This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9772, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee listing.

The American Institute for Manufacturing Integrated Photonics (AIM Photonics) is focused on developing an end-to-end integrated photonics ecosystem in the U.S., including domestic foundry access, integrated design tools, automated packaging, assembly and test, and workforce development. This paper describes how the institute has been structured to achieve these goals, with an emphasis on advancing the integrated photonics ecosystem. Additionally, it briefly highlights several of the technological development targets that have been identified to provide enabling advances in the manufacture and application of integrated photonics.

We present the latest progress on digital coherent optical transmission technologies and their prospects for deployment for broadband radio access, ultimately realizing a full-coherent integrated network. Recent advances in digital coherent optical transmission technologies have made it possible to utilize both the intensity and phase of an optical field, thus allowing seamless convergence with a wireless network. Such a system, which we term a full-coherent system, can offer substantial advantages in terms of transparency, cost, and bandwidth scalability for broadband radio access networks.

This paper reviews advances in sub-THz photonic frequency conversion using optoelectronic transistors for future fully coherent access network systems. Graphene-channel field effect transistors (G-FETs) and InP-based high electron mobility transistors (inP-HEMT) are experimentally examined as photonic frequency converters. Optoelectronic properties and three-terminal functionalities of the G-FETs and InP-HEMTs are exploited to perform single-chip photonic double-mixing operation over the 120 GHz wireless communication band. A single transistor can photomix the optical subcarriers to generate LO and mix down the RF data on the sub-THz carrier to the IF band.

We discuss new optical fibers for high data rate short reach systems in data center applications. We review first recent development in MMF to improve system performance including high bandwidth MMF, bend insensitive MMF and MMF optimized for high bandwidth at longer wavelengths of 1060 nm or 1310 nm. Then we present a new universal fiber that can be used for both multimode transmission at 850 nm and single mode transmission at 1310 nm for data centers. Finally, we present a promising solution for high density parallel optical data links by using space division multiplexing (SDM) over multicore fibers and few mode fibers.

40G BiDi is a commercial WDM transceiver with duplex LC connectivity for transmissions over multimode fibers. In this paper, we evaluate the transmission performance of 40G BiDi over OM4 fibers. We have carefully selected OM4 fibers with the lowest and highest peak wavelengths around 850 nm to evaluate the reach capability for 40G BiDi transmission. We demonstrated that the OM4 fiber with the lowest peak wavelength can transmit error free over 325 m while the OM4 fiber with the highest peak wavelength can transmit up to 350-390 m. In both cases, the maximum lengths are much longer than 150 m and 200 m specified for OM4 and wideband MMF transmissions, respectively. We also measured the transceiver encircled flux and found that it was tighter than the encircled flux standard, which may be a factor favoring long system reach at 900 nm.

Small silicon photonics micro-resonator modulators and filters hold the promise for multi-terabit per-second interconnects at energy consumptions well below 1 pJ/bit. To date, no products exist and little known commercial development is occurring using this technology. Why? In this talk, we review the many challenges that remain to be overcome in bringing this technology from the research labs to the field where they can overcome important commercial, industrial, and national security limitations of existing photonic technologies.

Communication traffic grows relentlessly in today’s networks, and with ever more machines connected to the network, this trend is set to continue for the foreseeable future. It is widely accepted that increasingly faster communications are required at the point of the end users, and consequently optical transmission plays a progressively greater role even in short- and medium-reach networks. Silicon photonic technologies are becoming increasingly attractive for such networks, due to their potential for low cost, energetically efficient, high-speed optical components. A representative example is the silicon-based optical modulator, which has been actively studied. Researchers have demonstrated silicon modulators in different types of structures, such as ring resonators or slow light based devices. These approaches have shown remarkably good performance in terms of modulation efficiency, however their operation could be severely affected by temperature drifts or fabrication errors. Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZM), on the other hand, show good performance and resilience to different environmental conditions. In this paper we present a CMOS-compatible compact silicon MZM. We study the application of the modulator to short-reach interconnects by realizing data modulation using some relevant advanced modulation formats, such as 4-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM-4) and Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) modulation and compare the performance of the different systems in transmission.

Radio-over-fiber has received renewed impetus due to various worldwide research initiatives in 5G. Here we will highlight recent developments at the device and integration level that are driving development of systems at various mmwave and sub-THz carriers, such as 30 GHz, 60 GHz and 120 GHz. Various device and circuit technologies will be reviewed in the framework of recent European projects. In addition, we will examine the outlook for monolithic and hybrid integration as a means of meeting size and power consumption requirements in picocell and femtocell applications.

