This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9672, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee listing.

Researches indicate that foggy weather is one of the most critical factors that restrict human’s traffic activities and cause traffic accidents. It will reduce the visibility of traffic message board, which could cause the insecurity of transportation. Commonly, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used as light source for variable message sign, which could not be seen clearly in the foggy low visibility condition. A high-brightness light source which could be used for variable information board was firstly put forward in this paper. And a new type of variable message sign used in low visibility condition was also introduced. Besides, the attenuation characteristics of laser diode (LD) and light-emitting diode (LED) were analyzed respectively. Calculation and simulation show that the attenuation of red light source is fastest, and the yellow LED light has the better transmittance property. In the experiment, LDs were used to make variable message board for verifying image definition. A 16*16 array structure composed of LDs was designed and could display Chinese characters. By comparing the display effect of LDs and LEDs driven with same power, they were placed in fog chamber of the visibility less than 5 meters. And experiment results show that the penetrability of red LD light is better than that of red LED. So traffic variable message sign based on LDs could improve the image definition and the information could be seen more clearly in the foggy weather. In addition to the high-brightness, good coherence, good direction, experimental results show that traffic variable message board based on LD has better visual effect in low visibility condition.

Holographic stereogram receives much attention in autostereoscopic display with large scale and wide field of view (FOV). However, its property of FOV is constantly restricted by optical elements used in recording step. After analyzing drawbacks of the available methods nowadays, a novel method of edge-in reflection optical element for overlay projection is proposed. The feasibility is confirmed by optical simulation. And property of manufactured reflection surface has also been tested. Then it’s been used to generate horizontal-parallax-only stereogram. The final holographic stereogram with 73 degree viewing angel range is acquired.

Driving waveform is an important component for gray scale display on the electrophoretic display (EPD). In the traditional driving waveform, a white reference gray scale is formed before writing a new image. However, the reflectance value can not reach agreement in each gray scale transformation. In this paper, a new driving waveform, which has a short waiting time after the formation of reference gray scale, is proposed to improve the consistency of reference gray scale. Firstly, the property of the particles in the microcapsule is analyzed and the change of the EPD reflectance after the white reference gray scale formation is studied. Secondly, the reflectance change curve is fitted by using polynomial and the duration of the waiting time is determined. Thirdly, a set of the new driving waveform is designed by using the rule of DC balance and some real E-ink commercial EPDs are used to test the performance. Experimental results show that the effect of the new driving waveform has a better performance than traditional waveforms.

Because of the diffraction limit of light, the scale of optical element stays in the order of wavelength, which makes the interface optics and nano-electronic components cannot be directly matched, thus the development of photonics technology encounters a bottleneck. In order to solve the problem that coupling of light into the subwavelength waveguide, this paper proposes a model of coupler based on metal materials. By using Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) wave, incident light can be efficiently coupled into waveguide of diameter less than 100 nm. This paper mainly aims at near infrared wave band, and tests a variety of the combination of metal materials, and by changing the structural parameters to get the maximum coupling efficiency. This structure splits the plane incident light with wavelength of 864 nm, the width of 600 nm into two uniform beams, and separately coupled into the waveguide layer whose width is only about 80 nm, and the highest coupling efficiency can reach above 95%. Using SPPs structure will be an effective method to break through the diffraction limit and implement photonics device high-performance miniaturization. We can further compress the light into small scale fiber or waveguide by using the metal coupler, and to save the space to hold more fiber or waveguide layer, so that we can greatly improve the capacity of optical communication. In addition, high-performance miniaturization of the optical transmission medium can improve the integration of optical devices, also provide a feasible solution for the photon computer research and development in the future.

Chiral side-chain liquid crystal polymer is synthesized from polysiloxanes and liqud crystal monomer 4-(Undecenoic-1- yloxybenzoyloxy)-4’-benzonitrile and 6-[4-(4- Undecenoic -1-yloxybenzoyloxy)- hydroxyphenyl] cholesteryl hexanedioate. The optical and thermal property of the monomer and polymer are shown by POM and DSC. As the unique optical property of the polymer, the bandgaps are shifted for heating temperature. The reflection bandgaps is shifted from 546nm to 429nm with temperature increase. As a photonic material, the chiral polymer which sensitive responses under the outfield is widely studied for reflection display, smart switchable reflective windows and defect model CLC laser etc.

Design a best light-weighting collimator to conform to the requirements of opto-mechanical design. Good surface accuracy is our aim, based on a less mass. The ratio of diameter to thickness, the type, size and thickness of pocket, the thickness of the mirror, the support size and position, the thickness of the wall and so on is concerned. Besides, comparing two kinds material is also discussed. In addition, we consider the situation that the orientation vary in support plane. Use the orthogonal table to analyze these elements, and find the better methods. According to the analysis in ANSYS, the collimator mass can reduce to 103 kg, below 159 kg; the ratio of light-weight can reach 70%; the peak-valley value is below 100 nm, that meets the request of below 200 nm.

