can generate. One optical path based on dual integrating sphere generates standard color, the other path produces the matching color which is similar to a standard color. In the high-precision closed-loop color control module, photoelectric switch records stepper motor’s origin position and limits move displacement. Precision stepper motor pushes the light-blocking panel of the palette unit to a predetermined position, while real-time monitoring the position of the light-blocking panel and mixing the ideal controllable color. Two colors that the system generates are projected onto the same target area. Subjects make a judgment on color difference threshold by observing the target eventually.

Vortex beams with integral and fractional topological charges are generated by an experimental setup with one phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator which efficiently modulates the phase retardation distributions of input beam. The intensity distributions and double-slit interference of vortex beams with integral and fractional topological charges are investigated in detail. Tilt appears in double-slit interference fringes of vortex beams. The fringe tilt amounts in the intermediate region are proportional to the topological charge l of vortex beams. The double-slit interference method can be utilized to determine the topological charge of vortex beams.

Lithography tool is a necessary part for LSI and VLSI. The illumination system design is an important part in the lithography optical system design. Off-axis illumination technology is an effective way to reducing resolution of lithography. The paper introduction the basic components of lithography tool, the principle of off-axis illumination reducing the resolution of lithography and focus on the two implementations of OAI technology, finally point out advantages and disadvantage of the two implementations.

Along with the development of semiconductor lighting technology, LED chip is widely used as the source of the glare flashlight. Collimating the light of the source and improving the utilization rate of light energy is crucial. The collimating lens is designed by the theory of geometrical optics and the theory of non-imaging optics. The small angle light from the source is collimated through the collimating lens surface, and the large angle light is collimated by the total reflection of the collimating lens. The collimating lens has a high light energy utilization and a good collimating performance. The collimation system is simulated and optimized in the Lighttools software. When the size of the LED chip is 1 mm*1 mm, the energy utilization rate of the collimating lens is more than 95%, and most lighting area radii are no more than 8 m when the illuminated plane is 500 m away from the light source.

A series of sequentially cascade pumped random lasers is reported. It consists of three random lasers, in which the Ag-Au bimetallic porous nanowires play the role of scatterers, and the gain materials are coumarin 440 (C440), coumarin 153 (C153) and rhodamine 6G (R6G) respectively. The random laser with C440 is firstly pumped by 355 nm pulsed laser. The emission of C440 pumps the C153 and the emission of C153 pumps the R6G sequentially. Low threshold coherent emissions from the three random lasers are observed. The cascade pumped random lasers can be achieved easily with low cost, and can be used in applications conveniently.

Modern space telescopes are demanded to have a very large aperture in order to achieve high resolution. The notion of the sparse aperture systems introduces a new solution to make the telescopes practicable. It is significant to simulate sparse aperture systems before their application in space observation. The multiple mirror telescope (MMT) is one type of sparse aperture systems and Golay3 is the configuration serving as a good start. The method to simulate Golay3 MMT is investigated. The fundamental principle of optical surfaces simulation using the optical design program is discussed. It is proposed that Golay3 MMT simulation can be accomplished by programming to establish surface files with the aid of the interface of this program. The structure of Golay3 MMT in which three sub-mirrors replace the monolithic spherical primary mirror is analyzed. The formulas determining locations of sub-mirrors on the spherical primary mirror are deduced. The surface file representing the primary mirror is created by external programming and defining properties of rays passing through it. The simulation procedures are introduced in detail. A simulation example is given out and evaluated. It proves that the simulation method is reasonable and effective, and has significant reference values to simulate sparse aperture systems with other structures.

Solar Polar ORbit Telescope (SPORT) was originally proposed in 2004 by the National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, which is currently being under background engineering study phase in China. SPORT will carry a suite of remote-sensing and in-situ instruments to observe coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar high-latitude magnetism, and the fast solar wind from a polar orbit around the Sun. The Lyman-alpha Imager (LMI) is one of the key remotesensing instruments onboard SPORT with 45arcmin FOV, 2000mm effective focal length and 1.4arcsec/pixel spatial resolution . The size of LMI is φ150×1000mm, and the weight is less than10kg, including the 7kg telescope tube and 3kg electronic box. There are three 121.6nm filters used in the LMI optical path, so the 98% spectral purity image of 121.6nm can be achieved. The 121.6nm solar Lyman-alpha line is produced in the chromosphere and very sensitive to plasma temperature, plasma velocity and magnetism variation in the chromosphere. Solar Lyman-alpha disk image is an ideal tracker for corona magnetism variation.

