Whatever optical systems are, their design begins with the initial layout when the number of optical components, their types, and functions are determined. Particular thicknesses, shapes of surfaces, and powers may be considerably changed afterwards, but the number of components, their types and sequence remain the same and actually predetermine whether the required characteristics can or cannot be achieved. In order to successfully arrange the initial layout, which should ideally consist of the minimum number of optical elements, one should clearly realize the peculiarities and capabilities of each type of optical elements. This chapter will discuss such questions.
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