A time difference between the left image and right image of the time-division 3D display makes a person perceive alternating vertical parallax when an object is moving vertically on a fixed depth plane, which causes the left image and right image perceived do not match and makes people more prone to visual fatigue. This mismatch cannot eliminate simply rely on the precise synchronous control of the left image and right image. Based on the principle of time-division 3D display technology and human visual system characteristics, this paper establishes a model of the true vertical motion velocity in reality and vertical motion velocity on the screen, and calculates the amount of the vertical parallax caused by vertical motion, and then puts forward a motion compensation method to eliminate the vertical parallax. Finally, subjective experiments are carried out to analyze how the time difference affects the stereo visual comfort by comparing the comfort values of the stereo image sequences before and after compensating using the eliminating method. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed method is reasonable and efficient.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful and non-destructive analytical technique tool for chemical and biological sensing applications. Metal-free SERS substrates have recently been developed by using semiconductor nanostructures. The optical property of TiN film is similar to that of gold. Besides that, its good chemical inertness and thermodynamic stability make TiN thin film an excellent candidate for SERS. In order to investigate its SERS activity, the TiN thin film was successfully prepared via direct nitridation of the sol-gel derived TiO₂ thin film on the quartz substrate using ammonia gas as reducing agent. The crystallite structures and morphology of TiN thin film were determined by XRD, RAMAN and FE-SEM. The results show that the thin film obtained is cubic titanium nitride with a lattice parameter of 4.2349 Å. The surface of TiN thin film is rough and with the particles of 50 nm in average sizes. The thickness of TiN thin film is about 130 nm. The TiN thin film displays a surface Plasmon resonance absorption peak at around 476 nm, which can lead to a strong enhancement of the EM field on the interface. The Raman signal of the probe molecule R6G was greatly enhanced through TiN thin film substrates. The enhancement factor is about 4.1×10³ and the detection limit achieves 10^-6 M for R6G. The TiN thin film substrate also shows a good reproducibility of SERS performance. The results indicate that TiN thin film is an attractive material with potential application in SERS substrates.

The resolution of imaging is limited by the missing of high-frequencies information. However, these information can be amplified by the metamaterial or surface plasmon polaritons. A silver film having sub-wavelength slit sandwiched between a front grating similar to Fresnel zone plate and back grating, are proposed to realize super-resolution imaging. We choose a wavelength in which the surface plasmon polaritons can be excited and negative refraction imaging can be implemented synchronously. By the numerical simulations, a fine image can be actualized within several wavelengths distance from the silver film.

As the low luminous flux of one single LED, LED chip array plays important effect on achieving high luminous flux in all kinds of applied field, such as automotive lighting, street lighting, sensing and imaging, etc. However, LED chip array is an extended source rather than a point source of conventional one single LED. Obviously, lens design for LED chip array will be reconsider and redesign to accommodate this difference. In recent years, as the development of illumination optics, some excellent optical design methods for extended source have been improved and suggested. When the design method for point source is adopt to design the LED chip array with high flux and high uniformity, the obtained Lens is so huge that the advantage of small LED chip is dissipated at this condition. The supporting surface method is effective and commonly used. However, it is not convergent when solving the refractor problem of designing point light source near field. Based on the property of Cartesian oval, a modified method is proposed and the convergence of the modified method is verified by Monte-Carlo ray trace. The number of the Cartesian oval and the size of the lens can be firmly under control during the design, while generally the ratio between the sizes of the lens and the chip is greater than 5. Based on the modified supporting surface method, a compact lens design method for extended light source is constructed. And the LED illumination lens is designed by this method and fabricated, and the simulation result shows that this LED illumination lens can achieve uniform illumination at target surface.

Lights with some special waveband and output power density have a bactericidal effect to some special bacteria. In this paper, the bactericidal effect of light at wavelength of 470 nm on P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) is researched with different irradiation dose. The light source is a LED array which is obtained by incoherent combine of 36 LEDs with emitting wavelength of 470 nm. The P. aeruginosa suspension is exposed with the LED array at the light power density of 100 mW/cm2 with exposures time of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 min, respectively. The numbers of CFU are then determined by serial dilutions on LB agar plates. The bactericidal effect research results of 470 nm LED on P. aeruginosa show that the killing ratio increases with increasing of the exposure time. For the 80 min irradiation, as much as 92.4% reduction of P. aeruginosa is achieved. The results indicate that, in vitro, 470-nm lights produce dose dependent bactericidal effects on P. aeruginosa.