Tremendous efforts have been developed for multi-Tbps over ultra-long distance and metro and access optical networks. With the exponential increase demand on data transmission, storage and serving, especially the 5G wireless access scenarios, the optical Internet networking has evolved to data-center based optical networks pressuring on novel and economical access transmission systems. This paper reports (1) Experimental platforms and transmission techniques employing band-limited optical components operating at 10G for 100G based at 28G baud. Advanced modulation formats such as PAM-4, DMT, duo-binary etc are reported and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed so as to achieve multi-Tbps optical transmission systems for access inter- and intra- data-centered-based networks; (2) Integrated multi-Tbps combining comb laser sources and micro-ring modulators meeting the required performance for access systems are reported. Ten-sub-carrier quantum dot com lasers are employed in association with wideband optical intensity modulators to demonstrate the feasibility of such sources and integrated micro-ring modulators acting as a combined function of demultiplexing/multiplexing and modulation, hence compactness and economy scale. Under the use of multi-level modulation and direct detection at 56 GBd an aggregate of higher than 2Tbps and even 3Tbps can be achieved by interleaved two comb lasers of 16 sub-carrier lines; (3) Finally the fundamental designs of ultra-compacts flexible filters and switching integrated components based on Si photonics for multi Tera-bps active interconnection are presented. Experimental results on multi-channels transmissions and performances of optical switching matrices and effects on that of data channels are proposed.

One of polarization diversity techniques in offset-frequency-spaced two-tone optical coherent transmission of radio-over-fiber signal is investigated. As the polarization diversity, successful combination of quadrature-phase-shift-keying constellations recovered from two orthogonal polarization components after a 20-km fiber-optic transmission is experimentally demonstrated.

A seamless combination of fiber and millimeter-wave (MMW) systems can be very attractive for future heterogeneous mobile networks such as 5G because of its flexibility and high bandwidth. Analog mobile signal transmission over seamless fiber-MMW systems is very promising to reduce the latency and the required band-width, and to simplify the systems. However, stable and high-performance seamless systems are indispensable to conserve the quality of the analog signal transmission. In this paper, we present several technologies to develop such seamless fiber-MMW systems. In the downlink direction, a high-performance system can be realized using a high-quality optical MMW signal generator and a self-homodyne MMW signal detector. In the uplink direction, a cascade of radio-on-radio and radio-over-fiber systems using a burst-mode optical amplifier can support bursty radio signal transmission. A full-duplex transmission with negligible interference effects can be realized using frequency multiplexing in the radio link and wavelength-division multiplexing in the optical link. A high-spectral efficiency MMW-over-fiber system using an intermediate frequency-over-fiber system and a high-quality remote delivery of a local oscillator signal is highly desirable to reduce the costs.

The effects of in-phase/quadrature-phase (IQ) imbalances are evaluated with a direct IQ down-converter in the W-band (75–110 GHz). The IQ imbalance of the converter is measured within a range of ±10 degrees in an intermediate frequency of DC–26.5 GHz. 1–8-G-baud quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signals are transmitted successfully with observed bit error rates within a forward error correction limit of 2×10^-3 using radio over fiber (RoF) techniques. The direct down-conversion technique is applicable to next-generation high-speed wireless access communication systems in the millimeter-wave band.

Small-cell and cloud-RAN systems along with the use of the millimeter-wave band have been considered as promising solutions to meet the capacity demand of the future wireless access networks. Radio over Multimode fibers (RoMMF) can play a role in the integrated optical-wireless access systems for next-generation wireless communications, mainly in within-building environments. The numerical results show the effectiveness of MMF to transmit at 60 GHz band with 7- GHz bandwidth for different link lengths and refractive index profiles under restricted mode launching and using narrow linewidth sources. The integration with optically powered remote antenna units is also proposed based on the large core effective area of MMF. Temperature impairments and graded index plastic optical fiber transmission are also discussed.