It is well known in optics that the refractive index is an important optical parameter of material. A novel method to measure refractive index of glass has been reported in this paper. This method can be used to measure the refractive index of the special laboratory prepared glass which is small, irregularly shaped by measuring its absorption spectrum. And we have measured the refractive index of the laboratory prepared germanium-lead glass (1) (70GeO₂-10Pb-10BaO -10K₂O), germanium-lead glass (2) (60GeO₂-20Pb-10BaO-10K₂O)，germanium-lead glass (3) (50GeO₂-30Pb-10BaO-10K2O) by measuring the absorption spectra of them with the new method. The experiment results show that the peaks position of the absorption shift forward the long wavelength and the refractive indexes increase with the increasing of Pb in germanium lead glasses. The above obtained refractive indexes are similar with the data which measured by the spectroscopic ellipsometry and the error less than 1%. The error analysis indicates that this method has high degree accuracy. We predict that the new method has a potential application in refractive index measurement for glass.

Terahertz wave which can provide innovative sensing and imaging techniques can obtain spectroscopic information unavailable at other wavelengths. The terahertz air-biased-coherent-detection (ABCD) method can achieve the third-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor to produce field-induced optical second harmonic photons. Therefore, the intense terahertz wave generated and detected by the laser-induced air plasma provides a promising ultra-broadband terahertz source and sensor for spectroscopy and imaging technique. Aiming at that purpose, an understanding of the frequency spectrum characterization of terahertz pulse is crucial. In this work, we investigated the variation of the THz pulse bandwidth measured through the third harmonic generation using the coherent detection scheme, by increasing the optical probe pulse power and biased electric field. A bandwidth broadening of the measured THz pulse is observed by increasing either the probe pulse power or the bias voltage strength. We speculate that a pulse shape change of the probe beam and a saturation effect during the second-harmonic generation might cause the bandwidth broaden with probe power. To further investigate the mechanism, we fixed the power of probe laser at 150mW and changed the bias voltage. The results show that the frequency spectrum width becomes wider gradually with the increasing of the bias voltage. A theoretical explaination shows that the bandwidth broadening with bias field might be introduced by a pulse shape change of the bias field induced second harmonic wave. This study reveals that we can control THz intensity and bandwidth by changing probe power and bias voltage in the ABCD system.

Data driven bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models have been widely used in computer graphics in recent years to get highly realistic illuminating appearance. Data driven BRDF model needs many sample data under varying lighting and viewing directions and it is infeasible to deal with such massive datasets directly. This paper proposes a Gaussian process regression framework to describe the BRDF model of a desired material. Gaussian process (GP), which is derived from machine learning, builds a nonlinear regression as a linear combination of data mapped to a highdimensional space. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed GP method provides high prediction accuracy and can be used to describe the model for the surface reflectance of a material.

A high-speed digital holography based on a liquid crystal Spatial Light Modulator (LC-SLM) is presented. The production of multi-beam and control of their delay time can be achieved by controllable wavefront coding theory. In this paper, a Dammann phase grating was designed using a SLM to product multi-beam for extremely high speed digital holographic imaging. The required beam deflection could be obtained by adjusting programmable phase mask for controlling the spatial diffraction of input beam. The framing time is decided by interval beam angles and the distances between input plane and record plane. Theoretical derivate of generation multi beams based on SLM was proposed, and phase recover software was also made.

The blood vessels only in Human eye retinal can be observed directly. Many diseases that are not obvious in their early symptom can be diagnosed through observing the changes of distal micro blood vessel. In order to obtain the high resolution human retinal images,an adaptive optical system for correcting the aberration of the human eye was designed by using the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and the Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator(LCLSM) .For a subject eye with 8m^-1 (8D)myopia, the wavefront error is reduced to 0.084 λ PV and 0.12 λRMS after adaptive optics(AO) correction ,which has reached diffraction limit.The results show that the LCLSM based AO system has the ability of correcting the aberration of the human eye efficiently,and making the blurred photoreceptor cell to clearly image on a CCD camera.