In order to improve the recognition rate and stability of dynamic hand gesture recognition, for the low accuracy rate of the classical HMM algorithm in train the B parameter, this paper proposed an improved HMM/SVM dynamic gesture recognition algorithm. In the calculation of the B parameter of HMM model, this paper introduced the SVM algorithm which has the strong ability of classification. Through the sigmoid function converted the state output of the SVM into the probability and treat this probability as the observation state transition probability of the HMM model. After this, it optimized the B parameter of HMM model and improved the recognition rate of the system. At the same time, it also enhanced the accuracy and the real-time performance of the human-computer interaction. Experiments show that this algorithm has a strong robustness under the complex background environment and the varying illumination environment. The average recognition rate increased from 86.4% to 97.55%.

Bowtie filters are used to modulate an incoming x-ray beam as a function of the angle of the x-ray to balance the photon flux on a detector array. Because of their key roles in radiation dose reduction and multi-energy imaging, bowtie filters have attracted a major attention in modern X-ray computed tomography (CT). However, few researches are concerned on the effects of the structure and materials for the bowtie filter in the Cone Beam CT (CBCT). In this study, the influence of bowtie filters’ structure and materials on X-ray photons distribution are analyzed using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations by MCNP5 code. In the current model, the phantom was radiated by virtual X-ray source (its’ energy spectrum calculated by SpekCalc program) filtered using bowtie, then all photons were collected through array photoncounting detectors. In the process above, two bowtie filters’ parameters which include center thickness (B), edge thickness (controlled by A), changed respectively. Two kinds of situation are simulated: 1) A=0.036, B=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6mm and the material is aluminum; 2) A=0.016, 0.036, 0.056, 0.076, 0.096, B=2mm and the material is aluminum. All the X-ray photons' distribution are measured through MCNP. The results show that reduction in center thickness and edge thickness can reduce the number of background photons in CBCT. Our preliminary research shows that structure parameters of bowtie filter can influence X-ray photons, furthermore, radiation dose distribution, which provide some evidences in design of bowtie filter for reducing radiation dose in CBCT.

Holographic stereogram display technology is one of the research focuses in three-dimensional (3D) holographic display. Holographic stereogram is essentially to infinitely approach the true 3D object using a sequence of 2D perspective images. In this paper, several holographic printing methods are summarized firstly, including two-steps transfer hologram printing technique, horizontal parallax only (HPO) stereogram with laser direct writing and holographic elements based full-parallax holographic stereogram method. Also the principles of printing, method of recording, and the various factors that affect the printing quality of the holographic stereogram are discussed and analyzed in detail. Then, after designing the matching relationship between full-parallax holographic stereogram and holographic elements, a new method to print holographic stereogram is proposed. With this method, image distortions can be decreased to improve the printing quality because this method has less impact factors and easier operations in experiment. Finally, it points out the recent development state of holographic stereogram.

Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) is a non-invasive technique that allows three-dimensional visualization of fluorophore in vivo in small animals. In practical applications of FMT, however, there are challenges in the image reconstruction since it is a highly ill-posed problem due to the diffusive behaviour of light transportation in tissue and the limited measurement data. In this paper, we presented an iterative algorithm based on an optimization problem for three dimensional reconstruction of fluorescent target. This method alternates weighted algebraic reconstruction technique (WART) with steepest descent method (SDM) for image reconstruction. Numerical simulations experiments and physical phantom experiment are performed to validate our method. Furthermore, compared to conjugate gradient method, the proposed method provides a better three-dimensional (3D) localization of fluorescent target.

Ultrathin crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells, which are of several micrometers thick, have attracted much attention in recent years, since it can greatly save raw materials than the traditional ones. To enhance the absorption, as well as to improve the cell efficiency, of the ultrathin c-Si, light trapping nanostructures are used to increase the effective absorption length to close to the 4n² of the materials thickness, which is determined by the Lambertian limit. Here, we propose a novel interlaced semi-ellipsoid nanostructures (ISENs) to improve the performance of ultrathin c-Si solar cells. In this structure, the large and small periods in x and y direction can improve the light trapping capability at long and short wavelengths respectively. Meanwhile, the graded refractive index of the surface can act as the antireflection coating. By optimizing the ISENs, the short circuit current density of 30.15mA/cm² was achieved by simulations for a 2 μm thick c-Si solar cell with r_x = 500 nm, r_y = 200 nm, r_z= 550 nm and without antireflection coating and metal back reflector. The absorption is close to 87% of the Lambertian limit with equivalent thickness. We expect this structure can be fabricated by low cost nanosphere lithography technology and used to improve the efficiency of the ultrathin c-Si solar cells.

Expressions of two wave vectors in anisotropic medium are firstly developed. The size and direction of the reflection wave number and the transmission wave number related to the two wave vectors are researched respectively as well as the relationship of size between the two transmission waves. The reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient of the interface between the isotropic medium and the anisotropic medium are then derived. Finally the numerical simulations of the obtained results are presented and the effectiveness of the results is tested.

