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The papers in this volume were part of the technical conference cited on the cover and title page. Papers were selected and subject to review by the editors and conference program committee. Some conference presentations may not be available for publication. Additional papers and presentation recordings may be available online in the SPIE Digital Library at SPIEDigitalLibrary.org. The papers reflect the work and thoughts of the authors and are published herein as submitted. The publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. Please use the following format to cite material from these proceedings: Author(s), “Title of Paper,” in Optical and Electronic Cooling of Solids, edited by Richard I. Epstein, Denis V. Seletskiy, Mansoor Sheik-Bahae, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 9765 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2016) Six-digit Article CID Number. ISSN: 0277-786X ISSN: 1996-756X (electronic) ISBN: 9781510600003 Published by SPIE P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Telephone +1 360 676 3290 (Pacific Time) · Fax +1 360 647 1445 Copyright © 2016, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Copying of material in this book for internal or personal use, or for the internal or personal use of specific clients, beyond the fair use provisions granted by the U.S. Copyright Law is authorized by SPIE subject to payment of copying fees. The Transactional Reporting Service base fee for this volume is $18.00 per article (or portion thereof), which should be paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Payment may also be made electronically through CCC Online at copyright.com. Other copying for republication, resale, advertising or promotion, or any form of systematic or multiple reproduction of any material in this book is prohibited except with permission in writing from the publisher. The CCC fee code is 0277-786X/16/$18.00. Printed in the United States of America. Publication of record for individual papers is online in the SPIE Digital Library. Paper Numbering: Proceedings of SPIE follow an e-First publication model. A unique citation identifier (CID) number is assigned to each article at the time of publication. Utilization of CIDs allows articles to be fully citable as soon as they are published online, and connects the same identifier to all online and print versions of the publication. SPIE uses a six-digit CID article numbering system structured as follows:
AuthorsNumbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the six-digit citation identifier (CID) article numbering system used in Proceedings of SPIE. The first four digits reflect the volume number. Base 36 numbering is employed for the last two digits and indicates the order of articles within the volume. Numbers start with 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B...0Z, followed by 10-1Z, 20-2Z, etc. Albercht, Alexander R., 0N, 0P, 0Q Bahl, Gaurav, 0O Balda, Rolindes, 03 Barredo-Zuriarrain, Macarena, 03 Bowman, Steven R., 0F Chen, Lin, 06 Chen, Yin-Chung, 0O Christopoulos, Stavros, 0H Davis, E. James, 0G Epstein, R. I., 0N, 0Q Farfan, B. G., 0N, 0Q Fernández, Joaquín, 03 García-Revilla, Sara, 03 Ghasemkhani, Mohammad R., 0N, 0P, 0Q Gragossian, Aram, 0P, 0Q Grayson, M., 08 Hakmeh, Noha, 03 Hassani Nia, Iman, 0J Heremans, Joseph P., 07 Jin, Hyungyu, 07 Kashyap, Raman, 0L, 0M Koblmüller, G., 08 Ledemi, Yannick, 0L Loranger, Sebastien, 0L Luo, Hao, 06 Melgaard, Seth D., 0P Merdrignac-Conanec, Odile, 03 Messaddeq, Younes, 0L Mohseni, Hooman, 0J Möller, Dominik, 0H Moroshkin, Peter, 0H Nemova, Galina, 0L, 0M Pauzauskie, Peter J., 0G Riedl, H., 08 Rostami, Saeid, 0P Sheik-Bahae, Mansoor, 0N, 0P, 0Q Shi, Yanling, 06 Smith, Bennett E., 0G Soares de Lima Filho, Elton, 0L Symonds, G., 0N, 0Q Tang, Yang, 08 Tonelli, Mauro, 0P Venkata Krishnaiah, Kummara, 0L Weinberg, David, 0J Weiss, Emily A., 0J Weitz, Martin, 0H Weller, Lars, 0H Wheaton, Skylar, 0J Yin, Jianping, 06 Zhong, Biao, 06 Zhou, Xuezhe, 0G Conference CommitteeSymposium Chairs
Program Track Chair Conference Chairs
Conference Program Committee
Session Chairs
IntroductionFor the last 8 years, this conference was named Laser Refrigeration of Solids. In this period, the field has witnessed steady growth and we are now standing at the dawn of a new era which promises prototypes of laser coolers for real world applications. While laser cooling remains the only viable solid-state cooler technology to reach cryogenic temperatures, the community of thermoelectrics has been rapidly advancing in parallel. The year 2016 marks the first year of this conference under a new name, “Optical and Electronic Cooling of Solids,” reflecting the fact that the meeting is expanding its coverage to include all solid-state bulk cooling technologies. We hope to see stronger interactions and development of device integration ideas between the two disciplines in the future. This year’s conference attracted an exciting collection of 25 invited, contributed, and poster talks showcasing advancements in the field, ranging from expanding scientific understanding of laser cooling and thermoelectrics to novel applications. The papers discussed novel results categorized in six sessions: Cryogenic Refrigeration in Rare-Earth-Doped Systems, Thermoelectric Coolers, Laser Cooling in Semiconductors, Novel Aspects in Optical Refrigeration I & II, and Applications and Device Concepts. The reported progress continued to expand the database of rare-earth doped cooling materials, in total comprised of ytterbium, thulium, erbium, holmium, and dysprosium active dopant ions in a variety of crystal and glass hosts, both in bulk and nanocrystal geometries. On the other hand, material science and advanced characterization methods have allowed for improvement of the quality of cooling solids to the point that operating temperatures of 90 Kelvin are now being reported by the University of New Mexico team. Liquid nitrogen temperatures may be within reach in the near future, and this progress motivates the multitude of advanced applications, ranging from basic science ones to space-borne sensor systems. Many of these applications were presented this year in a number of invited and contributed talks. At the beginning of the session on thermoelectric coolers, the attendees enjoyed a comprehensive introduction to the field of Peltier and spin-caloritronics coolers given by Prof. Heremans, followed by interesting talks discussing novel advances in the field. In parallel with the developments in cooling of insulator-based crystals, the field has witnessed active theoretical and experimental advances in optical refrigeration of semiconductors. First demonstrations of laser cooling of II-VI materials and record-breaking external quantum efficiency in III-V semiconductor heterostructures have marked milestone achievements in this direction a few years ago. This year’s meeting elaborated on new strategies for increasing performance in laser cooling of semiconductors together with development of advanced methods of high precision characterization of materials. Finally, we would like to take this opportunity to thank all members of the program committee and the SPIE staff for their help in organizing another very successful Optical and Electronic Cooling of Solids conference. Thanks to all the speakers, presenters, and participants for sharing their novel developments and new insights as well as active discussions, making 2016 another successful year for our conference. Richard I. Epstein Denis V. Seletskiy Mansoor Sheik-Bahae |
