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1.IntroductionAn adaptive optics (AO) system is a complex system. Many uncertain factors exist in its model, such as time delay and gain of system. These uncertainties will reduce the performance, or even jeopardize its stability. In engineering, the stability is enhanced, more often than not, by either choosing conservative parameters for the classic integral controller or by stopping unit loops that fail to work. Due to this, the AO system stability is guaranteed at the heavy expense of its correction performance. Therefore, it is our hope to study a method that can ensure the stability of an AO system while maintaining its correction performance. Owing to its excellent capacity in tackling uncertainty, robust control was selected in our study. Up to now, some scholars have already done research on robust control applying to AO systems. Denis et al.1 designed the controller of an AO system with control and carried out some analysis as well as simulation. Frazier et al.2 adopted a multiplicative perturbation model to the modeling of the piezoelectric deformable mirror (DM) and verified the efficiency of control on test platform. Kim et al.3 reduced the model order by observing Hank singular values based on the observability and controllability of the plant model. Guesalaga et al.4 added a second-order filter in weighting function of sensitivity function in the design of controller, improving AO system antidisturbance ability at the price of the simplicity of the system. Xin and Caiwen5,6 introduced a new method to design an AO system controller based on mixed control, in a way that not only a smaller residual wavefront gradient tilt would be achieved, but also greater robust stability ensured. Most of those studies are emphasized on the performance of the AO system but neglected robust stability. In this paper, to deal with the uncertainty of time delay and gain, the multiplicative perturbation model was used modeling the system and then designing the controller with theory. Finally, the system’s stability and efficiency are analyzed by computer simulation. In Sec. 2, we describe the AO system with the multiplicative perturbation model. In Sec. 3, we design the controller with the theory. In Sec. 4, we analyze the frequency response of the sensitivity function and complementary sensitivity function. In Sec. 5, we give a simulation about an AO system to correct the atmospheric turbulences. Finally, the conclusions are stated in Sec. 6. 2.Principium and Model of AO SystemThe typical AO system in chronometer observation action is shown in Fig. 1. Light rays from natural guide star occur to phase aberration after being affected by atmospheric turbulences and enter the telescope system. The rays reach the DM by reflector (M1). After correction by DM, parts of the rays are reflected to the science camera for imaging by spectroscope, and other parts reach the wavefront sensor (WFS) via the spectroscope. Then, wavefront error signals are sent to the controller to compute control signals, which will be transmitted to control the DM’s work. The whole process forms a closed feedback control loop, which can eliminate aberration at real time and get a high-resolution image of the target star. Generally, an AO system is a typical multi-input multi-output system with cross coupling. But by applying decomposition techniques, it can be an equivalent of diagonal system. Once uncoupled, a single-input single-output controller can be applied to the uncoupled channels. Figure 2(a) shows signal flow diagram of the AO system including the WFS, time delay, controller, zero order holders (ZOH), and an actuator that contains high-voltage amplifier and DM. Figure 2(b) shows a simplified diagram of the AO system from the control sight, of which the WFS, time delay, ZOH, and actuator are included in the plant . is the aberration perturbation of the system, is the detector noise, is the wavefront error signal after correction, and is the compensate signal. Here, the continuous domain discretization method is adopted to design the controller. In Fig. 2(b), the plant can be depicted as follows: where is the transfer function of actuator, is the transfer function of ZOH, denotes the time delay, and is the transfer function of WFS. The plant model can be approximated to an inertia element in series with the time-delay element, i.e., where , , are the coefficients of gain, inertia, and time delay, respectively. According to multiplicative perturbation modeling method, can be separated into the linear part and the nonlinear part. It is depicted as follows: where denotes the nominal model description of the physical system, denotes the unmodeled dynamics, and denotes the weight function of the unmodeled dynamics, . must be satisfied the inequality as follows:Gain coefficient, inertia coefficient, and time-delay coefficient can be achieved via identifying measurements provided by a scanning vibrometer. Here, the inertia coefficient is equal to , the gain coefficient ranges from 0.7 to 1.3, and the time-delay coefficient is uncertain within . Nine models of under different states are built up by choosing and , shown in Table 1. Table 1Nine models under the different value of gain k and time delay τ.