For a good THz waveguide, both low propagating loss and small mode width are usually very important. However, the high ohmic loss of metals and the high absorption loss of dielectric materials result in that it still remains a challenge to obtain the two capabilities at the same time. In this paper, planar dielectric-gap-metal (DGM) waveguides are presented to guide THz wave. According to the dispersion equations of the waveguides, we calculate their mode characteristics by numerical calculation, and we find that THz wave can propagate in the waveguides with low loss and simultaneously subwavelength mode width. When compared with the parallel-plate waveguide, the mode losses of the DGM waveguide can be 1-3 orders of magnitude lower, but the mode widths do not increase. The combination of low propagating loss and subwavelength mode width makes the DGM waveguides particularly useful for many THz applications such as sensing, communication, and imaging.

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are surface-bounded electromagnetic waves, propagating along a metal-dielectric interface. Due to larger wavenumber of SPPs compared with propagating light in free-space, additional couplers are required to excite SPPs. Dielectric prisms, gratings, apertures, and optical antennas are widely used. Recently, controlling excitation property of SPPs with coherent characteristics of incident lights, such as polarization and interference has been demonstrated. In this work, we propose a coherent plasmon cavity whose energy density can be tuned by polarization of the incident light. With polarization-sensitive aperture array, it is possible to launch counter-propagating SPPs with phase difference controlled by an angle of polarization. By rotating the polarization angle by 90 degrees, the energy density inside the cavity is enhanced 45 times larger compared with the minimum case.

Body flexibility is an important indicator that can measure whether an individual is healthy or not. Traditionally, we need to prepare a protractor and the subject need to perform a pre-defined set of actions. The measurement takes place at the same time when the subject performs required action, which is clumsy and inconvenient. In this paper, we propose a statistical learning model using the technique of random forest. The proposed system can classify body flexibility based on LDF signals analyzed in the frequency domain. The reasons of using random forest are because of their efficiency (fast in classification), interpretable structures and their ability to filter out irrelevant features. In addition, using random forest can prevent the problem of over-fitting, and the output model will become more robust to noises. In our experiment, we use chirp Z-transform (CZT), to transform a LDF signal into its energy values in five frequency bands. Combining the power of the random forest algorithm and frequency band analysis methods, a maximum recognition rate of 66% is achieved. Compared to traditional flexibility measuring process, the proposed system shortens the long and tedious stages of measurement to a simple, fast and pre-defined activity set. The major contributions of our work include (1) a novel body flexibility classification scheme using non-invasive biomedical sensor; (2) a set of designed protocol which is easy to conduct and practice; (3) a high precision classification scheme which combines the power of spectrum analysis and machine learning algorithms.

Noninvasive monitoring of blood glucose is the current international academic research focus. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is the most prospective method of the present study, however, with the flaw of insufficient specificity to glucose. Tissue polarimetry has recently received considerable attention due to its specificity to glucose. Thus the glucose predicting accuracy would be improved by combining spectral intensity and polarization characteristics. However the backscattering spectral polarization characteristics of turbid media have not been reported within the wavelength range from visible to near-infrared light. In this paper, we simulated the backscattering spectral Mueller matrix of turbid medium by vector Monte Carlo. And the polarization characteristics, which are linear/circular degree of polarization (DOP) and linear/circular diattenuation, can be extracted from the simulated Mueller matrix by polar decomposition. Circular diattenuation is not discussed because it remains almost zero on the backscattering plane. While reduced scattering coefficient increases linearly with increasing wavelength, the spectral curves show distinct wavelength dependencies. Interestingly, the wavelength dependencies at center position are different from those at off-center position for linear/circular DOP and linear diattenuation. As expected, it is shown that both linear DOP and linear diattenuation increase with the increasing wavelength. However it is not the case for linear DOP in the central area around the incident point. In this area linear DOP decays approximately exponentially with increasing wavelength. As for circular DOP, it varies with wavelength non-monotonically. These results should be meaningful when spectral polarization characteristics are used to combine with spectral intensity to extract glucose concentration by chemometrics.

With the development of hyperspectral remote sensing technology, there are more and more researches which are related to monitoring the growth condition of rice by it. However, most of recent researches focus on the biochemical component content by monitoring hyperspectral of rice leaf. As a consequence, there are rare researches which estimate rice leaf area index by analyzing canopy hyperspectral feature at different phenological periods. After field investigation, we find that from tillering to jointing, the rice’s canopy structure changed obviously and LAI increased fast. The situation of rice’s growth at this stage has an incredible influence on its late growth and yield. After jointing stage, the change tendency of LAI tends to be steady and the characteristic change of canopy structure is unapparent. If we get hyperspectral of rice’s canopy at the right time, we can analyze the characteristics and predict the tendency of canopy. It’s also valuable on guiding the management of rice field. On the other hand, this paper also gives useful reference on crop condition monitoring using hyperspectral. For all this, using ASD and LAI-2000 to measure rice canopy spectral reflectance and LAI in tillering and jointing stage. Then the relationship between spectral reflectance and LAI is analyzed in two periods. In order to quantitatively describe the correlation, the relationship between red edge parameters and LAI is studied and rice LAI estimation model is build. Finally, using measured data to evaluate this model. The results show that using hyperspectral feature of rice to estimate LAI is feasible.

The fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) signal has important clinical value for diagnosing the fetal heart diseases and choosing suitable therapeutics schemes to doctors. So, the noninvasive extraction of FECG from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals becomes a hot research point. A new method, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) is utilized for the extraction of FECG with limited size of data. Firstly, the theory of the SVM and the principle of the extraction based on the SVM are studied. Secondly, the transformation of maternal electrocardiogram (MECG) component in abdominal composite signal is verified to be nonlinear and fitted with the SVM. Then, the SVM is trained, and the training results are compared with the real data to ensure the effect of the training. Meanwhile, the parameters of the SVM are optimized to achieve the best performance so that the learning machine can be utilized to fit the unknown samples. Finally, the FECG is extracted by removing the optimal estimation of MECG component from the abdominal composite signal. In order to evaluate the performance of FECG extraction based on the SVM, the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and the visual test are used. The experimental results show that the FECG with good quality can be extracted, its SNR ratio is significantly increased as high as 9.2349 dB and the time cost is significantly decreased as short as 0.802 seconds. Compared with the traditional method, the noninvasive extraction method based on the SVM has a simple realization, the shorter treatment time and the better extraction quality under the same conditions.

Optical tweezers has shown its significant advantages in applying pico-Newton force on micro beads and handling them with nanometer-level precision, and becomes a powerful tool for single-molecule biology. Many excellent researching results in use of the optical tweezers have been reported. Most of them focus on the single-trap optical tweezers experiments. However, when a single-trap optical tweezers is applied to biological molecule, there is often an obvious noise from the sample chamber holder to which one end of the sample molecule is tethered. In contrast, a dual-trap optical tweezers can intrinsically avoid this problem because both ends of the sample tethered to microspheres are manipulated with two separate optical traps. In order to force the molecule precisely, it is of importance to do calibrations for both traps. Many approaches have been studied to obtain the stiffness and sensitivity of the trap, but those are not quite suitable for making calibration during experiment. Here, we use a modified method of power spectrum density (PSD) for the calibrations of the stiffness and sensitivity of the traps, which combines a sinusoidal motion of the sample stage. The main strength of the method is that the beads used for the calibration also can be used in experiment later. In addition, the calibration can be performed during experiment. Finally, an experiment using a dsDNA molecule to test the system is presented. The results show that the calibration approach for the dual-trap optical tweezers is efficient and accurate.

The blazed convex grating is one of the key elements in Offner imaging spectrometers. In this paper the diffraction characteristics of the blazed convex grating is investigated by using rigorous coupled-wave analysis. The results indicate that within the wavelength from 1 μm to 2.5 μm, the first-order diffraction efficiency can be over 40% through controlling the blazed angle of blazed grating. Furthermore, when the blazed angle is 3.9 degree, the first-order diffraction efficiency is still over 40% with the vertex angles between 120 degree and 150 degree. The blazed convex grating with the spatial frequency of 73 L/mm in the center will be fabricated by holographic lithography-ion beam etching.

Three-dimensional observation for the integrated circuit is of potential interest to an improved understanding of the formation of embedded voids in the copper interconnects, which has become major reliability concern in achieving highperformance microprocessors. Nano-scale line width requires the imaging technique with a high spatial resolution as well as penetration through several microns of silicon to maintain the sample integrity. The resolution of Optical microscopy is not enough and the electron microscopy requires invasive sample cross-sectioning, not permitting the in situ identification. The utilization of non-destructive imaging using 3D x-ray microscopy offers the needed resolution and penetration ability without significant damage. In this paper, the ability to image tomographically voids in copper interconnects and the seven metallization layers are demonstrated with bright contrast and a sub-50nm resolution on 8keV BSRF X-ray microscope. The sample is specifically prepared for this initial experiment, with a diameter of ~10.3μm and a thickness of 15.7μm. In the future experiment we are attempting to image the sample in its original state with only the backside silicon substrate removed, realizing the more non-destructive observation.

To capture the three-dimensional (3D) information of microscopic (micro) object, the light field microscopy (LFM) has been studied. A lens array is inserted into the conventional microscope and 3D information of micro object is captured in single shot. However, since the lateral resolution decreases severely because of lens array, the integral floating microscopy (IFM) is proposed. The IFM is modified version of the LFM which concentrates on the lateral resolution rather than the angular resolution by changing the location of specimen and the lens array. The specimen should be located at the front focal plane and the lens array should be located at the back focal plane of the objective lens in the IFM but it is hard to locate the lens array into the back focal length of the objective lens because the back focal length lies in the barrel of the objective lens in general. In this paper, we propose the modified version of the integral floating microscopy which can place the lens array at the optimum position. The structure of the whole system is changed and the relay lens is added to relay the back focal length outside. By placing the lens array at the optimum position, the captured information could be maximized, and by changing the focal length of the relay lens, the field of view (FOV) mismatch problem can be also mitigated. The relationship between the captured information and the specification of the system is analyzed and proper experiments are presented for the verification.