In light-emitting diode (LED) street lamp design, it has always been an obsession that how to achieve an expected illumination distribution confined to a given region. To solve this problem, a new optimization strategy is proposed. In view of the practicability of actual production, we select the relatively mature approach that is based on both the Snell law and the energy conservation law which would obtain coordinate relations between the spaces the light source and target plane owned respectively and a set of equations to establish the initial construction of free-form lens. In addition, all the processes of simulation, analysis and optimization as well are accomplished in software. Generally speaking, for construction method which is in the light of the set of equations, the major improvement ideology focus on finding out the most suitable mapping relationship between the two coordinate systems. So does our work. In order to get better performance, the grid of control points must be modified. Then the core problem lies in determining the direction and distance of every point’s movement contained in the grid. The rule of changing direction has a bearing on energy relations while migration length is gained by direct search algorithm.We apply the method in uniform illumination and get some effect. In short, the optimization strategy provides a practical and simple way for street lamp design of LED illumination.

A control system designed for a Double-Prism scanner is discussed in this paper. This control system is required to regulate the speed of prisms accurately and change the scan pattern as quickly as possible. Therefore, we designed a digital double closed-loop control system which consists of an inner loop and an outer loop to achieve that function. In this double closed-loop control system, the inner loop uses linear Proportional-Integral (PI) controller for the current control and the outer loop uses saturated Proportional-Integral controller for the speed control. To verify the feasibility and rationality of this control method, simulation based on MATLAB was performed. And the simulation results indicate that the step response of prism speed is stable and there is no steady state error. After building the digital control system, many experiments were performed to obtain key characteristics. The experiment results show that the speed regulation time is about 0.4s when the reference speed is 1rps. The accuracy of speed regulation reaches 10^-4 level, and the fluctuation ratio of speed regulation reaches 10^-2 level over its operation range(0rps-3rps).

We demonstrate a high-power pulse laser with extremely high pulse extinction ratio (ER). This laser module is designed for the experiment of 217 km long distance photon-counting optical time-domain reflectometry (ν-OTDR) using an upconversion single photon detector. The maximum peak power of laser pulse is over 24dBm with an extremely high pulse extinction ratio of more than 100dB.

Noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) is the key parameter characterizing the detectivity of infrared systems. Our developed pushbroom longwave infrared imaging spectrometer works in a waveband between 8μm to 10.5 μm. Its temperature sensitivity property is not only affected by atmosphere attenuation, transmittance of the optical system and the characteristics of electric circuit, but also restricted by the self-radiation. The NETD accurate calculation formula is derived according to its definition. Radiation analysis model of a pushbroom image spectrometer is set up, and its self-radiation is analyzed and calculated at different temperatures, such as 300K, 150K and 120K. Based on the obtained accurate formula, the relationships between the NETD of imaging spectrometer and atmospheric attenuation, F-number, effective pixel area of detector, equivalent noise bandwidth and CCD detectivity are analyzed in detail, and self-radiation is particularly discussed. The work we have done is to provide the basis for parameters determination in spectrometer system.

In order to meet the requirements of multi-color temperature, high precision and wide spectrum, a large number of LED in different colors are used as internal light source for an integrating sphere. An asymmetric Gaussian function model is established to realize non-uniform spectral peak intervals. The research aims to find the desired spectral distribution of LED and the number in use through specific properties of the target spectrum to improve the obtained original fitting model. Simulation of spectral curve of specific color temperature can be realized through the simulation of standard blackbody spectral curve. The result shows that matching simulation error for small band is within 12%, and matching error verified by relative area method is within 4.63%.

Advanced optical imaging systems should have high imaging quality and robotic environmental suitability. Such a near-infrared lens with the Pitzval style is designed and developed. Its operation wavelength is from 0.72μm to 1.0μm and its relative aperture as high as 1:2. Its passive athermalization design to suit for the wide operation temperature range from -45°C to 60°C is implemented through optimal selection of its optical glasses and opto-mechamical structure. Sharp ghost image due to even reflection at optical surfaces is eliminated with our suggested means, and thus stray light within its image plane is both low and uniform even under backlighting. The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the designed lens at the Niquest spatial frequency 90 lines/mm of focal plane array detector is higher than 0.6 within its operation temperature range and its entire field of view. Eighty percent of its diffraction encircled energy is within one pixel of the detector. Its point source transmittance (PST) when the illuminating off-angle of point source is from 5 to 60 degrees, which is just out of its field of view, is computed through modeling and simulation, and as low as between 10^-3 to 10^-11. The experimentally measured MTF values and veiling glare index of our developed lens reaches respectively to 0.61 and 0.372% and validates our suggested design in the paper.

