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Surface plasmons in graphene possess stronger mode confinement and lower propagation loss. One way to excite the surface plasmons is placing a periodic array of graphene nano-ribbons on top of a dielectric substrate. However once the system is fabricated it is not possible to change its optical properties. Liquid crystals (LC) are a uniaxial medium with an optical axis easily controlled by external stimuli. We suggest tuning the surface plasmons in an array of graphene ribbons by placing a LC slab on top of the ribbons. A voltage applied to the LC layer shifts the graphene ribbons plasmonic notch and changes its depth.
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Viktor Yu. Reshetnyak, Timothy J. Bunning, Dean R. Evans, "Tuning surface plasmons in graphene ribbons with liquid crystal layer," Proc. SPIE 9940, Liquid Crystals XX, 994019 (23 September 2016); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2237264