In order to simplify computation time for multi-exposure speckle imaging, we recently presented a new indicator of blood flow, i.e. the slope of the inverse square of the contrast values versus camera exposure time (k_slope). In this paper we simulate a sequence of correlated dynamic speckle images to test the viability of k_slope as an indicator of flow velocity. We find that the presence of static scattering doesn’t influence the linear relationship between the slope and flow velocity. We also show that the normalization can be performed to obtain equivalence relation between relative slope values and relative flow velocity. The computation can be greatly simplified for multi-exposure speckle imaging. This new indicator k_slope can play an important role in quantitatively assessing tissue blood flow velocity.

The research of the multifunctional analyzer of Clinical Nutrition, which integrates the absorbance, luminescence, fluorescence and other optical detection methods, can overcome the functional limitations of a single technology on human nutrition analysis, and realize a rapid and accurate analysis of the nutrients. This article focuses on the design of fluorescence detection module that uses a photomultiplier tube(PMT) to detect weak fluorescence, and utilizes the single photon counting method to measure the fluorescence intensity, and then according to the relationship between the fluorescent marker and fluorescence intensity, the concentration of the analyte can be derived. Using fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC, the most widely used fluorescein currently)to mark antibodies in the experiment, therefore, according to the maximum absorption wavelength and the maximum emission wavelength of the fluorescein isothiocyanate, to select the appropriate filters to set up the optical path. In addition, the fluorescence detection apparatus proposed in this paper uses an aspherical lens with large numerical aperture, in order to improve the capacity of signal acquisition more effectively, and the selective adoption of flexible optical fiber can realize a compact opto-mechanical structure, which is also conducive to the miniaturization of the device. The experimental results show that this apparatus has a high sensitivity, can be used for the detection and analysis of human nutrition.

The interaction between drugs and serum albumin is the theoretical basis of pharmacology research. Kangai injection with invigorating Qi, enhancing the immune function, is widely used for a variety of malignant tumor treatment. Fluorescence spectroscopy was adopted due to its high sensitivity and other advantages. The interaction between kangai injection and human serum albumin (HSA) in physiological buffer (pH 7.4) was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The results of fluorescence spectrum at three temperature (296K, 303K and 310K) showed the degree of binding at 310K is the highest. Also, the maximum emission peak has a slight blue shift, which indicates that the interaction between kangai injection and HSA has an effect on the conformation of HSA. That is, the microenvironment of tryptophan increase hydrophobic due to the increase of the concentration of kangai injection. Results obtained from analysis of fluorescence spectrum and fluorescence intensity indicated that kangai injection has a strong ability to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA. And according to the Stern-Volume equation, the quenching mechanism is static quenching, which is further proved by the UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy.

Laser scanning confocal microscope has been widely used in biology, medicine and material science owing to its advantages of high resolution and tomographic imaging. Based on a set of confirmatory experiments and system design, a novel confocal microscopic imaging system is developed. The system is composed of a conventional fluorescence microscope and a confocal scanning unit. In the scanning unit a laser beam coupling module provides four different wavelengths（405nm，488nm，561nm and 638nm）which can excite a variety of dyes. The system works in spot-to-spot scanning mode with a two-dimensional galvanometer. A 50 microns pinhole is used to guarantee that stray light is blocked and only the fluorescence signal from the focal point can be received . The three-channel spectral splitter is used to perform fluorescence imaging at three different working wavelengths simultaneously. The rat kidney tissue slice is imaged using the developed confocal microscopic imaging system. Nucleues labeled by DAPI and kidney spherule curved pipe labeled by Alexa Fluor 488 can be imaged clearly and respectively, realizing the distinction between the different components of mouse kidney tissue. The three-dimensional tomographic imaging of mouse kidney tissue is reconstructed by several two-dimensional images obtained in different depths. At last the resolution of the confocal microscopic imaging system is tested quantitatively. The experimental result shows that the system can achieve lateral resolution priority to 230nm.

In order to investigate the key properties of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), a new kind of device based on sub-wavelength aluminum structures (SWASs) have been designed and fabricated with respect to incident radiation in terahertz (THz) range. The device is composed of two layered micro-nano-structures and the utilized substrates are silicon materials in current stage. One silicon substrate is sputtered directly by a thin aluminum film, which is further patterned to shape functioned micro-nano-structures. The THz transmission performances of the devices have been measured according to common optical approaches. The experimental results show that some extraordinary transmission peaks are clearly presented in terahertz transmittance spectrum, which is inconsistent with the classical aperture theory of Bethe. The effects of the developed SPPs are discussed carefully according to the discovered phenomena about the extraordinary optical transmission (EOT).

