This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9158, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

QuickBird satellite images are widely used in many fields, and applications have put forward high requirements for the integration of the spatial information and spectral information of the imagery. A fusion method for high resolution remote sensing images based on ISVR is identified in this study. The core principle of ISVS is taking the advantage of radicalization targeting to remove the effect of different gain and error of satellites’ sensors. Transformed from DN to radiance, the multi-spectral image’s energy is used to simulate the panchromatic band. The linear regression analysis is carried through the simulation process to find a new synthetically panchromatic image, which is highly linearly correlated to the original panchromatic image. In order to evaluate, test and compare the algorithm results, this paper used ISVR and other two different fusion methods to give a comparative study of the spatial information and spectral information, taking the average gradient and the correlation coefficient as an indicator. Experiments showed that this method could significantly improve the quality of fused image, especially in preserving spectral information, to maximize the spectral information of original multispectral images, while maintaining abundant spatial information.

Image segmentation is the foundation of the object-based and automatic interpretation of remote sensing images , but the high-resolution remote sensing image data is generally large, for this problem, the traditional approach is generally processing in sub-block, and then merge the results, but because of the complexity of the nature object, the merging result is not satisfied, and the segmentation algorithm is often more complex to calculate time-consuming, and it affect the image automatic interpretation of real-time. In this paper, we propose a parallel segmentation algorithm based on pyramid image, first of all, we create the pyramid image and segment it with the initial homogeneous regions were got, it divide the data according to the initial homogeneous regions and segment them from the top of pyramid image to the bottom with data parallelism, and it improve segmented efficiency, at the same time, it can avoid the problem of “merging line” when merging of the segmenting results in different image block. Experimental results show that the result of this algorithm is almost the same as the result of Mean Shift algorithm segmentation case; it says that this algorithm is correct and reliability, it also shows that this algorithm is efficiency by comparing the use of time between serial segmentation and parallel segmentation.

TH-1 satellite loading three-line array stereoscopic camera, can scanning 3 times from different directions on the same region or target within the time for about 1 minute, conducive to regional monitoring or target instantaneous change monitoring. Based on the time difference of forward, nadir and backward images of the three-line-array camera of TH-1 Satellite, this paper gives a method to get regional dynamic change image by processing of geometric and physical consistency under the principle of photogrammetry, and to construct the model of change detection by the quantitative results of change detection under the improvement and optimization of noise filtering algorithm. The experimental results show that, by using the detection results of forward, nadir and backward images of the three-line –array camera of TH-1 Satellite, moving distance and velocity can be accurately calculated, and quantitative monitoring of topography changes can be achieved, which not only has temporal resolution, but also can’t be achieved by other environmental monitoring satellites. It’s significant for flood, fire, clouds, or motion detectors. TH-1 satellite is China's first generation of transmission photogrammetry satellite. With the more satellites networking operation, and higher spatial and temporal resolution, The TH satellites will play a greater role in the field of Earth observation. This article merely uses the principles of photogrammetry to consider photography deformation from different directions, and thorough study will aim at shadow and sun elevation angle, to fully realize the monitoring of changes in topography and moving targets.

As a kind of secondary geological disaster caused by strong earthquake, the earthquake-induced landslide has drawn much attention in the world due to the severe hazard. The high-resolution remote sensing, as a new technology for investigation and monitoring, has been widely applied in landslide susceptibility and hazard mapping. The Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, occurred on 12 May 2008, caused many buildings collapse and half million people be injured. Meanwhile, damage caused by earthquake-induced landslides, collapse and debris flow became the major part of total losses. By analyzing the property of the Zipingpu landslide occurred in the Wenchuan earthquake, the present study advanced a quick-and-effective way for landslide extraction based on NDVI and slope information, and the results were validated with pixel-oriented and object-oriented methods. The main advantage of the idea lies in the fact that it doesn’t need much professional knowledge and data such as crustal movement, geological structure, fractured zone, etc. and the researchers can provide the landslide monitoring information for earthquake relief as soon as possible. In pixel-oriented way, the NDVI-differential image as well as slope image was analyzed and segmented to extract the landslide information. When it comes to object-oriented method, the multi-scale segmentation algorithm was applied in order to build up three-layer hierarchy. The spectral, textural, shape, location and contextual information of individual object classes, and GLCM (Grey Level Concurrence Matrix homogeneity, shape index etc. were extracted and used to establish the fuzzy decision rule system of each layer for earthquake landslide extraction. Comparison of the results generated from the two methods, showed that the object-oriented method could successfully avoid the phenomenon of NDVI-differential bright noise caused by the spectral diversity of high-resolution remote sensing data and achieved better result with an overall accuracy of 92.16%, while of the pixel-oriented one could only get 71.32%. As the high-resolution remote sensing has been widely utilized in many fields, the object-oriented image analytical technique will have an extensive application.

