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The papers included in this volume were part of the technical conference cited on the cover and title page. Papers were selected and subject to review by the editors and conference program committee. Some conference presentations may not be available for publication. The papers published in these proceedings reflect the work and thoughts of the authors and are published herein as submitted. The publishers are not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. Please use the following format to cite material from this book: Author(s), “Title of Paper,” in Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXVI, edited by Nicolas S. Holliman, Andrew J. Woods, Gregg E. Favalora, Takashi Kawai, Proceedings of SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging, SPIE Vol. 9391, Article CID Number (2015) ISSN: 0277-786X ISBN: 9781 628414813 Copublished by SPIE P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Telephone +1 360 676 3290 (Pacific Time)· Fax +1 360 647 1445 and IS&T-The Society for Imaging Science and Technology 7003 Kilworth Lane, Springfield, Virginia, 22151 USA Telephone +1 703 642 9090 (Eastern Time)· Fax +1 703 642 9094 Copyright © 2015, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers and The Society for Imaging Science and Technology. Copying of material in this book for internal or personal use, or for the internal or personal use of specific clients, beyond the fair use provisions granted by the U.S. Copyright Law is authorized by the publishers subject to payment of copying fees. The Transactional Reporting Service base fee for this volume is $18.00 per article (or portion thereof), which should be paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Payment may also be made electronically through CCC Online at copyright.com. Other copying for republication, resale, advertising or promotion, or any form of systematic or multiple reproduction of any material in this book is prohibited except with permission in writing from the publisher. The CCC fee code is 0277-786X/15/$18.00. Printed in the United States of America. Paper Numbering: Proceedings of SPIE follow an e-First publication model, with papers published first online and then in print. Papers are published as they are submitted and meet publication criteria. A unique citation identifier (CID) number is assigned to each article at the time of the first publication. Utilization of CIDs allows articles to be fully citable as soon as they are published online, and connects the same identifier to all online, print, and electronic versions of the publication. SPIE uses a six-digit CID article numbering system in which:
The CID Number appears on each page of the manuscript. The complete citation is used on the first page, and an abbreviated version on subsequent pages. AuthorsNumbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the six-digit citation identifier (CID) article numbering system used in Proceedings of SPIE. The first four digits reflect the volume number. Base 36 numbering is employed for the last two digits and indicates the order of articles within the volume. Numbers start with 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B…0Z, followed by 10-1Z, 20-2Z, etc.
Conference CommitteeSymposium Chair Symposium Co-chair Conference Chairs
Conference Program Committee
Session Chairs
IntroductionThe 2015 Stereoscopic Displays and Applications (SD&A) conference was the twenty-sixth in the series, moving into the second quarter-century where the conference has developed into the premier venue for the dissemination of research on stereoscopic displays and their applications. SD&A attracts key players in the field: stereoscopic experts from industry and academia presented the two keynotes, participated on the discussion panel, and spoke in the technical presentations. The conference had an excellent technical program covering a wide range of stereoscopic topics. This year the conference received 74 paper submissions. Of these, 36 were accepted for oral presentation (49%), with an additional 6 interactive papers accepted as posters. This conference proceedings volume contains the technical papers in support of both the presentations and posters given at the conference. This introduction gives an overview of the conference—a reminder for those who attended and an insight into what happened for those who were unable to attend. SD&A took place 9–11 February 2015 as part of the 2015 IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology Symposium, at the Hilton San Francisco Union Square Hotel, in downtown San Francisco. The first day had four technical sessions running in the symposium plenary auditorium. Topics covered high parallax displays, camera designs, applications and light field displays. The day also included the first of the two keynotes, the two-hour 3D theatre, and the twenty-sixth SD&A conference banquet. The first keynote presentation was given by Ian Bickerstaff from Sony Computer Entertainment (United Kingdom) it was entitled A Stereoscope for the Playstation Generation. Ian discussed in depth his thoughts on VR displays: “After many years of waiting, virtual reality will soon be available for home use. Smart phones have given us small, high quality displays and accurate movement tracking while the games industry has given us the necessary real-time graphics power to drive these displays. In addition, advances in technologies such as free-form optics, and binaural audio processing have arrived at just the right time.” More than just viewing images on a screen, the aim of ventures such as Sony Computer Entertainment’s Project Morpheus is to produce a system that convinces the wearer that they have been transported to another place, and the display system is a vital component. Ever since the beginning of photography, equipment has been created to achieve this goal: an 1850s Brewster stereoscope contains many design features found in the latest HMDs. In both, near orthostereoscopic viewing conditions ensure that subjects appear life sized and with realistic depth placement. Unlike a monitor or cinema screen, images are always seen from an optimum viewing position with keystone distortion and vertical parallax kept to a minimum. A far greater range of depth can be viewed comfortably on a head-mounted display than is possible on a conventional screen.” The two-hour 3D Theatre Session is a regular highlight event that showcases 3D content from around the world. This year, the following forty-one pieces (or segments thereof) were screened:
