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The papers included in this volume were part of the technical conference cited on the cover and title page. Papers were selected and subject to review by the editors and conference program committee. Some conference presentations may not be available for publication. The papers published in these proceedings reflect the work and thoughts of the authors and are published herein as submitted. The publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. Please use the following format to cite material from this book: Author(s), “Title of Paper,” in Laser Communication and Propagation through the Atmosphere and Oceans III, edited by Alexander M. J. van Eijk, Christopher C. Davis, Stephen M. Hammel, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 9224 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2014) Article CID Number. ISSN: 0277-786X ISBN: 9781628412512 Published by SPIE P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Telephone +1 360 676 3290 (Pacific Time) · Fax +1 360 647 1445 Copyright © 2014, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Copying of material in this book for internal or personal use, or for the internal or personal use of specific clients, beyond the fair use provisions granted by the U.S. Copyright Law is authorized by SPIE subject to payment of copying fees. The Transactional Reporting Service base fee for this volume is $18.00 per article (or portion thereof), which should be paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Payment may also be made electronically through CCC Online at copyright.com. Other copying for republication, resale, advertising or promotion, or any form of systematic or multiple reproduction of any material in this book is prohibited except with permission in writing from the publisher. The CCC fee code is 0277-786X/14/$18.00. Printed in the United States of America. Publication of record for individual papers is online in the SPIE Digital Library. Paper Numbering: Proceedings of SPIE follow an e-First publication model, with papers published first online and then in print and on CD-ROM. Papers are published as they are submitted and meet publication criteria. A unique, consistent, permanent citation identifier (CID) number is assigned to each article at the time of the first publication. Utilization of CIDs allows articles to be fully citable as soon as they are published online, and connects the same identifier to all online, print, and electronic versions of the publication. SPIE uses a six-digit CID article numbering system in which:
The CID Number appears on each page of the manuscript. The complete citation is used on the first page, and an abbreviated version on subsequent pages. Numbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the six-digit CID Number. AuthorsNumbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the six-digit citation identifier (CID) article numbering system used in Proceedings of SPIE. The first four digits reflect the volume number. Base 36 numbering is employed for the last two digits and indicates the order of articles within the volume. Numbers start with 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B…0Z, followed by 10-1Z, 20-2Z, etc. Andrews, Larry C., 02, 07, 1Q Arnon, Shlomi, 13, 14 Avramov-Zamurovic, S., 0M Basu, Santasri, 0L Basu, Sukanta, 0F, 0W, 0X, 0Y Baykal, Yahya, 09 Belichki, Sara B., 07, 1Q Blazej, Josef, 1E Bos, Jeremy P., 0K Cauble, Galen D., 10 Charnotskii, Mikhail, 05, 06 Chatterjee, Monish R., 04 Chen, Gang, 0A, 19, 1A Coffaro, Joseph T., 07, 1Q Crabbs, R., 02 Currie, Douglas G., 0C Davis, Christopher C., 0E, 0G, 0O, 11, 12 de Oliveira, Jose Paulo G., 18 deGrassie, John Stephen, 0P, 0Q Elkabetz, Adiel, 1F Farwell, Nathan H., 16 Fiorino, Steven T., 0D, 0F, 0L, 0W, 0Y Fountain, Wayne, 07 Gbur, G., 0M George, Robert, 0I Gibson, Kristofor B., 0V Gladysz, Szymon, 0U Gökçe, Muhsin C., 09 Gu, Y., 0M Gudimetla, V. S. Rao, 0K Guo, Haichao, 1B Hammel, Stephen M., 0P, 0Q, 0R, 0S, 0V He, Ping, 0F, 0W, 0Y Hening, Alexandru, 0I, 0J Hyde, Milo W., 0L Kaganovich, Dmitry, 0H Kamacioglu, Canan, 09 Khizhnyak, Anatoliy I., 0H Ko, Jonathan, 0E, 0G, 12 Kodet, Jan, 1E Korobkin, Dmitriy V., 0H Korotkova, Olga, 0M, 0N, 16 Koudelka, Petr, 1I Land, Phillip, 15 Lang, Tian, 0A, 1A Lasher, Mark, 0J Latal, Jan, 1I Li, Xiaojun, 1B Li, Zening, 0A, 19, 1A Liao, Linchao, 1A Liner, Andrej, 1I Linhart, Pavel, 1E Lovern, Mike, 0J Mack, A., 0T Majumdar, Arun K., 15 Malek-Madani, R., 0M Markov, Vladimir B., 0H Martinek, Radek, 1I McCrae, Jack E., 0L McGirr, Scott, 0I Mohamed, Fathi H. A., 04 Nelson, C., 0M Nelson, William, 0G, 0O, 11, 12 Neuner, Burton, III, 17 Nunalee, Christopher G., 0F, 0W, 0Y Palastro, J. P., 11 Panich, Michael