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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Iftekharuddin, Khan M. (Khan Mohammad), 1966- Field guide to image processing / Khan M. Iftekharuddin, Abdul A. Awwal. p. cm. – (Field field guides; FG25) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8194-9021-6 1. Image processing. 2. Image compression. I. Awwal Abdul A. S. II. Title. TA1637.I34 2012 621.367--dc23 2012001596 Published by SPIE P.O. Box 10 Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Phone: +1.360.676.3290 Fax: +1.360.647.1445 Email: books@spie.org Web: http://spie.org The content of this book reflects the work and thought of the author. Every effort has been made to publish reliable and accurate information herein, but the publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. For the latest updates about this title, please visit the book's page on our website. Printed in the United States of America. First printing
Introduction to the SeriesWelcome to the SPIE Field Guides—a series of publications written directly for the practicing engineer or scientist. Many textbooks and professional reference books cover optical principles and techniques in depth. The aim of the SPIE Field Guides is to distill this information, providing readers with a handy desk or briefcase reference that provides basic, essential information about optical principles, techniques, or phenomena, including definitions and descriptions, key equations, illustrations, application examples, design considerations, and additional resources. A significant effort will be made to provide a consistent notation and style between volumes in the series. Each SPIE Field Guide addresses a major field of optical science and technology. The concept of these Field Guides is a format-intensive presentation based on figures and equations supplemented by concise explanations. In most cases, this modular approach places a single topic on a page, and provides full coverage of that topic on that page. Highlights, insights, and rules of thumb are displayed in sidebars to the main text. The appendices at the end of each Field Guide provide additional information such as related material outside the main scope of the volume, key mathematical relationships, and alternative methods. While complete in their coverage, the concise presentation may not be appropriate for those new to the field. The SPIE Field Guides are intended to be living documents. The modular page-based presentation format allows them to be easily updated and expanded. We are interested in your suggestions for new Field Guide topics as well as what material should be added to an individual volume to make these Field Guides more useful to you. Please contact us at fieldguides@SPIE.org. John E. Greivenkamp,Series Editor College of Optical Sciences The University of Arizona The Field Guide SeriesKeep information at your fingertips with all of the titles in the Field Guide Series: Adaptive Optics, Robert Tyson & Benjamin Frazier Atmospheric Optics, Larry Andrews Binoculars and Scopes, Paul Yoder, Jr. & Daniel Vukobratovich Diffractive Optics, Yakov Soskind Geometrical Optics, John Greivenkamp Illumination, Angelo Arecchi, Tahar Messadi, & John Koshel Image Processing, Khan Iftekharuddin & Abdul Awwal Infrared Systems, Detectors, and FPAs, Second Edition, Arnold Daniels Interferometric Optical Testing, Eric Goodwin & Jim Wyant Laser Pulse Generation, Rüdiger Paschotta Lasers, Rüdiger Paschotta Microscopy, Tomasz Tkaczyk Optical Fabrication, Ray Williamson Optical Fiber Technology, Rüdiger Paschotta Optical Lithography, Chris Mack Optical Thin Films, Ronald Willey Polarization, Edward Collett Probability, Random Processes, and Random Data Analysis, Larry Andrews & Ronald Phillips Radiometry, Barbara Grant Special Functions for Engineers, Larry Andrews Spectroscopy, David Ball Visual and Ophthalmic Optics, Jim Schwiegerling Wave Optics, Dan Smith Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic OpticsImage-processing specialists use concepts and tools to solve practical problems. Some of these tools are linear, while others are nonlinear. The specialist develops a recipe for solving this problem by combining various tools in different sequences. To solve a given problem, one recipe may call for image preprocessing followed by feature extraction and finally object recognition. Another recipe may skip the preprocessing and feature extraction, and instead perform the recognition directly using a matched filter on the raw image data. Once