The optimal design for an extended source interferometer is discussed in this paper. Compared with the classical point source interferometer, interferometer with an extended source can decrease the coherent noise, dust/defects scattering effects and high-frequency error of reference surface significantly. The adjustable extended source model is introduced. The size, shape, and intensity distribution of the source are optimized by using the interferometer simulation platform which is established by Zemax optical design software and Matlab data analysis software in this paper. After determined parameters of the basic structure of the interferometer, an interferometer model was set up by using muti-configuration in the sequential mode of Zemax. The communication technique of DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange) between Zemax and Matlab was applied to the numeric simulation process. Under the control of Matlab, the field parameters of the optical system can be rectified, and it was easy to get a series of interferogram data. So it was convenient to calculate the visibility of interference fringes. The relation curves between the spatial coherence and the size, shape, intensity distribution of the extended source can be plotted by Matlab. In order to meet the operating requirements of different coherence lengths, Zemax was used to optimize the concrete forms of light sources. Simulation results show that short coherence length can be realized by the Sinc²—shaped extended source, while source of Cos—shape or Comb—shape can realize long coherence length.

We propose the generation of double-ring vortex beams by coaxial superposition of Laguerre-Gaussian modes with different topological charge numbers and different waist parameters. The formation and distribution characteristics of double-ring vortex beams are analyzed in theory. A computer-generated holography based on conjugate-symmetric extension is applied to encode the holograms, with which we reconstruct the double-ring vortex beams by optical experiments. It is found that each ring of the double-ring vortex beams carries different orbital angular momentum. Furthermore, when the internal topological charge remains unchanged, the distance between the two rings becomes bigger with the increase of external topological charge. Excellent agreements between theoretical and experimental results are observed. The double-ring vortex beams may find their potential application value in the fields of micro particles manipulation and optical information encoding as different orbital angular momentum is respectively carried by the internal and external rings.

With the optical phase lock loop (OPLL) we made, we can achieve phase locking at frequency differences ranging from 0.5GHz to 7.5 GHz. This OPLL is fully applicable in atomic physics experiments, mostly in coherent lasers frequency locking. Two kinds of modulation modes were brought to ensure the frequency range and precision: the fast feedback current as the injection current and the slow feedback current to adjust the piezo-electric transducer. This device has been put into an optical lattice platform to lock a laser used for cooling and trapping atoms. The beat signal has a -3dB band width of 1Hz at 6.834GHz, corresponding to the hyperfine splitting of the ground state ⁸⁷Rb atom.

Laser diodes are preferred light sources for compact non-scanning imaging laser radar systems due to their small volume and easiness to be integrated. Therefore, lots of present studies focus on research of modulation characteristics of highpower laser diodes. A high-frequency modulated driver for a compact non-scanning imaging laser radar system is described in this paper. It is based on linear constant current theory and can modulate a high power laser diode quasi-continuously. A high-speed operational amplifier is used to drive a power MOSFET, which can take full advantages of the power MOSFET–low driver current and good dynamic characteristics. In addition, an operational amplifier and PI (Proportion-Integration) control are applied in a negative feedback network to improve the current stability further. In order to avoid damaging the laser diode, a slow start circuit and over-current protection circuit have also been designed. The maximum current of the over-current protection circuit can be set according to the requirement. In addition, the power supply can also be switched between CW and QCW operating modes. When the high power semiconductor laser is modulated by large signal, some nonlinear effects will occur such as turn-on delay, relaxation oscillation and modulation chirp. Some theoretical analysis and experimental research on some nonlinear effects have also been done. Experimental results are consistent with theoretical analysis by using this driver for a 1W GaAs quantum well laser.