G., 07, 1Q Pascoguin, B. Melvin, 17 Phillips, Ronald L., 02, 07, 1Q Prochazka, Ivan, 0C, 1E Reinhardt, Colin N., 0Q, 0R, 0S Rosenkrantz, Etai, 13, 14 Rudiger, Joshua J., 0Q Sadler, Brian M., 1A Schleijpen, H. M. A., 0T Seiffer, Dirk, 0U Shang, She, 1B Shapiro, Jeffrey H., 08 Siegenthaler, John, 15 Siska, Petr, 1I Smith, Christopher A., 1Q Song, Dawei, 1B Spencer, Mark F., 0L Sprangle, Phillip A., 0H Stein, Karin, 0U Ting, Antonio C., 0H Tomov, Ivan V., 0H Tucker, Frank M., 07 Uysal, Murat, 09 van Eijk, Alexander M. J., 0T van Iersel, M., 0T Vasinek, Vladimir, 1I Vitasek, Jan, 1I Voelz, David G., 0N Vorontsov, Mikhail A., 0F, 0W, 0Y Wang, Yao, 0X Wayne, David T., 0J, 0R, 0S, 10 Wroblewski, Ronald, 0I Wu, Chensheng, 0E, 0G, 0O, 11, 12 Xiao, Xifeng, 0N Yitzhaky, Yitzhak, 1F Zepp, Andreas, 0U Zuraski, Steven M., 0D Conference CommitteeProgram Track Chairs
Conference Chairs
Conference Program Committee
Session Chairs IntroductionThis is the third in a series of annual conferences on the combined topics of laser communication and propagation effects through the atmosphere and ocean. There are well-established technologies in free space optical (FSO) communication, yet many challenges remain in obtaining reliable link and network performance in the face of atmospheric conditions—especially turbulence. Several papers presented at the conference discussed theoretical analysis and simulation of turbulence effects, such as anisotropic and non-Kolmogorov turbulence, and scintillation, especially in conditions of strong turbulence. Many of these papers described variants of phase screen analysis as a way to simulate wave propagation through turbulence. Beyond its effects on FSO, systems turbulence also affects imaging through the atmosphere, and there was an invited paper that described how the atmosphere is the limiting factor in the performance of electro-optic systems of all kinds. A number of papers discussed how meteorological measurements could enable the estimation of turbulence conditions that affect FSO and imaging systems. The use of powerful tools from numerical weather prediction (NWP) provided an exciting new direction for the assessment of large-scale refractive effects. Several papers described the estimation and simulation of optical turbulence for different atmospheric layers. The capability for NWP to reconstruct three-dimensional optical refractivity was utilized in a fascinating paper describing the contributions of the meteorological and optical environment to the Titanic disaster. The effect of the atmosphere on directed energy (laser) weapons was the subject of several papers. Paper topics included scintillation measurements in dynamic scenarios, and modeling for both beam effects as well as the detection of laser beams. Measurement research was described, including Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors, and the use of modified plenoptic cameras for distortion characterization. Several papers discussed the development of ways to improve the focusing of energy on a distant target, either by adaptive optics mitigation of laser beam distortion, or by using phase conjugation of a target illumination laser, or through the exploitation of enhanced back scatter (EBS). A new way for observing EBS in a single camera frame was described. Other high-energy laser effects discussed included plasma formation, filaments, and their applications. A number of papers discussed how different kinds of laser beams, such as the multi-Gaussian Schell beam, Bessel beams, and Airy beams propagate through turbulence, and whether these beams offer advantages over single Gaussian beams. An invited paper discussed the effects of the atmosphere on millimeter precision lunar ranging and how such observations can provide deep insight into fundamental physics. A second invited paper discussed how multi-spectral modes can provide efficient data transport in terms of bits/photon and spectral efficiency in terms of bits/sec-Hz and how cross-talk in such applications is affected by turbulence. The continuing interest in visible light communication (VLC) using LED illumination sources was discussed in papers describing MIMO techniques, modulation schemes, and retro-reflectors. Finally, the ‘Oceans’ part of the conference title was well represented, with papers concentrating on underwater communications, examining the best wavelengths to use in different water conditions, and effects at the air-water interface. The expansion of topics presented at the conference included non-line-of-sight UV communications, light propagation through ship exhaust plumes, and time transfer using picosecond lasers at the single photon level. Alexander M. J. van Eijk Christopher C. Davis Stephen M. Hammel |