Current researches show that the surface plasmon-polariton modes (SPPMs) in metallic nanostructures can lead to a powerful localization of guided light signals, which is generally as small as a few nanometers and thus far beyond the diffraction limit of electromagnetic waves in dielectric media. In this paper, our attention is paid to the modeling and simulation of particular kinds of patterned metal-based nanostructure fabricated over several common wafers such as typical silicon dioxide. The nanostructures are designed for concentrating and delivering incident light energy into nanoscale regions. In our research, the factors, for instance, optical materials, patterned nano-structures, the distance arrangement between adjacent single nanopattern, and the frequency of incident electromagnetic wave, are taken as variables, and further the CST microwave studio is used to simulate optical behaviors of the devices developed by us. By comparing the transmittance and electric field intensity distribution in small area, the nano-light-emission effects are analyzed, and the conditions for obtaining near-field nanospots have been chosen.

Two-dimensional shape photomask is widely used to calibrate and correct optical precision measurement system like image measurement instrument and to calibrate or distortion correction of camera probe with CCD/CMOS sensor. Among all 2-D shapes, circle is adopted frequently because of its information such as size, form and position. Standard photomask with circle shape is multi-parameter calibrated by high precision laser two-coordinate standard device based on coordinate measurement method. Roundness error is assessed by least square circle method. How center coordinate, radius and roundness of a circle affected by number of measurement points, incident light intensity and optical magnification of micro probe are analyzed. Test results indicate than that standard with circle shape could be calibrated with high precision.

In this paper, an arrayed liquid crystal (LC) microlens (ALCM) based on graphene electrode instead of common indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode material is designed and fabricated, and the corresponding testing results have been obtained and presented. The graphene film used as patterned electrode in the project is grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) over copper foils, which demonstrate the properties of low sheet resistance and high transmittance of more than 90% in current stage. The key fabrication of the arrayed LC microlens based on graphene electrode includes the graphene transfering, ultraviolet lithography, ICP etching, liquid crystalline polymer encapsulation, etc. In the test of the arrayed LC microlens, the point spread functions (PSF) of incident laser beams with different wavelengths, such as red laser of ~600nm wavelength, and green laser of ~532nm wavelength, have been obtained. In addition, the arrayed LC microlenses are also used in visible light imaging. During the imaging tests, each microlens in the arrayed LC microlens can perform imaging process, independently.

Optical diagnostic technique, due to its rapid and non-invasive for the diagnosis diseases at the cellular level, can be performed in vivo and allow for real-time diagnosis. While light scattering method is capable of characterizing the structural properties of tissue at the cellular and subcellular scale. In this paper, the spherical models of cells light scattering were established based on Mie, and the distribution curves of scattering intensity in the range of 0~180 degrees were got to explore change rule of cells light scattering information at the molecular level. Also, a platform for experiments used to measure the light scattering information of cells was built to get the change rule of cells light scattering information in wide angular range. And the particle size distribution (PSD) of cells was got by the inversion algorithm. A comparative analysis between numerical simulation and goniometric measurements revealed that the forward-scattering and side-scattering were influenced by the particle size of cells and relative index of refraction between cells and surrounding media. It could also be concluded that it was necessary to get and analyze the light scattering information of larger scattering angle range, which may be related to the intracellular organelles and nucleus.

As with the number of cancer increases year by year, so it is important to be found and treated earlier. With biological cells and tissues are sensitive to infrared and visible light, cell morphology and physical structure of the optical properties can easily obtain, we can provide theoretical basis for the early diagnosis of cancer by observing the difference of optical properties between normal and cancerous cells. Compared with Mie scattering theory, finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm can analyze any complex structure model. In this paper we use mathematical modeling method to establish the single cell mathematical model and with finite difference time domain algorithm to simulate the propagation and scattering of light in the biological cells, you can calculate the scattering of electromagnetic field distribution at anytime and anywhere. With radar cross section (RCS) to measure the results of the scattering characteristics. Due to the difference between normal cells and cancerous cells are embodied in cell shape, size and the refractive index, through the simulation we can get different cell parameters of light scattering information, Find out the cell parameters change the changing rule of the influence on the scattering characteristics and find out change regularity of scattering characteristics. These data can judge very accurate of the cells is normal or cancerous cells.

