Misconceptions about instantaneous frequency, and complex signal representations through pole-zero manipulations

Patrick J. Loughlin

doi:10.1117/12.2177266

22 May 2015 Misconceptions about instantaneous frequency, and complex signal representations through pole-zero manipulations

Patrick J. Loughlin

Author Affiliations +

Proceedings Volume 9476, Automatic Target Recognition XXV; 947606 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2177266
Event: SPIE Defense + Security, 2015, Baltimore, MD, United States

Abstract

Instantaneous frequency is an important characteristic of time-varying or nonstationary signals. The definition and interpretation of instantaneous frequency have been the subject of discussion and debate for decades. The most common approach is due to Gabor, whereby a specific complex signal, called the analytic signal, is associated with a given real signal by inverting the spectrum of the real signal over only the positive frequency axis; the instantaneous frequency is then taken to be the derivative of the phase. Other approaches for associating a particular complex signal to a given real signal, and hence obtaining different instantaneous frequencies, have also been proposed. One way to define the associated complex signal / instantaneous frequency is by imposing physical constraints, which we discuss. We also discuss the common interpretation of instantaneous frequency as the average frequency at each time, and point out when this interpretation holds, which is not usually the case. This leads to the question of what is the “average frequency at each time?” The answer, coupled with physical constraints on the complex signal representation, leads to a quadrature-AM / FM signal model. Finally, we consider methods that manipulate the poles and zeros of the signal to obtain a complex representation.

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Patrick J. Loughlin "Misconceptions about instantaneous frequency, and complex signal representations through pole-zero manipulations", Proc. SPIE 9476, Automatic Target Recognition XXV, 947606 (22 May 2015); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2177266

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KEYWORDS

Signal analyzers

Fermium

Frequency modulation

Time-frequency analysis

Berkelium

Signal generators

Detection theory

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