Laser Safety in the Lab

Author(s): Ken Barat

Published: 2012

https://doi.org/10.1117/3.903373

PDF ISBN: 9780819488206 | Print ISBN: 9780819488190

DESCRIPTION

There is no more challenging setting for laser use than a research environment. In almost every other setting the laser controls count on engineering controls, and human exposure is kept to a minimum. In research, however, the user often manipulates the optical layout and thereby places him or herself in peril, but this does not mean that accidents and injury are unavoidable. On the contrary, laser accidents can be avoided by following a number of simple approaches. Laser Safety in the Lab provides the laser user and laser safety officer with practical guidelines from housekeeping to eyewear to on-the-job training.

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Front Matter

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CHAPTER 1.

Hazard Classification

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1.1 Introduction
1.2 Hazard Classes

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CHAPTER 2.

Regulatory Landscape

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2.1 Introduction
2.2 Manufacturer Rules
2.2.1 FDA/Center for Devices and Radiological Health
2.2.2 International Electrotechnical Commission
2.3 User Regulations and Guidance
2.3.1 Occupational and Safety Health Administration
2.3.2 Federal Aviation Administration
2.4 State Regulations
2.4.1 List of U.S. states that have laser regulatory programs
2.5 User Standards
2.6 Export Controls

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CHAPTER 3.

The Laser Safety Officer

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3.1 Laser Safety Officer/Laser Safety Advisor
3.2 LSO Duties
3.2.1 Delegation of LSO responsibilities
3.3 Laser Safety Committee
3.4 Management Responsibility for Laser Safety
3.5 Laser Safety Program

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CHAPTER 4.

Biological Effects

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4.1 Introduction
4.2 Exposure Type
4.3 Exposures to the Eye
4.3.1 Anatomy and optics of the human eye
4.3.2 Aversion response
4.3.3 Dazzle/startle effects
4.3.4 Wavelength-dependent biological effects
4.4 Damage Mechanisms
4.4.1 Photomechanical/Acoustic damage
4.4.2 Photoablation
4.4.3 Thermal damage
4.4.4 Photochemical damage
4.4.5 Effect of low-power visible beams
4.4.6 Extended and point sources
4.5 Laser-Radiation Effects on Skin
4.5.1 Epidermis
4.5.2 Dermis
4.5.3 Subcutaneous tissue
4.6 Skin Injury
4.7 Nominal Hazard Zone
4.8 Specular Reflection Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance
4.9 The Effect of Optical Viewing Instruments
4.9.1 Normal light
4.9.2 Laser light
Further Reading

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CHAPTER 5.

Hazard Evaluation by LSO or User Self-Assessment

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5.1 Hazard Evaluation
5.2 Designing a Laser Lab/Experimental Setup

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CHAPTER 6.

Laser Program Elements and Laser Controls

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6.1 Laser Program Elements
6.2 Engineering Controls
6.3 Administrative Controls
6.4 On-the-Job Training (OJT)
6.5 Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
6.6 Beam Alignment Procedures
6.7 Class 3B and Class 4 Indoor Laser-Controlled Area
6.8 Guidance for Laser-Lab Visitors
6.9 Laser Lessons-Learned Program
6.10 Event Description
6.10.1 Corrective actions
6.11 Laser Disposal
6.11.1 Laser-related waste

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CHAPTER 7.

Protective Eyewear

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7.1 Introduction
7.2 Eyewear Requirements
7.3 Considerations in Choosing Laser-Protective Eyewear
7.4 Comfort and Fit
7.5 Optical Density
7.6 Optical Density Time-Basis Criteria
7.7 Visible Luminous Transmission (VLT)
7.8 Identification of Eyewear
7.9 Cleaning and Inspection
7.10 Ultrafast Lasers
7.11 Alignment Eyewear
7.11.1 Factors in selecting alignment eyewear
7.12 Eyewear Use with High-Power Lasers (High-Power, Multikilowatt Laser Beams)
7.13 Other Factors

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CHAPTER 8.

Special Lasers and Applications

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8.1 Fiber Optic Safety
8.1.1 Diodes
8.2 Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscope
8.3 Outdoor Laser Safety
8.3.1 Outdoor control measures
8.4 Laser Pointers and Handheld Lasers
8.4.1 User beware: examples
8.4.2 Traditional types of laser pointers
8.4.3 New generation of handheld laser
References

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CHAPTER 9.

Nonbeam Hazards

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CHAPTER 10.

Life in the Laser Lab: Rules for Working in the Laser Lab

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10.1 Prior to Starting Work
10.2 Work Like a Laser Guru
10.3 Indirect Laser Beam Viewing Tools
10.3.1 Laminated IR-viewing cards
10.3.2 IR viewers
10.3.3 CCD/webcam
10.3.4 Beam blocks
10.3.5 Unsecured beam blocks
10.3.6 Plastic laser enclosures
10.3.7 Solid plastic barriers
10.3.8 Metal laser enclosures
10.3.9 Laser curtains
10.4 Optics on Your Table
10.4.1 Check for movement
10.4.2 Secure optics
10.4.3 Keep optics clean
10.4.4 Transporting the beam a “long distance”
10.4.5 Dropping and picking up items from the floor
10.4.6 Optical mounts
10.5 Know Your Optics
10.5.1 Cleaning optics

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CHAPTER 11.

Laser Accidents

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11.1 Introduction
11.2 Suspected Laser Injury
11.3 A Few Case Histories
11.4 The Perceived Incident

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CHAPTER 12.

Building a Laser Safety Culture

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12.1 Introduction
12.2 Management Tone
12.3 Institutional Training
12.3.1 Lessons-learned class
12.3.2 On-the-job training (mentoring)
12.3.3 Administrative controls
12.3.4 Institutional assurance
12.3.5 User actions (step back, housekeeping)

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CHAPTER 13.

Lay of the Lab: Hints for Designing Your Laser Lab

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13.1 Checklist
13.2 Further Examples

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