Under the exponential increase demand by the emerging 5G wireless access networking and thus data-center based Internet, novel and economical transport of RF channels to and from wireless access systems. This paper presents the transport technologies of RF channels over the analog and digital domain so as to meet the demands of the transport capacity reaching multi-Tbps, in the followings: (i) The convergence of 5G broadband wireless and optical networks and its demands on capacity delivery and network structures; (ii) Analog optical technologies for delivery of both the information and RF carriers to and from multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna sites so as to control the beam steering of MIMO antenna in the mmW at either 28.6 GHz and 56.8 GHz RF carrier and delivery of channels of aggregate capacity reaching several Tbps; (ii) Transceiver employing advanced digital modulation formats and digital signal processing (DSP) so as to provide 100G and beyond transmission rate to meet the ultra-high capacity demands with flexible spectral grids, hence pay-on-demand services. The interplay between DSP-based and analog transport techniques is examined; (iii) Transport technologies for 5G cloud access networks and associate modulation and digital processing techniques for capacity efficiency; and (iv) Finally the integrated optic technologies with novel lasers, comb generators and simultaneous dual function photonic devices for both demultiplexing/multiplexing and modulation are proposed, hence a system on chip structure can be structured. Quantum dot lasers and matrixes of micro ring resonators are integrated on the same Si-on-Silica substrate are proposed and described.

This work reports the first demonstration of spectrally efficient frequency division multiplexed (SEFDM) signal transmission based on mm-wave radio over fiber (RoF) technology. Such systems aim to satisfy the beyond 4G (5G) demands of low cost, low energy, millimeter-wave carrier frequencies and high spectral efficiency. The proposed radio over fiber topology, using passive optical network (PON) infrastructure and low-cost multimode fiber (MMF), is analyzed and a proof-of-concept SEFDM radio over 250m OM-1 MMF transmission with a 3m 60GHz wireless link is successfully demonstrated. Different systems are demonstrated, at raw data rates up to 3.7 Gb/s, showing SEFDM spectrum saving up to 40% relative to OFDM.

While development of science and technology has built up the sophisticated civilized society, it has also resulted in quite a few disadvantages in global environment and human society. The common recognition has been increasingly shared worldwide on sustainable development society attaching greater importance to the symbiotic relationship with nature and social ethics. After the East Japan Great Earthquake, it is indispensable for sustainable social development to enhance capacity of resistance and restoration of society against natural disaster, so called "resilient society".

Our society consists of various Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) that make up the physical systems by fusing with an Information Communication Technology (ICT). We describe the proposed structure of CPS in order to realize resilient society. The configuration of resilient CPS consisting of ICT and physical system is discussed to introduce "autonomous, distributed, and cooperative" structure, where subsystems of ICT and physical system are simultaneously coordinated and cooperated with Business Continuity Planning (BCP) engine, respectively. We show the disaster response information system and energy network as examples of BCP engine and resilient CPS, respectively. We also propose the structure and key technology of resilient ICT.

We propose a Y-configuration power router as a unit cell to easily construct a power delivery system that can meet many types of user requirements. The Y-configuration power router controls the direction and magnitude of power flow among three ports regardless of DC and AC. We constructed a prototype three-way isolated DC/DC converter that is the core unit of the Y-configuration power router and tested the power flow control operation. Experimental results revealed that our methodology based on the governing equation was appropriate for the power flow control of the three-way DC/DC converter. In addition, the hexagonal distribution network composed of the power routers has the ability to easily interchange electric power between autonomous microgrid cells. We also explored the requirements for communication between energy routers to achieve dynamic adjustments of energy flow in a coordinated manner and its impact on resilient power grid systems.

We propose a blind adaptive post-processing method to reduce nonlinear distortion in multiband radio over fiber (RoF) transmission. Mitigating nonlinear distortion has been a critical challenge to enhance signal quality in RoF system due to analog optical transmission. To keep up with explosive increase in number of mobiles and their data capacity demands, remote antenna unit (RAU) has to be widely and densely distributed with RoF system. Consequently, RAU should be simple and compensation should be fully processed in central office (CO). In optical uplink transmission of RoF system, post-processing of distortion mitigation will be effective. In this paper, we propose post compensation structure constructed by means of Hammerstein equalizer without inserting preamble. Specifically, Hammerstein equalizer, which is separated into linear and nonlinear parts, was used to compensate both linear and nonlinear distortion of RoF system. The filter coefficients were updated adaptively by using LMS algorithm to adjust variable channel environments. In our experiment, multiband OFDM signal, which is LTE standard according to 3GPP, was optically transmitted through RoF channel. Experimental demonstration for the improvement of EVM performance with proposed post-processing was verified.