The first generation of transitive stereo-metric satellites in China, TH-1 Satellite, is able to gain stereo images of three-line-array with resolution of 5 meters, multispectral images of 10 meters, and panchromatic high resolution images of 2 meters. The procedure between level 0 and level 1A of high resolution images is so called relative radiometric correction (RRC for short). The processing algorithm of high resolution images, with large volumes of data, is complicated and time consuming. In order to bring up the processing speed, people in industry commonly apply parallel processing techniques based on CPU or GPU. This article firstly introduces the whole process and each step of the algorithm – that is in application – of RRC for high resolution images in level 0; secondly, the theory and characteristics of MPI (Message Passing Interface) and OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) parallel programming techniques is briefly described, as well as the superiority for parallel technique in image processing field; thirdly, aiming at each step of the algorithm in application and based on MPI+OpenMP hybrid paradigm, the parallelizability and the strategies of parallelism for three processing steps: Radiometric Correction, Splicing Pieces of TDICCD (Time Delay Integration Charge-Coupled Device) and Gray Level Adjustment among pieces of TDICCD are deeply discussed, and furthermore, deducts the theoretical acceleration rates of each step and the one of whole procedure, according to the processing styles and independence of calculation; for the step Splicing Pieces of TDICCD, two different strategies of parallelism are proposed, which are to be chosen with consideration of hardware capabilities; finally, series of experiments are carried out to verify the parallel algorithms by applying 2-meter panchromatic high resolution images of TH-1 Satellite, and the experimental results are analyzed. Strictly on the basis of former parallel algorithms, the programs in the experiments are written by parallelizing the serial version. Numerical results show that, the parallel algorithms proposed in this article can effectively bring up the processing speed of RRC for high resolution images of TH-1 Satellite, and, with its stable running and excellent image processing, meet the need of application. For three kinds of images, such as images with large amount of cloud, with little differences of ground features, and with good climate and plentiful ground features, the average acceleration rates could reach 2.484, 2.539 and 4.159 respectively.

Extracting three-dimensional model of the pylon from aerial LIght Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds automatically is one of the key techniques for digitization and visualization of smart grid facilities. This paper presents a model-driven three-dimensional pylon modeling method using airborne LiDAR data. On the basis of in-depth study of the actual structure of the pylon and the characteristics of point clouds data, a conceptual model of pylon is constructed, in which the pylon is divided into three parts as pylon foot, pylon body and pylon head. Parameters of the model such as position and orientation are defined. In this approach, a complicated pylon is divided into three relatively simple parts firstly. Then different parts of the pylon are reconstructed with different strategies. Finally, model parts are assembled to a complete pylon model using the position and direction information. Results of experiments on the point clouds data from Southern Power Grid show that the precision of extracted pylon orientation and position reached centimeter-level, the accuracy of pylon head classification is higher than 95%, and the pylon model fits well with pylon points. It suggests that the proposed approach can achieve the goal of semi-automatic three-dimensional modeling of the pylon effectively.

Airborne LiDAR point clouds have become important data sources for DEM generation recently; however the problem of low precision and low efficiency in DEM production still exists. This paper proposes a new technical scheme for high-precision DEM production based on airborne LiDAR point clouds systematically. Firstly, an elevation and density analysis method is applied to filter out outliers. Secondly, ground points are detected by an improved filter algorithm based on the hierarchical smoothing method. Finally, feature lines are extracted by the planar surface fitting and intersecting method, and a simple data structure of feature lines preserved DEM is proposed to achieve reconstructing high accuracy DEM, combing feature lines with ground points. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is able to compensate for deficiencies of existing DEM reconstruction techniques and can meet the needs of high precision DEM production based on LiDAR data.

Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is significant in evaluating the performance of optical imaging system. Its value lies in that it can reflect the quality of imaging system directly. Especially due to the impact of the platform launch, it is important to measure the MTF value of the sensors at the moments when images are being captured. In other words, it is important to conduct on-orbit MTF detection for imaging systems. The on-orbit MTF value directly reflects the performance of imaging sensors in many applications and research. This paper introduces the theoretical basis and the principle of on-orbit MTF measurement with remote sensing images, and then it systematically summarizes the calculation process of knife-edge method, pulse method, point light source method and the periodic target method. With the images of CBERS-02C satellite and ZY-03 satellite, the four methods for measuring the on-orbit MTF value have been tested. The test results and other factors, such as the nature feature selection and the construction of artificial targets, are taken into account. This paper compares different methods of on-orbit MTF measurement to find the most suitable one that can be used with different satellite sensors.

Image matching is a very important technique in image processing. It has been widely used for object recognition and tracking, image retrieval, three-dimensional vision, change detection, aircraft position estimation, and multi-image registration. Based on the requirements of matching algorithm for craft navigation, such as speed, accuracy and adaptability, a fast key point image matching method is investigated and developed. The main research tasks includes: (1) Developing an improved celerity key point detection approach using self-adapting threshold of Features from Accelerated Segment Test (FAST). A method of calculating self-adapting threshold was introduced for images with different contrast. Hessian matrix was adopted to eliminate insecure edge points in order to obtain key points with higher stability. This approach in detecting key points has characteristics of small amount of computation, high positioning accuracy and strong anti-noise ability; (2) PCA-SIFT is utilized to describe key point. 128 dimensional vector are formed based on the SIFT method for the key points extracted. A low dimensional feature space was established by eigenvectors of all the key points, and each eigenvector was projected onto the feature space to form a low dimensional eigenvector. These key points were re-described by dimension-reduced eigenvectors. After reducing the dimension by the PCA, the descriptor was reduced to 20 dimensions from the original 128. This method can reduce dimensions of searching approximately near neighbors thereby increasing overall speed; (3) Distance ratio between the nearest neighbour and second nearest neighbour searching is regarded as the measurement criterion for initial matching points from which the original point pairs matched are obtained. Based on the analysis of the common methods (e.g. RANSAC (random sample consensus) and Hough transform cluster) used for elimination false matching point pairs, a heuristic local geometric restriction strategy is adopted to discard false matched point pairs further; and (4) Affine transformation model is introduced to correct coordinate difference between real-time image and reference image. This resulted in the matching of the two images. SPOT5 Remote sensing images captured at different date and airborne images captured with different flight attitude were used to test the performance of the method from matching accuracy, operation time and ability to overcome rotation. Results show the effectiveness of the approach.