All entries were screened in high-quality polarized 3D on the conference’s large projection screen. The Best of Show awards were judged by Eric Kurland (3-D SPACE) and Lenny Lipton (Leonardo IP). Content contributors self-selected if they wished their entry to be included in the competition - indicated by (†) in the list above. The judges chose the following 3D content winners as Best of Show: Live Action – “The Whitewashing of 5 Pointz”, B. Schwartz (USA) Computer Generated – “Cochemare”, C. Lavis & M. Szczerbowski (Canada) The producers of the 2015 SD&A 3D Theater were John Stern (Intuitive Surgical Inc., retired), Chris Ward (Lightspeed Design, USA), and Andrew Woods (Curtin University, Australia). Additional support was provided by Dan Lawrence (Lightspeed Design). The 3D content partners for the 3D Theater session were the LA 3-D Movie Festival (USA), 3D Content Hub (Germany and Australia), and 3-D Film Archive (USA). The evening concluded with the twenty-sixth anniversary conference dinner at The Old Siam Thai Restaurant on Ellis and Mason, opposite the conference hotel. The second day of the conference had three technical sessions on autostereoscopic displays, human factors and performance and visual comfort. The day also included the second SD&A keynote, the demonstration session, and the poster session. Full papers from both the technical sessions and the poster session are contained in this volume. The second keynote presentation was presented by Jenny Read, Reader in Vision Science in the Institute of Neuroscience at Newcastle University. She gave an informative and illuminating presentation on the theme “What is stereoscopic vision good for?” covering topics in stereo vision in humans, animals, and insects, and a recently started project investigating stereo testing for children using a gaming system. The final event of the day was the ever-popular Demonstration Session, which has run every year since 1990. Since 2006, this has been a symposium-wide event, open to demonstrators from all of the Electronic Imaging conferences. It was pleasing to see a wide range of demonstrations and to see a large audience actively engaging with the various displays and vendors. The buzz in the demonstration session was excellent. A prize was awarded for the best 3D demonstration at the session. The judging panel consisted of the on-site conference chairs and the winner was Steve Mason, Yavapi College (USA), for his demonstration of electronic and hardcopy stereoscopic artworks produced using the ChromaDepth technique. The third day of the SD&A conference had the popular discussion forum and three technical sessions on image processing, multi-view and integral imaging displays, and image production and perception. The day concluded with the Electronic Imaging symposium reception. The discussion forum considered VR and 3D: Is good 3D necessary for good VR. The panel comprised moderator Lenny Lipton (Leonardo IP), Ian Bickerstaff (Sony Computer Entertainment), Margret Dolinsky (Indiana University), and Gordon Wetzstein (Stanford University). Video recording was made of most technical sessions in the main SD&A conference hall including the two keynote presentations. Editing is underway and the content will be available online via the SD&A conference website. In addition to the prizes for the theatre and demonstrations, a final prize was offered at the conference for the best use of the stereoscopic projection tools during the presentations. The winner, chosen by the SD&A conference chairs, was: [9391-50] “A Stereoscope for the Palystation Generation”, Ian Bickerstaff, Sony Computer Entertainment (United Kingdom) The prizes this year were copies of Stereoscopic Displays and Applications 1990– 2009: A Complete 20-Year Retrospective and The Engineering Reality of Virtual Reality 1994–2009 (Special Collection) (DVD-ROM) (ISBN 9780819476593), published by SPIE in 2010. The prizes were kindly donated by SPIE Press. Congratulations to all our prize-winners in the 3D Theatre, demonstration session, and technical presentation categories. Many individuals and companies contributed in various ways to the success of this year’s SD&A conference:
Conference activities do not stop at the end of the annual meeting. The SD&A conference website and LinkedIn group provide a focus for conference activities during the time between conferences. We will soon be actively seeking abstracts for the 2016 conference, with a deadline in mid-2015 – see the website for details and deadlines. You can join the SD&A LinkedIn group to receive conference announcements. The website has an extensive collection of photographs highlighting the activities of past conferences. In addition the website hosts the stereoscopic virtual library, which contains several historically important books that have been digitized, in full, into PDF format, and are available for free download. The SD&A conference runs an active LinkedIn group which is available at: You can visit the conference website to gain an understanding of the past, present, and future of stereoscopic imaging. Please think now about submitting a paper or attending next year’s conference. The Stereoscopic Displays and Applications conference website is at: Next year, the 27th annual SD&A conference will be held in February 2016, at the Hilton San Francisco Union Square Hotel in downtown San Francisco. The 2016 SD&A conference will continue a tradition of presenting and demonstrating the latest technologies relevant to stereoscopic displays and applications. Please consider attending, presenting, or demonstrating at the 2016 event. We hope to see you there! Nicolas S. Holliman Andrew J. Woods Gregg E. Favalora Takashi Kawai |