This paper reports the experimental demonstration of a multicore fiber (MCF) system employing space-division multiplexing for the combined transmission of radio-over-fiber full-standard LTE-Advanced and WiMAX signals in a 4-core MCF optical fronthaul on a PON access network. Combining MCF fronthaul and PON access with RoF transmission enables the simultaneous transmission of downstream and upstream services in different cores. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a MCF fronthaul system providing combined fully-standard LTE-A and WiMAX signals using radio-over-fiber (RoF) transmission in a 4-core MCF media. The impact of the inter-core crosstalk in RoF transmissions is also evaluated and we studied the possibility of mitigating the crosstalk impairments with MIMO processing. The experimental performance of the PON access overlay employing optical polarization multiplexing is also reported.

We achieve several field trial demonstrations of ultra-wideband W-band millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signal generation and its long-distance air space transmission based on some enabling technologies and advanced devices. First, we demonstrated photonics generation and up to 1.7-km wireless delivery of 20-Gb/s polarization division multiplexing quadrature phase shift keying (PDM-QPSK) signal at W-band, adopting both optical and antenna polarization multiplexing. Then, we demonstrated photonics generation and up to 300-m wireless delivery of 80-Gb/s PDM-QPSK signal at W-band, adopting both optical and antenna polarization multiplexing as well as multi-band multiplexing. We also demonstrated photonics generation and up to 100-m wireless delivery of 100-Gb/s QPSK signal at W-band, adopting antenna polarization multiplexing.

Optical transmission in multi-core optical media has the potential of great capacity and scalability for current and future optical networks. Optical fronthaul networks are expected to employ relatively high optical intensity levels when a large number of cores are connected to a large number of antennas. In this paper, the crosstalk characteristics of multi-core fiber operating in non-linear regime are identified, indicating advantageous performance in optical fronthaul radio-overfiber transmission. The nonlinear coupled-mode and coupled-power theories are revisited to demonstrate theoretically that the underlying Kerr effect mismatches the phase constant of the core modes reducing the mean and variance of the crosstalk when nonlinear regime is employed. This theoretical analysis is validated experimentally in this work using a homogeneous 4-core optical fiber in radio-over-fiber transmission for LTE fronthaul applications. In addition, the impact of the linear and nonlinear inter-core crosstalk in the error vector magnitude (EVM) is evaluated with the optical transmission of fully-standard LTE-Advanced signals using MIMO and SISO configurations operating in both linear and nonlinear power regimes.

Recently, free-space optical (FSO) systems have generated great interest due to their large bandwidth potential and a line-of-sight physical layer of protection. In this paper, we propose WiFO, a novel hybrid system, FSO downlink and WiFi uplink, which will integrate currently available WiFi infrastructure with inexpensive infrared light emitting diodes. This system takes full advantage of the mobility inherent in WiFi networks while increasing the downlink bandwidth available to each end user. We report the results of our preliminary investigation that show the capabilities of our prototype design in terms of bandwidth, bit error rates, delays and transmission distances.

Fibre-to-the-home deployment is enabling ultra-high speed communications to reach the end-user in many cities. Most users would like to access this capacity using wireless devices. However, available wireless technologies can handle data rates often many orders of magnitude slower than those potentially offered by the fibre infrastructure. This paper describes an optical wireless architecture that bridges this gap by using the light directly from the fibre to create an indoor point-to-multipoint transparent distribution system. The approach is all optical, thus inherently independent of the data-rate and modulation formats. A holographic beamsteering device is used to direct narrow 1550 nm beams to the receivers' locations. Specifically, a spatial light modulator (SLM), assisted by angle magnification optics allowed for a ±30° field-of-view coverage in both the horizontal and vertical directions. In this work we experimentally study two different methods to generate the point-to-multipoint capability: spatial division of the SLM in independent phaseprogrammable regions and the Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) multipoint hologram generation algorithm. These methods were compared for a 2-beam beamsteering system at a range of ~ 2 meters. Results show that the spatial division approach creates more stable links with higher optical margins. However, the GS-based steering offers a more scalable solution for a point-to-multipoint architecture that addresses a large number of end-users.