Nanowire is a kind of nanostructures and it usually has a high aspect ratio. Bolometer having nanowire as its active element is belonged to nanobolometer, compared to the microbolometer usually having thin film active element with area of several to tens square microns. A nanobolometer is expected to have many advantages, such as: very simple structure, small size, low noise, high specific detectivity and short response time. In this work, the optical and thermal properties of platinum nanowire in far infrared wavelengths are studied by using multiphysical finite element numerical calculation tool. Relationship between geometry size of platinum nanowire and its optical and thermal properties are revealed. Due to antenna-resonance electric-field-enhanced effect and small size effect, one absorption peak can be found in optical absorption curve of nanowire. The position of absorption peak is connected with the length of nanowire and the value of absorption peak is mainly impacted by the width and thickness of nanowire. When the aspect ratio is too high, the position of absorption peak will move although length does not be changed. At last, a nanowire based nanobolometer which has great optical and thermal characteristics in the wavelength ranging from 8 μm to 14 μm is designed and simulated. Comparing to the previous reported device using the same structure, thermal performance parameter increases one order of magnitude.

A bi-material cantilever based surface plasmon modulation structure is proposed. It is shown that the mechanical actuation of bi-material cantilever by changing temperature can facilitate amplitude modulation. More specific, the issues of scaling-down and integration of the red, green, and blue are discussed. This work can be expanded to the complex modulation structure which is already demonstrated in our previous work. The optimization would be fit for the integration of the red, green, and blue complex modulation structures which can potentially lead to the development of full-color complex spatial light modulator.

A powerful volume X-ray tomography system has been designed and constructed to provide an universal tool for the three-dimensional nondestructive testing and investigation of industrial components, automotive, electronics, aerospace components, new materials, etc. The combined system is equipped with two commercial X-ray sources, sharing one flat panel detector of 400mm×400mm. The standard focus 450kV high-energy x-ray source is optimized for complex and high density components such as castings, engine blocks and turbine blades. And the microfocus 225kV x-ray source is to meet the demands of micro-resolution characterization applications. Thus the system’s penetration capability allows to scan large objects up to 200mm thick dense materials, and the resolution capability can meet the demands of 20μm microstructure inspection. A high precision 6-axis manipulator system is fitted, capable of offset scanning mode in large field of view requirements. All the components are housed in a room with barium sulphate cement. On the other hand, the presented system expands the scope of applications such as dual energy research and testing. In this paper, the design and implemention of the flexible system is described, as well as the preliminary tomographic imaging results of an automobile engine block.

Dual-energy x-ray technique, which consists in combining two radiographs acquired at two kilovoltage, can improve the identity of the compositions of object over regular CT, or at least improve image contrast. Dual-energy equations can be easily written and solved for ideally monochromatic x-ray source and perfect detector, but become complex when considering polychromatic x-ray source, detector sensitivity, and system non–linearity. In this paper, a new dual-energy algorithm which employed the basis material decomposition method was investigated for improving material separation capability. Studies by using computer-simulated data were performed to validate and evaluate the algorithm. The preliminary results of the study show that, with the proposed algorithm, separated “material specific” images of dual-material object could be obtained. Also monochromatic image can be acquired at arbitrary desired energy which could enhance image contrast in comparison with conventional reconstructed image.

Friendly interactive interface always significantly accelerate the progress of scientific research. However, most of the commercial softwares cannot meet the demand of a digital holographic microscope. Therefore, we designed a software in order to satisfy this requirement.

We use Visual Studio 2010 to build this software, which is based on MFC multi-documents and multi-threads. The main process of designing this software is as follow: 1) Firstly, build the main frame of the software. It is easy to realize the basic interface of Windows style by programming with MFC. The most important thing in this module is adding algorithms and the functions of tool buttons to the program. 2) Secondly, implement functionality of each sub module. In this software, sub modules mainly mean sub windows. In order to have the unity of style, all sub windows use the similar toolbar. Specially, if one sub window have its own functionality, we will add button alone. 3) Thirdly, pass messages among modules. Passing messages among modules is significant in this software. The news in main program must be transmitted to the relevant sub window. The operation information in any sub windows must be transmitted to the main program, or transmitted to other sub windows. In order to make the program more efficient, we utilize multi-thread programming. With a digital holographic microscope, our software has many useful features, such as capturing the hologram of a sample (Holo View), displaying its Fourier spectrum (Fourier View), unwrapping phase map (Phase View), digital refocusing intensity information (Intensity View), drawing 2D line across the sample (2D View) and displaying three-dimensional images (Plot View). The experimental results demonstrate that a digital holographic microscope could be used much easier with the help of our software.

Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) is a recently developed super-resolution technique by using angularly varying illumination and a phase retrieval algorithm to surpass the diffraction limit of the objective lens. To be specific, FP captures a set of low-resolution (LR) images under angularly varying illuminations, and combines them into one high-resolution (HR) image in the Fourier domain. However, the long capturing process becomes an obvious limitation since there are large number of images need to be acquired. Furthermore, the time can be increased several times over in order to acquire high-dynamic range images. Utilizing the multiplexing principle, we propose an optimized multiplexing FP algorithm, which is highly efficient, to shorten the exposure time of each raw image in this work. High acquisition efficiency is achieved by employing two set of optimized multiplexing patterns for bright-field and dark-field imaging respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that this method could improve the quality of reconstructed HR intensity distributions in a faster measuring process.