Metamaterials with subwavelength structural features show unique electromagnetic responses that are unattainable with natural materials. Recent research on these artificial materials has been pushed forward to the terahertz region because of potential applications in biological fingerprinting, security imaging, remote sensing, and high frequency magnetic and electric resonant devices. Active control of their properties could further facilitate and open up new applications in terms of modulation and switching. Liquid crystals, which have been the subject of research for more than a century, have the unique properties for the development of many other optical components such as light valves, tunable filters and tunable lenses. In this paper, we investigated the transmitted spectral modulation in terahertz range by using liquid crystals (5CB and TEB300) covering on the fabricated double-ring resonators to realize the shift of the resonance frequency. Our obtained results indicate the low frequency resonance shows the obvious blue-shift, while the location of high frequency resonance is nearly unchanged. We believe this phenomenon is related to not only the refractive index of the covering liquid crystals but also the resonant mechanism of both resonances.

Sky survey telescope is an important approach to ground-based observation of external galaxies, and further research on large-scale structure of the universe, galaxy formation and evolution. Sky survey spectrograph (SSS) with low resolution is included in such kind of telescope system. The spectral measurement accuracy of SSS will determine the accuracy and scientific value of mass spectral data. Currently iodine absorption cell or Thorium-Argon lamp is adopted as the calibration source for SSS. However, the spectral lines are sparse, with non-uniform spectral interval and intensity, and even instable over long time. The novel astro-comb cannot be applied to SSS directly because the spectral intervals are still too dense to be used in SSS with relatively lower resolution. In this paper, spectral mode filtering method with acceptable energy reduction and accurate spectral line frequency is studied to improve current astro-comb to properly distributed spectral lines and solve the above critical problem. Aiming at calibration for the measuring of the spectral lines in 3700-5900 Å region, we design an improved astro-comb system based on Erbium-doped fiber laser and Fabry-Perot filter series. Feasible systematical parameters are given. It will help develop a novel calibration approach with systematic error reduction to less than 1/10000 of that of the current calibration methods.

Raman spectroscopy is fast and nondestructive, and it is widely used in chemistry, biomedicine, food safety and other areas. However, Raman spectroscopy is often hampered by strong fluorescence background, especially in food additives detection and biomedicine researching. In this paper, one efficient technique was the multi-excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (MERDS) which incorporated a series of small wavelength-shift wavelengths as excitation sources. A modified multi-energy constrained iterative deconvolution (MMECID) algorithm was proposed to reconstruct the Raman Spectroscopy. Computer simulation and experiments both demonstrated that the Raman spectrum can be well reconstructed from large fluorescence background. The more excitation sources used, the better signal to noise ratio got. However, many excitation sources were equipped on the Raman spectrometer, which increased the complexity of the experimental system. Thus, a trade-off should be made between the number of excitation frequencies and experimental complexity.

In order to evaluate and obtain the actual lifetime data of high power laser diodes, an automated high power laser diodes reliability experiment was developed and reported in this paper. This computer controlled setup operates the laser diodes 24 hours a day, the parameters such as output power, wavelength were test once in one hour. The experiment has 60 work stations, the temperature control range is from 25°C to 70°C, and the output power of the aging device is beyond 20W.

Based on the complex movement of satellite platform, we take the impacts on spectral imaging by pitch, roll and yaw into account. Then point spread matrix calculation principle is put forward, which takes transform the POS data into point spread matrix. According to this theory, we proposed the concept of pseudo cross-correlation to set up the model of spectral imaging degradation based on the pseudo cross-correlation, which combines the point spread matrix and original spectral data by the concept of pseudo cross-correlation. And in this method, the process of spectral imaging degradation is formed, which improve the existing problem of spectral imaging degradation based on the complex movement of satellite platform. The simulation results show that this kind of degradation theory is suitable for solving the problem of spectral imaging degradation based on the complex satellite platform movement completely.

High Numerical Aperture (NA) extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) with different reduction is one option for 16 nm node and below. In our work, as NA increases to about 0.45, we discuss the impacts of reduction ratio of 5 or 6 on resist image performance such as Horizontal-Vertical (H-V) critical dimension (CD) bias for various incident angles and CD Uniformity induced by mask CD errors at wafer level. Commercial software PROLITH ™ and in-house program are adopted in simulation referred above. In conclusion, resist image performance can be improved with the increase of reduction ratio. H-V CD Bias with reduction ratio of 6 is obviously smaller than that with reduction ratio of 5 at maximum incident angle. Additionally, CD Uniformity (nm, 3 sigma) induced by mask CD errors for 5× optics system is larger, which means image quality is worse at 5× optics system.