Optics of Diffractive and Gradient-Index Elements and Systems

Author(s): Grigoriy I. Greisukh, Sergei T. Bobrov, Sergei A. Stepanov

Published: 1997

PDF ISBN: 9781510637108 | Print ISBN: 9780819424518

DESCRIPTION

This book, originally published April 1st, 1997, has been republished as an eBook April 19th, 2022.

The use of diffractive and gradient-index (GRIN) lenses as components of imaging optical systems has been investigated for several decades. The elements have proved competitive in their unique focusing and aberration properties and in terms of their additional degrees of freedom for optical design. This book systematically examines the physical principles of diffractive and GRIN elements.

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Front Matter

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CHAPTER 1.

Introduction to Theory of Diffractive Elements

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1.1 Diffraction by infinitely thin structures
1.2 Focusing properties of diffractive lenses
1.3 Aberrations of infinitely thin optical elements
1.3.1 Aspheric refracting surface
1.3.2 Diffractive lens on an aspheric surface
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CHAPTER 2.

Introduction to Theory of Gradient-Index Elements

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2.1 Ray paths in inhomogeneous media
2.2 Focusing properties of inhomogeneous media
2.3 Paraxial optics of gradient-index singlets
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CHAPTER 3.

Ray Tracing and Estimation of Image Quality

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3.1 Ray tracing through hybrid optical systems
3.1.1 Tracing in homogeneous and inhomogeneous media
3.1.2 Intersection with a predetermined surface
3.1.3 Deflection by an infinitely thin optical element
3.1.4 Tracing through a diffractive corrector
3.2 Criteria of image evaluation in optical system design
3.2.1 Main functions and numerical criteria of point image evaluation
3.2.2 Image quality criteria based on a spot diagram
3.2.3 Analysis of correlation statistics of numerical criteria
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CHAPTER 4.

Aberration Calculations of Homogeneous Optical Systems

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4.1 Transformation of aberrations of propagating aberrated spherical waves
4.2 Calculation of wave-front aberrations
4.3 First-order chromatic aberrations
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CHAPTER 5.

Aberration Calculations oflnhomogeneous Optical Systems

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5.1 First-order chromatic aberrations
5.2 Third-order monochromatic aberrations
5.3 Higher-order aberrations. Pseudorays
5.3.1 Definitions and basic principles
5.3.2 A pseudoray in a medium confined by two spherical surfaces
5.3.3 Pseudoray deflection by an infinitely thin optical element
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CHAPTER 6.

Correction Capabilities of Optical Elements of Different Types

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6.1 Diffractive lens
6.1.1 Monochromatic aberrations
6.1.2 Effect of substrate
6.1.3 Chromatic variation of spherical aberration
6.2 Homogeneous refractive lens
6.2.1 Refracting surface
6.2.2 Thick lens
6.2.3 Thin lens
6.3 Gradient-index lens
6.3.1 Wood lens
6.3.2 Lens with spherical surfaces
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CHAPTER 7.

High-Resolution Objectives Using Diffractive Lenses

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7.1 Diffractive doublet
7.1.1 Third-order aberration-free design
7.1.2 Effect of substrates
7.1.3 Design with unit magnification
7.2 Front-to-back proportional and symmetric triplets
7.3 Shortened triplet
7.4 Triplet containing two aspherics
7.5 Fourier-transform objective
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CHAPTER 8.

Homogeneous Hybrid Optical Systems

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8.1 Aberration properties of simple objectives
8.1.1 Refractive-diffractive doublet
8.1.2 Front-to-back symmetric triplets
8.1.3 Correction of chromatic aberrations
8.2 Compensated refracting surface
8.2.1 Principles and analysis of aberrations
8.2.2 Imaging objectives using compensated surfaces
8.3 Objectives for optical disk systems
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CHAPTER 9.

Hybrid Objectives Using Gradient-Index Lenses

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9.1 Doublet including Smith lens
9.2 Design including a diffractive aspheric
9.3 Gradient-diffractive doublet
9.4 Front-to-back symmetric triplet
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CHAPTER 10.

Design of Diffractive Lenses from the Point of View of Their Fabrication

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10.1 Diffraction efficiency of surface-relief elements
10.1.1 Sawtooth relief (kinoform)
10.1.2 Stairstep relief
10.2 Design of a planar structure
10.3 Effects of manufacturing inaccuracies
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Back Matter

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