To study the data quality and to find the differences in vegetation monitoring applications, the same region at Chuzhou Lai 'an, the data of HJ-1A CCD1 on the April 1st, 2012 and the data of HJ-1A CCD2 on the March 31, 2012 have being comparative analysis by the method of objective quality (image)assessment which selecting over five spectral image evaluation parameters: radiation precision (mean, variance, inclination, steepness), information entropy, signal-to-noise ratio, sharpness, contrast, and normalized differential vegetation index. The results show that there is little differences between the HJ-1A CCD1 and CCD2 by objective evaluation of data quality except radiation precision conform to their design theory, so the conclusion is that the difference of them without considering on the usual unless continuation;and Combination of field observation data Lai'an spectral data and GPS data (each point),selecting the normalized difference vegetation index as CCD1, CCD2 in vegetation monitoring application on the evaluation of the differences, and the specific process is based on GPS data is divided into nine small plots of spectral data ,and image data of nine one-to-one correspondence plots, and their normalized difference vegetation index values were calculated ,and measured spectra data resampling HJ-1A CCD1, CCD2 spectral response function calculated NDVI, and the results show that there is little differences between the HJ-1A CCD1 and CCD2 by objective evaluation of data quality, and, the differences of wheat ‘s reflection and normalized vegetation index is mainly due to calibration coefficients of CCD1 and CCD2, the differences of the solar elevation angle when obtaining the image and atmospheric conditions, so it has to consider the performance indicators as well as access conditions of CCD1 and CCD2, and to be take the normalization techniques for processing for the comparison analysis in the use of HJ-1A CCD Data to surface dynamic changes; Finally, in order to study the response of the spectral response function proposed spectral response function of impact factor, and in view of the spectral response function measured spectral data resampling only HJ-1A CCD spectral response function, calculated according to the formula of the equivalent reflectivity quantitative spectral response function, and spectral normalization of proposed theoretical Technical Support. The Objective evaluation of its application of HJ-1A CCD1, and CCD2 data quality differences research has important implications for broader application to further promote China-made remote sensing satellite data, future research also needs calibration coefficient, the solar elevation angle atmospheric conditions and its image scanning angle be taken into account, and to make the corresponding normalized its impact quantitative research has important significance for the timing changes in the application of the ecological environment in China.

Considering the aging and radiation recession of satellite remote senors on-orbit, regular in-orbit calibration is essential to updating the calibration parameters and improving the data’s quantitative application level. This paper reviews the existing on-orbit radiometric calibration methods, and introduces famous radiation calibration fields around the world. Simultaneous ground measurement was carried out for the calibration of visible-near infrared bands of HJ-1B satellite. A comparison was made between the results of the experiment and the calibration parameters released along with environmental satellite images, which represents desirable validity and applicability. The calibration result determined the sensor recession and aging in in-orbit operation. Finally, reasonable proposals for the quantitative application of satellite data are given.

As an advanced technology, satellite remote sensing has been applied in a variety of fields and has brought numerous social benefits. This paper introduces a new operational satellite imagery processing system and conducts a case study using it by processing ZY-02C and ZY-3 satellite imagery. By way of this case study, this paper proposes a workflow involving the key generation technologies with fully automatic generation of advanced remote sensing products, such as the digital elevation model (DEM), the digital orthophoto map (DOM), and the high-resolution color-fused image. The proposed workflow in this system tackles the key practical issues related to the domestic satellite imagery process, such as low processing efficiency, low utilization, poor integration, etc. This system utilizes the following key generation technologies: automatic registration between the satellite imagery and the existing multi-geographic data, strip aerial triangulation of three-line array satellite images, multi-sensor image registration and fusion, dense matching of photogrammetric point clouds, and automatic correct splicing of wide range images. The proposed process system consists of two parts. The first part is the creation of a geographic information production mode with no manual intervention. This mode aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of mass domestic satellite images to produce highly precise orientation by using global public basic geographic information databases like Map World, Google Earth, etc. The second part is the design of a workflow to ensure the stability of the production time and quality of domestic satellite imagery's advance product generation. Finally, this paper also discusses the accuracy of the process of image orientation and the precision of advanced products such as high-resolution color-fused image (ZY-02C), DEM (ZY-3), and DOM (ZY-3). The results show that the products of the proposed process system meet the requirements in both efficiency and quality, and the proposed process system is ready for future real-time domestic remote satellite imagery generation.

In this paper, A new mixed sub-pixel image registration method based on SURF and Harris algorithm is proposed in registering ZY-3 image. The images obtained by ZY-3 Satellite are different in resolution and have local deformation to some extent. The SURF points are invariant on scale and rotating and the Harris algorithm is effective and has high accuracy in the images with same scales. So in the algorithm of this article, the SURF points are firstly extracted and use to make the affine transformation to reconcile the resolution, and then , the Harris points are obtained to built the TIN and make accurate registration in each triangle area. The experimental results prove that the approach is effective for the ZY-3 image registration and the two images are well matched in details. The process of coarse registration based on SURF points can improve the effect of registration. The problem of local deformation is improved and the precision is raised to some extent.

Image rectification is a common task in remote sensing application and usually time-consuming for large-size images. Based on the characteristics of the Rational Functional Model (RFM)-based rectification process, this paper proposes a novel CPU/GPU collaborative approach to high-speed rectification of remote sensing images. Three performance optimization strategies are presented in detail, including maximizing device occupancy, improving memory access efficiency and increasing instruction throughput. Experimental results using SPOT-5 and ZiYuan-3 (ZY3) remote sensing images show that the proposed method can achieve the processing speed up to 8GB/min, which significantly exceeds that of common commercial software. Real-time remote sensing image rectification can be expected with further optimized algorithm and more efficient I/O operation.