Free space optical (FSO) communication has been receiving increasing attention in recent years with its ability to achieve ultra-high data rates over unlicensed optical spectrum. A major performance limiting factor in FSO systems is atmospheric turbulence which severely degrades the system performance. To address this issue, multiple transmit and/or receive apertures can be employed, and the performance can be improved via diversity gain. In this paper, we investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance of FSO systems with transmit diversity or receive diversity with equal gain combining (EGC) over atmospheric turbulence channels described by the Double Generalized Gamma (Double GG) distribution. The Double GG distribution, recently proposed, generalizes many existing turbulence models in a closed-form expression and covers all turbulence conditions. Since the distribution function of a sum of Double GG random variables (RVs) appears in BER expression, we first derive a closed-form upper bound for the distribution of the sum of Double GG distributed RVs. A novel union upper bound for the average BER as well as corresponding asymptotic expression is then derived and evaluated in terms of Meijers G-functions.

Wavelength tunable optical transmitter is an essential component for the newly standardized time and wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (TWDM-PON), where tunable ONU with 10Gb/s bit rate is desired to provide 40Gb/s symmetric bandwidth. In this paper, a novel wavelength tunable optical transmitter is proposed by reusing legacy low speed multi-mode Fabry-Perot laser and connecting it with an integrated photonic chip with two coupled micro-ring resonators to generate a tunable single mode signal based on Vernier effect for 10Gb/s high speed modulation, which makes it as a promising solution for colorless ONU in future symmetric TWDM-PON.

Detailed numerical investigation of self-seeded colorless ONU transmitter using quantum dot (QD) SOA as the intensity modulator for symmetric 40 Gb/s TWDM-PON has been developed. It is shown that the QD SOA-based intensity modulator is able to support 10 Gb/s OOK upstream signal transmission with an optical extinction ratio of over 10 dB. Chromatic dispersion compensation free of 20 km passive transmission has been achieved for error free reception. Moreover, the system performance and power budget have been analyzed and discussed for different transmission distance and split ratio.

With the development of location based services (LBS), indoor positioning has been a popular research topic in recent years. Since global positioning system (GPS) signal suffers from severe attenuation when penetrating through solid walls, other alternatives are proposed to realize indoor positioning. Visible light communication (VLC) systems offer a practical solution. Light emitting diode (LED) is able to be modulated in high speed as a transmitter, and a photodiode (PD) is commonly a receiver to detect the optical signal strength. In VLC based indoor positioning system, LEDs are applied for both positioning and illumination purposes so that infrastructure cost and power consumption are decreased. In addition, light positioning system provides other advantages such as no electromagnetic interference and better immunity against multipath reflections. Several methods are proposed to realize indoor positioning, such as triangulation, scene analysis and proximity, which are also applicable for a VLC based system. In prior works, the height of receiver is known so that the coordinates on the horizontal plane can be calculated. In this paper, the proposed method includes two stages: the height is presumed in the prediction stage and nonlinear estimation is applied in the correction stage to realize three dimensional coordinate estimation.

In passive optical network (PON), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been studied actively due to its advantages such as high spectra efficiency (SE), dynamic resource allocation in time or frequency domain, and dispersion robustness. However, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)-PON requires tight synchronization among multiple access signals. If not, frequency orthogonality could not be maintained. Also its sidelobe causes inter-channel interference (ICI) to adjacent channel. To prevent ICI caused by high sidelobes, guard band (GB) is usually used which degrades SE. Thus, OFDMA-PON is not suitable for asynchronous uplink transmission in optical access network. In this paper, we propose intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) based universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) PON for asynchronous multiple access. The UFMC uses subband filtering to subsets of subcarriers. Since it reduces sidelobe of each subband by applying subband filtering, it could achieve better performance compared to OFDM. For the experimental demonstration, different sample delay was applied to subbands to implement asynchronous transmission condition. As a result, time synchronization robustness of UFMC was verified in asynchronous multiple access system.

In this paper, we analyze the guided properties of liquid core optical fibers for fiber-to-thehome application. Fiber to the Home is advance technology to give unlimited bandwidth and high speed broadband network for communication. Fiber to the Home technology refers to the installation and use of bend insensitive optical fiber cables. The liquid core optical fiber has a simple core and cladding structure. This fiber achieves high relative refractive index difference among the core and cladding is proving to be bending insensitive. The single mode condition and the group velocity dispersion, mode field diameter and the bending loss of single mode fiber are studied theoretically. Compare with traditional silica optical fiber. Liquid core optical fiber has much smaller bending loss of than traditional silica fibers. Liquid core optical fiber shows unique properties, such as more confided guided mode, low bending loss and large non linear parameters in the visible and infrared region. This type of fiber used in fiber -to-the-home applications, Broadband network and also for sensing applications.