a recipe is selected, it may require a number of parameters, that, depending on the practical constraint, may need to be optimized to obtain the best result given the image quality, dimension, or content. In this Field Guide, we introduce a set of basic image-processing concepts and tools: image transforms and spatial domain filtering; point processing techniques; the Fourier transform and its properties and applications; image morphology; the wavelet transform; and image compression and data redundancy techniques. From these discussions, readers can gain an understanding of how to apply these various tools to image-processing problems. However, true mastery is only gained when one has an opportunity to work with some of these tools. We acknowledge our gratitude to our family members and parents for giving us the opportunity to work on this book. In particular, Dr. Iftekharuddin would like thank Tasnim and Labib for their constant support, and parents Muhammad Azharuddin and Khaleda Khanam for their encouragement; Dr. Awwal would like to thank Syeda, Ibrahim, and Maryam for their constant support, and parents Mohammad Awwal and Saleha Khatoon for their encouragement. Khan Iftekharuddin Old Dominion University Abdul Awwal Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Table of ContentsGlossary of Symbols and Notation ix Image-Processing Basics 1 Image Processing Overview 1 Random Signals 2 General Image-Processing System 3 Simple Image Model 4 Sampling and Quantization 5 Spatial-Domain Filtering 6 Image Transforms 6 Image Scaling and Rotation 7 Point Processing 8 Spatial-Domain Convolution Filters 9 Convolution 10 Linear Filters 11 Gradient Filters 13 Histogram Processing 15 Frequency-Domain Filtering 17 The Fourier Transform 17 Discrete Fourier Transform 18 Properties of the Fourier Transform 19 Convolution and Correlation in the Fourier Domain 20 More Properties of the Fourier Transform 21 Spectral Density 22 Properties of the Discrete Fourier Transform 23 Discrete Correlation and Convolution 26 Circular Convolution and Zero Padding 27 Matched Filtering 28 Filtering with the Fourier Transform 29 Low-Pass and High-Pass Filtering 30 Sampling 31 Spectrum of a Sampled Signal 32 More Sampling 33 Spectrum of a Finite Periodic Signal 34 Image Restoration 36 Image Restoration 36 Linear Space-Invariant Degradation 37 Discrete Formulation 38 Algebraic Restoration 39 Motion Blur 40 Inverse Filtering 42 Weiner Least-Squares Filtering 43 Segmentation and Clustering 44 Image Segmentation and Clustering 44 Hough Transform 46 Clustering 48 Image Morphology 50 Erosion and Dilation 50 Opening and Closing 52 Hit-or-Miss Transform 53 Thinning 54 Skeletonization 55 Gray-Level Morphology 56 Training a Structuring Element 57 Time-Frequency-Domain Processing 58 Wavelet Transform 58 Types of Fourier Transforms 59 Wavelet Basis 60 Continuous Wavelet Transform 61 Wavelet Series Expansion 62 Discrete Wavelet Transform 63 Subband Coding 64 Mirror Filter and Scaling Vector 65 Wavelet Vector and 1D DWT Computation 66 2D Discrete Wavelet Transform 67 Image Compression 69 Data Redundancy 69 Error-Free Compression 70 Spatial Redundancy 71 Differential Encoding Example 72 Block Truncation Coding: Lossy Compression 73 Discrete Cosine Transform 74 JPEG Compression 75 Equation Summary 76 Biography 81 Index 82 Glossary of Symbols and NotationC Ψ Admissibility condition e p, q (t) Windowed Fourier transform Erosion Dilation F Fourier transform operator f(k) 1D discrete signal Correlation operation F n Fourier series expansion F(n) Discrete Fourier transform of 1D signal F(u, v) Fourier-transformed image Convolution operation f(x, y) Image Restored (approximate) image G(n, m) Discrete Fourier transform of 2D signal H Degradation model H −1 Inverse filter H(u, v) 2D filter in the frequency domain h(x, y) 2D filter (transfer function) in the spatial domain I Intensity Hit-and-miss transform i(x, y) Illumination L Grayscale m Degraded image n(x, y) 2D noise in spatial domain p x, y (x, y) Probability density function (PDF) R Regions rect(x/a) rect function R f f (x, y) Autocorrelation R f g (x, y) Cross-correlation r(x, y) Reflectance sinc(a u) sinc function T Transformation matrix W f (a, b) Wavelet transform δ m, n 2D discrete Kronecker delta δ(t) Delta function μ Mean σ Standard deviation Φ(t) 1D scaling vector Ψ a, b (x) Wavelet basis function Ψ(t) 1D wavelet vector |
CITATIONS
Image processing
Image compression
Image filtering
Linear filtering
Electronic filtering
Filtering (signal processing)
Optical filters