Chang'E-1(CE-1) is the first lunar orbiter of China's lunar exploration program. The CCD camera carried by CE-1 has acquired stereo images covering the entire lunar surface. Block adjustment and 3D mapping using CE-1 images are of great importance for morphological and other scientific research of the Moon. Traditional block adjustment based on rigorous sensor model is complicated due to a large number of parameters and possible correlations among them. To tackle this problem, this paper presents a block adjustment method using Rational Function Model (RFM). The RFM parameters are generated based on rigorous sensor model using virtual grid of control points. Afterwards, the RFM based block adjustment solves the refinement parameters through a least squares solution. Experimental results using CE-1 images located in Sinus Irdium show that the RFM can fit the rigorous sensor model with a high precision of 1% pixel level. Through the RFM-based block adjustment, the back-projection residuals in image space can be reduced from around 1.5 pixels to sub-pixel., indicating that RFM can replace rigorous sensor model for geometric processing of lunar images.

The high resolution lunar global images acquired by Chang'E-2 (CE-2) CCD camera orbiter are of great importance for lunar science research as well as preparation of the landing and surface operation of Chang'E-3 (CE-3) lunar rover. In this paper, a rigorous geometric model of CE-2 CCD camera is developed based on the push-broom imaging principle. A self-calibration bundle adjustment (SCBA) method is proposed to eliminate the inconsistencies between forward- and backward-looking images, which are caused by the inaccuracy of exterior orientation (EO) parameters and the uncertain relationship between the two CCD line arrays of the camera. The interior orientation (IO) model is refined by adding several additional parameters and the EO parameters are fitted by a third-order polynomial model. Strategies for ensuring the robustness and reliability of the solution are also adopted, including EO pseudo observations selection, reasonable weight determination, and truncated singular value decomposition method. After adjustment, the inconsistencies between the forward- and backward-looking images are eliminated effectively by reducing the image-space residuals from around 20 pixels to sub-pixel. Based on the adjustment, high precision DEM (Digital Elevation Model) and DOM (Digital Ortho Map) of a local area at Sinus Iridum (pre-selected CE-3 landing site) are generated automatically.

Studding on the remote sensing geological survey in Tashkurgan area of west Kunlun Metallogenic belt using the latest Worldview 2 high resolution satellite image, using Optimum index factor (OIF) select the band combination suitable for this area to do strata and Lithology interpretation is B8, B4 and B3, and test different image enhancement method for mineralization alteration information such as band ratio, principal component analysis (PCA). Carried out lithology, geological structure and mineralization belt and ore body interpretation on the basis of remote sensing data after processing. The results show that the ratio band combination can identify multiple sets of diorite, marble, schist and the lithological boundaries between them clearly; the principal component transform method can enhance the boundary between black biotite-quartz schist and white granite, meanwhile it can clearly reflect the schist by a different hue and brightness level due to contained different mineral such as quartz, mica, feldspar and others, iron mineralized belt is also exposed very well. Spectrum measurement has been done for the rock and mineral in test area. Lithology inversion and mineralization anomaly information extraction test have been carried out afterwards. The test result proved that the single mineral composition rock such as marble is suitable for spectral inversion. The principal component transform of bands B1, B4, B8, and B6 is used to extract iron alteration from worldView2 data, the result shows that PC3 is the main component containing iron alteration abnormal information. Compared with the abnormalities extracted from worldview2 and low resolution satellite image such as ETM , Aster, we found that they can only distinguish wide range distributed mineralizing alteration information, their identification accuracy is not as good as Worldview2. WorldView2 data contained more abundant information and has higher resolution, it not only able to identify a wide range of alteration abnormal, but also specifically identified to the ore body outcrop, abnormal extraction accuracy is very high and the effect very well. The study shows that use WorldView2 data carry out geological and mineral remote sensing survey, have advantages of both high ground resolution of optical characteristics and a certain spectral recognition capability. The method has good result in structure and mineralized alteration zone recognition and worth promoting.

HiRISE high-resolution images are used to analyze the geomorphologies in Mclaughlin crater at Mawrth Vallis on Mars. Spectral features of hyper-spectral CRISM data are enhanced through band ratio to reduce the residuals of the instrumental calibration and atmospheric correction. Spectral analysis shows that this crater not only bears spectral features of phyllosilicates such as montmorillonite, nontronite and serpentine, but also exhibits spectral features of carbonate minerals. The co-existence of these diverse alteration minerals produced in different conditions indicates that the geochemical environment in this crater had been altered many times. Two hypotheses are proposed to explain the causes of this mineral diversity: 1) carbonate and other minerals were formed firstly by infiltration metasomatism underground, and then excavated and exposed by later impact; 2) the impact excavated the basalt/olivine-dominant Martian crust, and the long cooling and crystallization differentiation process of the impact-generated hydrothermal system formed these diverse minerals.

