Optical Thin Films: User Handbook

Author(s): James D. Rancourt

Published: 1996

PDF ISBN: 9780819480446 | Print ISBN: 9780819465092

DESCRIPTION

Practical, user-oriented reference for engineers who must incorporate and specify coatings for filters, antiglare effects, polarization, or other purposes in optical or electro-optical systems design. It focuses on preparation techniques and characteristics of commercially available products and provides information needed to determine what type of filter is needed to solve a particular problem, what its limitations are, and how to care for it.

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Front Matter

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CHAPTER 1.

Introduction to Optical Thin Films

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1.1. Interference of Light
1.1.1. Coherent Addition of Amplitudes
1.1.2. Layer Thickness Specifications
1.1.3. Nomenclature
1.1.4. Index of Refraction and Dispersion
1.1.5. Absorbing and Nonabsorbing Filters
1.2. Spectral Ranges and Materials Section
1.3. Angle of Incidence Effects
1.3.1. Snell's Law
1.3.2. Optical Invariant
1.3.3. Critical Angle
1.3.4. Polarization
1.3.5. Brewster's Angle
1.3.6. Effective Indices
1.3.7. Birefringence and Differential Phase Shift Coatings
1.3.8. Steep Surfaces

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CHAPTER 2.

Deposition Technology

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2.1. Coating Processes
2.1.1. Vacuum Evaporation
2.1.2. Sputtering
2.1.3. Flash Evaporation
2.1.4. Nonvacuum Processes
2.1.5. Process Conditions
2.1.6. Coating Time
2.2. Coating Parameters
2.2.1. Source Characteristics
2.2.2. Deposition Environment
2.2.3. Nucleation and Growth
2.2.4. Rate and Thickness Monitoring
2.2.5. Sticking Coefficient
2.3. Coating Equipment
2.3.1. Size of Coating Chamber
2.3.2. Chamber Geometry and Process Considerations
2.3.3. Substrate Rotation for Coating Uniformity
2.3.4. Jigging and Substrate Support
2.3.5. Temperature Related Substrate Degradation
2.4. Stress Effects
2.5. Substrate Cleaning
2.5.1. Contacting Cleaning
2.5.2. Ultrasonic Cleaning
2.5.3. High Pressure Sprays
2.5.4. Drying
2.5.5. In Situ Processes

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CHAPTER 3.

Performance of Optical Filters

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3.1. Reflectance, Transmittance, and Absorption
3.2. Absorption and Scattering
3.3. Blocking Ranges
3.4. Filters in Series: Incoherent Addition of Intensities
3.5. Standing Wave Electric Fields
3.6. Performance Shifts with Angle of Incidence
3.7. Other Parameters that Affect Performance
3.7.1. Water and Humidity
3.7.2. Temperature
3.7.3. Corrosion
3.8. Wavefront Distortions

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CHAPTER 4.

Design Types

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4.1. Antireflection Coatings
4.1.1. Single-Layer Designs
4.1.2. Narrow-Band AR Designs
4.1.3. Wide-Band AR Coatings
4.1.4. Superwide Infrared AR Coatings
4.2. High Reflection Designs
4.2.1. Metallic Reflectors
4.2.2. All Dielectric Designs
4.2.3. Enhanced Metallic Reflectors
4.3. Edge Filters
4.4. Bandpass Filters
4.4.1. Two Edge Filters in Series
4.4.2. Fabry—Perot Filter
4.4.3. Narrow-Band Dielectric Filters
4.4.4. Circular and Linear Variable Filters
4.4.5. Reflex or Phase Conjugate Filter
4.5 Beam Splitters
4.5.1. Wide-Band or Neutral Density Beam Splitters
4.5.2. Dichroic and Trichroic Filters
4.5.3. Filters for Use in Harmonic Generation Experiments
4.6 Other Filters
4.6.1. Dark Mirrors, Selective Absorbers, and Induced Absorbers
4.6.2. Solar Absorbers
4.6.3. Notch Filters
4.6.4. Transparent Conductive Coatings
4.6.5. Patterned Dielectric Coatings
4.6.6. Coatings for High-Power Laser Beam Reflectors
4.6.7. Color Correction Coatings
4.6.8. Switching Filters
4.6.9. Emissivity Control

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CHAPTER 5.

Filter Performance Measurements

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5.1 Spectrophotometers and Spectrophotometry
5.1.1. Reflectance Measurements
5.1.2. Beam Offset
5.1.3. Extra Surface Effects
5.1.4. Effect of the Refractive Index of the Incident Medium
5.1.5. Polarization
5.1.6. Measurement Cone
5.1.7. Nonspecular Samples
5.1.8. Nonplanar Surfaces
5.1.9. Sample Heating
5.1.10. Measuring Absorption by Calorimetry
5.1.11. Colorimetry
5.2 Environmental Performance and Measurements
5.2.1. Use of Witnesses in Environmental Testing
5.2.2. Adhesion Testing with Self-Adheshive Tape
5.2.3. Abrasion Testing
5.2.4. Humidity Exposure
5.2.5. Salt Fog Exposure
5.2.6. Other Tests
5.2.7. Cycled Temperature Testing
5.2.8. Combined (Sequential) Testing
5.2.9. When to Test
5.2.10. Formal Specifications
5.3 Aging
5.3.1. Shelf Life
5.3.2. Material Interactions and Interdiffusion
5.3.3. Biological Effects
5.4 Cosmetic and Other Visual Deficiencies
5.4.1. Sleeks, Digs, and Scratches
5.4.2. Blotches and Stains
5.4.3. Replication of Substrate Defects
5.4.4. Coating Voids and Other Defects
5.4.5. Cleaning Coated Parts
5.4.6. Coating Thickness Uniformity
5.4.7. Microscopic Examination
5.5. Inspection Lot Size

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CHAPTER 6.

Substrates and Materials

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6.1. Substrates in General
6.2. Substrate Types
6.2.1. Glasses
6.2.2. Plastics and Organic Substrates
6.2.3. Metals
6.3. Safety Glass
6.3.1. Lamination
6.3.2. Tempering
6.4. Substrate Specifications
6.5. Blocking Properties
6.6. Reststrahl Bands
6.7. Island Formation in Thin Films
6.8. Thermal Runaway in Semiconductors
6.9. Number of Materials in Multilayer Coatings
6.10. Toxicity

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CHAPTER 7.

Future Prospects

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7.1. Ion Beams
7.2. Nonvacuum Processes
7.3. Inhomogeneous Films
7.4. Codeposition
7.5. X-Ray Coatings
7.6. Equipment Advances - Automatic Coating Machines
7.7. Materials Research

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How to Specify Optical Filters

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Selected United States Military Specifications that Relate to Thin Film Optical Filters

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BASIC Program to Calculate Thin Film Filter Performance

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Back Matter

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