Landslides are a kind of typical natural disaster in China, which pose serious threats to civil lives, property and living environment. Therefore, the identification, monitoring and prevention of landslides have been considered as a long-term geological work for the public welfare. In this article, 8 TerraSAR-X high resolution strip-map mode images, acquired in the period from January to March 2012 and covering Fanjinping landslide in Zigui county, Hubei province, were used to test the usability in monitoring the deformation of single landslide. The results of two-pass DInSAR sketched the region and the shape of the deformation field of Fanjiaping landslide. Corner reflectors’ linear deformation rate using CRInSAR method could be approximately validated by the in-situ GPS measurements. From the coherent pixels’ linear deformation rate map, it was inferred that the deformation could be more obvious in the tail of the Muyubao landslide while the lowest frontier of this landslide might prevent the slide. Due to its shorter revisiting period and high bandwidth,,the high resolution TerraSAR-X images can keep better coherence than previous satellite SAR data in the test area and provide basic guarantee to monitor the deformation of single landslides.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) delivers high-resolution radar images day or night, and in all weather conditions. It also offers the capability for penetrating materials. These unique capabilities boost the application of SAR remote sensing techniques in Antarctica. Based on the key area of Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) - PANDA (Prydz Bay, Amery Ice Shelf and Dome A) section, this paper summarized the typical applications of SAR data, and discussed the crevasse detection with semi-variance analysis in the SAR images of the Grove Mountains area, DEM generation with InSAR pairs and ICESat GLAS data of the Grove Mountains area and nearby areas, and ice flow velocity derivation from D-InSAR and offset tracking of the Grove Mountains area and downstream areas in East Antarctica. The studies provide important information for Antarctic fieldwork and scientific researches. It is further confirmed that Synthetic Aperture Radar remote sensing has tremendous potential in the field of glacial geomorphology, topographic mapping and glacier dynamics, etc.

Fast and accurate extraction of coastline is of great significance to the management of sea area. And object-oriented multi-scale segmentation method is used for automated extraction and classification coastlines from remote sensing imagery. Classification and extraction rule sets on coastal zone and coastline are set up according to their interpretation signs. Instantaneous waterline is extracted according to extraction rule sets; and a buffer zone to the inner land around this waterline is generated on the basis of extraction result; then coastal zone types are determined through classification. Artificial shoreline and bedrock shoreline are extracted firstly by their characteristics and the coastal zone classification results. Then coastal zone is re-segmented with artificial shoreline and bedrock coastline used as intervention mask, based on which sandy shoreline and developed mucky shoreline can be extracted. Tasseled cap transformation is applied to enhance the extraction result of vegetation on the non-developed muddy coastal beach, which can then be used to extract the non-developed muddy shoreline by rules sets. The experimental results show that the object-oriented classification and extraction method is effective for extraction of artificial shoreline, bedrock shoreline, sandy shoreline and muddy shoreline.

Soil organic matter(SOM) is an important composition of soil. Soil mechanical composition determines soil physical properties. Retrieving soil organic matter and mechanical components by remote sensing is an important research content of soil remote sensing. In this study soil spectra data are measured in Duolun county in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, in China. Based on statistical analysis of soil reflection spectra characteristics, 12 high spectral indexes, including soil reflectance, reflectance ratio and normalized difference soil index（NDSI）, were constructed for building inversion models of soil organic matter , total nitrogen (TN), soil mechanical composition Firstly, calculating correlation coefficient between 12 high spectral indexes and soil organic matter, total nitrogen, soil mechanical composition, then choosing high spectral indexes whose absolute values of correlation coefficient greater than 0.5, finally by using linear regression analysis method were biult inversion models of soil composition parameters. With the help of comprehensive analysis, eliminating poor quality models, finally are established inversion model of part of soil composition parameters, including SOM, TN, P(2-0.2), P(0.2-0.02), P(<0.002) etc. In view of total salt factor, P(>2) factor and P(0.02-0.002) factor, this study failed to obtain a satisfactory inversion model. Limits on the number of samples may be an important influence factors. Research shows that in the study area there are 3 types of soil spectral curve. Between bow area of soil reflection spectrum and soil organic matter, total nitrogen and soil mechanical composition there are a deterministic relationship, and the deterministic relationship can be described. In this study, NDSI as high spectral characteristic index is one of the most successful index for retrieving satisfactory model. The position of 2 characteristic wavelength in NDSI is determined according to analyzing feature of bow area of the soil reflection spectrum. The position of 2 characteristic wavelength just reflects differences between different types of soil. Research shows that the NDSI in process of retrieving soil compositions has great application potential. Can be expected application of similar model in inversion model study by using hyperspectral remote sensing or multispectral remote sensing.

In order to research the indicator for sandy information, this paper conducts a study on soil organic matter (SOM) in sandy land. Taking the Otindag Sandy Land and its surrounding area as a test site, in Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia, the BJ-1 multispectral image as main data, the soil information parameters were analyzed firstly, and their difference between the sandy land and other land was distinguished. Secondly, the correlation between SOM and each band of multispectral image was analyzed, and the best inversion band was determined. Meanwhile, the quantitative retrieval model for SOM was established and validated. Finally, the soil organic matter was inversed quantitatively, and the whole distribution of SOM was obtained in Otindag Sandy Land. As the results showed that, with the development of land desertification, the content of soil organic matter declined obviously. The correlation between three bands of BJ-1 image and SOM was relatively good, correlation coefficient (r) was as high as 0.7. But the predicted accuracy of multiple regression retrieval model for SOM was higher, and it was more stable than the single band linear regression model. The reason is that three bands contain more effective information than a single band, it can reflected the difference of divergent soil types. The model was validated using independent samples, the standard error RMSE was 0.6445 and model accuracy was 62.65%.

With the development of high spatial resolution, high spectral resolution, high radiant resolution and high temporal resolution remote sensing satellites being put into use widely, the adaptive intelligent observation becomes an important function of a new generation of satellite remote sensing system. In order to realize the adaptive intelligent observation function, the first step is to construct the land cover priori knowledge and prejudge the land cover types and its reflectance values of the imaging areas. During the satellite imaging, the setting parameters of optimal camera including the on-orbit CCD integral time, electrical gain and image compression ratio are estimated according to the relationship of apparent radiance with sun illumination condition and land surface reflectance. In the paper, Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) bimonthly mean land surface reflectance imagery and 2009 GlobCover map are used to build the global land cover and its reflectance knowledge database. The land cover types include the cropland, urban, grassland, forest, desert, soil, water and ice land cover classes and the mean reflectance values in blue, green, red and near infrared spectral band were calculated in various seasons. The global land cover and reflectance values database has been integrated into the Beijing-1 small satellite mission programming system as the priori landscape knowledge of imaging areas to estimate the proper electrical gain of multispectral camera. After the intelligent observation mode was used in Beijing-1 small satellite, the entropy and SNR of multispectral imagery acquired by the Beijing-1 satellite had been increased greatly.

Accurate classification for land use/cover with remote sensing image is the premise of monitoring land use/cover change, as well as temporal and spatial change analysis, which can distinguish the number, location and type of changed land during monitoring years. This paper presents a decision tree classification method based on expert knowledge for temporal and spatial variation analysis of land use/cover, which takes advantage of new water index (NWI), normalization construction index (NDBI) and transformational vegetation index (TNDVI). It takes Qingpu District in Shanghai for example. Effective classification and information extraction are realized by using multi-temporal Landsat5 TM images from the year 1987 to 2007. It combines available ancillary geographical data, field survey data and statistical yearbook data to verify the analysis results, and then analyzes profoundly area variation trend of each classification and relative proportion during these years. Meanwhile, multi-temporal change monitoring results are used for the temporal and spatial variation analysis of water resources information, combining with existing relevant data of water quality. On the basis of buffer analysis for water quality and land use/cover in city-level water quality monitoring stations of Qingpu District, a correlation coefficient matrix has been calculated to analyze the relevance between land resources changes and water resources. In conclusion, the scale of urban area and water area are the primary driving force factors of LUCC, which also have an effect on water resource change of Qingpu District. This research represents the application of image recognition technology in the spatio-temporal changes of environment monitoring, and how to carry on deep analysis combined with various non-spatial data. It also provides objective reference about how to protect and improve water quality by controlling land use allocation in water source protection zones.

Information capacity is a grayscale digital image quality evaluation model based on multi-dimensional histogram. As local region characteristics of pixels are taken into account in the calculation, it can objectively and effectively characterize the structural feature information of these ground objects. Information capacity is related to image gray levels, while gray levels of remote sensing imagery reflect the complexity of surface landscape. Information capacity is firstly used in geo-science research in this paper, and spatial variation of information capacity in different landform areas is discussed. The results show that spatial the variation of information capacity is closely related to complexity of regional surface structure in different landform types. Generally, information capacity of mountain is the largest, information capacity of hills and plain is followed in order. Moreover, information capacity is sensitive to the change rate of vegetation coverage of different land covers. There are strong correlation between information capacity and NDVI standard deviation, and the correlation coefficient respectively is 0.8347 or 0.8648 in different experimental areas. This study shows that information capacity can effectively characterize the complexity of the regional surface structure and have great significance for quantitative research of surface feature complexity.

In recent years, high resolution remote sensing imagery has been widely utilized in change detection, especially in urban residential areas. The quality of image features has great influence on detection results, and each kind of feature has its own unique advantage in the process of change detection. It is hard to obtain satisfying results if we only use one kind of feature. This paper extracts image gray scale feature, edge feature and geometric feature for change detection. Firstly, according to the image gray scale feature of the house, K-means classification and binarization are utilized to extract house areas roughly. After that, Hough transformation is used to detect the straight lines and obtain the difference map. To improve the accuracy, minor changes, such as spot-like and linear changes are eliminated by using the geometric shape and size of the objects. At last, we conducted accuracy assessment for the final result. Experiments show that geometric feature plays an important role in extracting target objects and improving the final result, and has obvious advantages and feasibility.

Estimating regional forest organic carbon pool has became a hot issue in the study of forest ecosystem carbon cycle. The forest ecosystem in Shangri-La County, Northwest Yunnan Province, are well preserved, and the area of Picea Likiangensis, Quercus Aquifolioides, Pinus Densata and Pinus Yunnanensis amounts to 80% of the total arboreal forest area in Shangri-La County. Based on the field measurements, remote sensing data and GIS analysis, three models were established for carbon storage estimation. The remote sensing information model with the highest accuracy were used to calculate the carbon storages of the four main forest ecosystems. The results showed: (1) the total carbon storage of the four forest ecosystems in Shangri-La is 302.984 TgC, in which tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer, litter layer, soil layer are 60.196TgC, 5.433TgC, 1.080TgC, 3.582TgC and 232.692TgC, accounting for 19.87%, 1.79%, 0.36%, 1.18%, 76.80% of the total carbon storage respectively. (2)The order of the carbon storage from high to low is soil layer, tree layer, shrub layer, litter layer and herb layer respectively for the four main forest ecosystems. (3)The total average carbon density of the four main forest ecosystems is 403.480 t/hm2, and the carbon densities of the Picea Likiangensis, Quercus Aquifolioides, Pinus Densata and Pinus Yunnanensis are 576.889 t/hm², 326.947 t/hm², 279.993 t/hm² and 255.792 t/hm² respectively.

The study area is located in the middle section of Andean metallogenic zone. Excellent mineralization geological conditions make it the most principal Porphyry Copper Deposits (PCDs) distribution area in southern Peru and there are several super-large PCDs for hundreds of kilometers in every direction. The regional metallogenic regularity of this area is controlled by the NNW fault parallel to the trench on the west of the South American continent. Small porphyry rocks are very common in this area (circular structure pattern in remote sensing image) with typical zoned alteration of PCD - potassic alteration, argillic alteration, phyllic alteration and propylitization (most exposed) from inside to the outside on the surface. These geologic features can be recognized and extracted by using remote sensing image data. Accordingly, the reflectivity curve of main altered minerals of the typical alteration zones of PCD was rebuilt which was corresponded to B1-B9 of ASTER satellite data, based on the altered mineral assemblages and their spectral characteristics of the typical alteration zones of PCD, and ASTER data’s ability of identifying minerals with argillic alteration and carbonatite alteration. Based on the standard spectral data of USGS, We found that the information of argillic-and phyllic- altered minerals assemblages in the typical alteration zones can be extracted in the principal components analysis pattern based on ASTER B1467 while the information of propylitization altered minerals in the principal components analysis pattern based on ASTER B1348 with larger reflectivity of B9 than B8, after comparing and analyzing comprehensively the spectral curve characteristics of main altered minerals. In this method, altered minerals assemblages of argillic-and phyllic- altered zone and propylitization altered zone in this study area was extracted, and the results agree well with the distribution of known PCD. Meanwhile, remote sensing geological interpretation has been carried out by using man-machine interactive remote sensing interpretation technology, and then in connection with the metallogenic geological characteristics, the mine indicating information such as ore-controlling structure, source rocks and ore-hosted rocks of PCD were achieved in the study area. Finally, a comprehensive assessment for mineral exploration by remote sensing in the study area is accomplished and five favorable area for mineral exploration by remote sensing is delineated, based on the remote sensing mine-indicating information such as linear and circular-shaped ore-controlling structures, source rocks and ore-hosted rocks, argillic-and phyllic- altered and propylitization altered minerals assemblages.

Guizhou Province is the most typical karst landform area of Southwest China Karst, and how to exactly extract the typical karst landform information is important to the economic development of Guizhou. Not any method based on Remote Sensing (Hereinafter referred to as RS) to extract the karst landform were reported or published. For obtaining the accuracy information of karst landform, 10 meters resolution ALOS image is used to extract the karst landform information in Guanling County of Guizhou Province in this paper. The multiscale segmentations of RS images were finished and typical of karst landform in case study area were classified with the different segmentation rules created on the eCognition Developer platform. For mostly improving the accuracy of extraction information, the experiment areas are focused on the fengcong depressions, fengcong valleys, and fenglin basins. The results show that the fengcong depressions, fengcong valleys, and fenglin basins can be respectively well extracted from the images when the segmentation scale are respectively 280, 480 and 200, shape parameter is 0.8, and tightness parameter is 0.5. We believed the research would provide an important reference to extract the karst landform information in whole Guizhou, China or global level.

The farmland ecosystem is an important component of terrestrial ecosystems and has a fundamental role in the human life. The wetland is an unique and versatile ecological system. It is important for rational development and sustainable utilization of farmland and wetland resources to study on the measurement of valuation of farmland and wetland ecosystem services. It also has important significance for improving productivity. With the rapid development of remote sensing technology, it has become a powerful tool for evaluation of the value of ecosystem services. The land cover types in Anxin County mainly was farmland and wetland, the indicator system for ecosystem services valuation was brought up based on the remote sensing data of high spatial resolution ratio(Landsat-5 TM data and SPOT-5 data), the technology system for measurement of ecosystem services value was established. The study results show that the total ecosystem services value in 2009 in Anxin was 4.216 billion yuan, and the unit area value was between 8489 yuan/hm² and 329535 yuan/hm². The value of natural resources, water conservation value in farmland ecosystem and eco-tourism value in wetland ecosystem were higher than the other, total of the three values reached 2.858 billion yuan, and the percentage of the total ecosystem services values in Anxin was 67.79%. Through the statistics in the nine towns and three villages of Anxin County, the juantou town has the highest services value, reached 0.736 billion yuan. Scientific and comprehensive evaluation of the ecosystem services can conducive to promoting the understanding of the importance of the ecosystem. The research results had significance to ensure the sustainable use of wetland resources and the guidance of ecological construction in Anxin County.

Karst Peak Cluster areas are main type of karst landform in Guangxi, which are as controllers of ecological environment to plays a important role in Guangxi. It has important practical significance to dynamic monitor and appraisal Guangxi’s ecological environment. Paper choose EOS/MODIS remote sensing data for five period. Based on the necessity argument for giving domain and quantitative remote sensing, Doing a inversion to the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI and Vegetation coverage F_C remote-sensing of Du’an, Debao, Liujiang, Nandan, Jingxi and Fengshan, where the six main Karst Peak-Cluster giving domain areas of Guangxi, And paper studied the longitudinal variance analysis and the horizontal inversion variance analysis for the inversion result .it shows that, any calculations which involves applying statistical characteristics -- the average value、variance、covariance and maximum / minimum value of image processing algorithm, should adopt the giving domain image processing algorithm model. Analysis of six karst peak cluster area F_C longitudinal changes ,we find that The tendency of vegetation coverage of Six major karst peak cluster is” down then up”, but in general they were rising,; analysis of horizontal changes in Guangxi six major karst peak cluster vegetation coverage, Find that before 2008,the karst Peak-Cluster areas of Guangxi F_C had West high and East low" spatial variation. after 2008, it had" North high South low" spatial variation.

In accordance with the data which were experiment of mixing-ratio in water tank and collecting water samples in situ from natural seawater and urban sewage discharged into the sea along Dalian coast of the northern Yellow Sea in February and April 2012, with quinine sulfate and sodium humate as a reference, the calibration curve was established among CDOM (Chromophoric dissolved organic matter) concentration and fluorescence intensity and reference wave absorption coefficient. To calibration curve as the foundation, the CDOM samples concentration of various sources was determined after analyzing CDOM sample from Dalian coast of the northern Yellow Sea sewage into the sea and natural sea. Based on the comparative analysis on CDOM fluorescence fingerprint, the main component of water CDOM were determined. The results showed that in Dalian coastal waters of the northern Yellow Sea, the main component of CDOM in natural seawater is tryptophan and in urban sewage discharged into the sea are tryptophan, tyrosine, and humic acid. On the basis of comprehensive analysis of CDOM fluorescence and absorption spectral, the thinking of synergy inversion of CDOM absorption spectral slope S by connecting fluorescence and ocean color remote sensing is put forward.

The karst peak clusters are main type of Karst landscape interspersed along Li River in Guilin. Their situation of ecological environment has impact on the environmental change of Guilin city directly and indirectly. To study the temporal and spatial characteristics of the impacts, two determinate region information, NDVI and TC2 were extracted from Landsat TM data at the eight areas of Karst peak cluster. The results showed that the values of NDVI and TC₂ of the some karst peak cluster have changing trend from high to low then higher for different time, that is, from 1986, 1991 to 2006, and the values of NDVI TC2 of the different Karst peak cluster are different for same period time. It has relation in value from high to low, that is, No.5>No.4>No.3>No.8>No.7>No.6>No.2>No. As a result, ecological environment of Guilin city has underground unsymmetrical change in time and space during past 20 years namely from 1986 to 2006. The studying achievement can be foundation in science and technology for synthetically govern to ecological environment of Guilin city in 21 century.

Before building a new road, we need to predict the traffic noise generated by vehicles. Traditional traffic noise prediction methods are based on certain locations and they are not only time-consuming, high cost, but also cannot be visualized. Geographical Information System (GIS) can not only solve the problem of manual data processing, but also can get noise values at any point. The paper selected a road segment from Wenxi to Heyang. According to the geographical overview of the study area and the comparison between several models, we combine the JTG B03-2006 model and the HJ2.4-2009 model to predict the traffic noise depending on the circumstances. Finally, we interpolate the noise values at each prediction point and then generate contours of noise. By overlaying the village data on the noise contour layer, we can get the thematic maps. The use of GIS for road traffic noise prediction greatly facilitates the decision-makers because of GIS spatial analysis function and visualization capabilities. We can clearly see the districts where noise are excessive, and thus it becomes convenient to optimize the road line and take noise reduction measures such as installing sound barriers and relocating villages and so on.

Space-borne microwave instruments are well suited to analyze Tropical Cyclone (TC) warm core structure, because certain wavelengths of microwave energy are able to penetrate the cirrus above TC. With the vector discrete-ordinate microwave radiative transfer model, the basic atmospheric parameters of Hurricane BOB are used to simulate the upwelling brightness temperatures on each channel of the Microwave Temperature Sounder (MWTS) onboard FY-3A/3B observation. Based on the simulation, the characteristic of 1109 super typhoon “Muifa” warm core structure is analyzed with the MWTS channel 3. Through the radiative and hydrostatic equation, TC warm core brightness temperature anomalies are related to surface pressure anomalies. In order to correct the radiation attenuation caused by MWTS scan geometric features, and improve the capability in capturing the relatively complete warm core radiation, a proposed algorithm is devised to correct the bias from receiving warm core microwave radiation, shows similar time-variant tendency with “Muifa” minimal sea level pressure as described by TC best track data. As the next generation of FY-3 satellite will be launched in 2012, this method will be further verified

In china, especially in the North and Northwest, many cities suffer sand-dust or sand-storm attacks in winter and spring. There are two sand sources forming the bad weather, local sand source and other source out of local area. The second kind source needs state level activities to control sand movement and recover local ecological environment. For the local government, it should pay much attention to decreasing its inner sand & dust source, because the sand-stormy or sand-dusty weather causing by the local sand source usually comes abruptly and brings much damage frequently, and it is also hard to forecast it. However, people always emphasize all-year bare land controlling and pay less attention to seasonal bare land (especially in winter and spring seasons) which caused by unreasonable agricultural pattern. In this paper, taking Beijing as the test area, using MODIS vegetation index time-series data, all-year and seasonal bare land had been classified. The data set used was 16-day composited EVI time-series with a 250m spatial resolution. After filtered and reconstructed, this paper applied the parallelepiped classification algorithm to the data set, and emphasized the all-year bare land with lower EVI value and seasonal bare land with lower EVI value just in spring and winter. Taking accord of local terrain, infield was the main part of seasonal bare land. The experiment result showed that all-year bare land mainly distributes in northwest Beijing, the joint area of Beijing, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, especially in Inner Mongolia. Seasonal bare land mainly distributes in northwest and west Beijing, gathering in northwest Hebei, east Shanxi; there are also some ones in Daxing, fangshan, changpin, yanqing, miyun, shunyi, and tongzhou areas of Beijing. These two kind bare lands were all possible contributor to sand storm or sand dust weather in Beijing. Considering wind direction and terrain information of Beijing area, some possible sand source could be found. This paper emphasized the research of seasonal bare land, which is easily neglected in common work for sand and dust prevention. The paper considered that much attention should be paid to change the original cultivation pattern through the reasonable guidance, to realize the balance between the economic efficiency and environment benefit, and finally, reduce the local sand dust harm gradually by such development strategy. For the governors in north China, it is also essential to take accord of this factor when designing city development plan.