The nominal model can be got by Pade approximation of , i.e., From inequality (4), the weighting function of uncertainty can be chosen in Eq. (6). The bode plot of the uncertainty and weighting function are shown in Fig. 3 by dashed line and solid line, respectively 3.Controller DesignThe standard configuration is shown in Fig. 4. The external inputs are denoted by . denotes the evaluating signals to be minimized/penalized that include both performance and robustness measures, is the vector of measurements available to the controller, and are the vectors of control signals. is called generalized plant or interconnected system. The objective is to find a stabilized controller to guarantee internal stability of the closed-loop system and at the meantime, to ensure that the norm of the closed-loop transfer function from to is less than a given positive number, i.e., where is the closed-loop transfer function from to , and is a constant. Usually, the robust index can be defined as by the following equation:From Fig. 2, the open-loop transfer function is Define the sensitivity function, control sensitivity function, and complementary sensitivity function by Eqs. (10)–(12), so the control sensitivity function is equal to the closed-loop transfer function: Then, the error signal and control signal can be obtained easily from Fig. 2 From Eqs. (13) and (14), limiting the magnitude of and can reduce the influence from both external aberration perturbation and detector noise over error signals. According to the small gain theorem, the smaller is, the better the system robust stability will be. Furthermore, energy consumed output control signals can be reduced by restricting the magnitude of , thus improving engineering efficiency. Therefore, it is usually the practice to limit simultaneously the magnitude of , , and in engineering. The block diagram of control of the AO system is shown in Fig. 5, in which the broken line contain the generalized plant . It is easy to know that where , the superscript T means matrix transpose and the evaluating signals Define asThen according to Eq. (7), the objective of control is to find a stabilized controller to make the closed-loop system internally stable and, in the meantime, to ensure that the norm of is less than a given positive number. That is to say Based on the generalized plant , the controller can be solved by the robust control toolbox of MATLAB.7 The weighting function is a low-pass filter to shape the sensitivity function . Then, is a high-pass filter that can minimize the error signals . The weighting function is a high-pass filter with a crossover frequency that approximately equals to the desired closed-loop bandwidth. It contributes to the robustness of the closed-loop system by minimizing the controller output. The weighting function is a high-pass filter to shape the complementary sensitivity function . So, is a low-pass filter that can restrain the high-frequency element of noise. An excellent controller can be designed by choosing the suitable weighting functions. 4.Performance of Controller4.1.IntegratorThe integrator controller is the simplest and the most common controller in an AO system. It is defined by where is the -transform operator and is the generally unity, unless a controller free from winding-up is desired. Parameter represents the gain of the loop and is adjusted according to noise and performance requirements. An optimal way to define this gain is proposed by Gendron and Lene.8 Figure 6 shows the curve of with the variance of , where Rms(err) means the RMS (root mean square) of error signals of integrator control system, and Rms(open) means the RMS (root mean square) of output signals of open-loop system. The trend of the value of is minus at first but gradually becomes bigger after the optimal value of . Here, when , , the system obtains the best performance. The robust index . Phase margins of nine different states are shown in Table 2. The phase margins decreases with the increase of the or , respectively.Table 2Phase margins of nine different states with integrator.
4.2.ControlFrom the former chapter, the weight functions of sensitivity function, control sensitivity function, and complementary sensitivity function can be chosen, respectively, as follows: Then, the controller can be solved as follows by the function mixsyn in the MATLAB robust control toolbox And the discrete controllerWith the necessary weights selected above, the control design algorithm provides a controller with a performance index . Therefore, the system with controller has a better robustness than the system with integrator. The phase margins of nine different states with the controller are shown in Table 3. It is easy to know that a large phase margin can be obtained by using control. From Table 4, it is easy to know that the phase margin can be increased by 15.3759 to 24.0821. Table 3Phase margins of nine different states with H∞ controller.
Table 4The increase of phase margins of nine different states.
According to Eqs. (13) and (14), error signals are determined by the character of sensitivity function and complementary sensitivity function. The bode plots of and are shown in Figs. 7 and 8, where the solid line represents the system with controller and the dashed line shows the system with integrator. Two conclusions can be made from Fig. 7. First, the bandwidths of the sensitivity function provided by the two methods are almost the same. However, the integrator is better than the controller in error mitigation at the low frequency. Second, the overshoot of the sensitivity function provided by the controller is smaller than that provided by the integrator, which is because control limits the power of control signals. Figure 8 shows that the two methods have almost the same bandwidth; nevertheless, the system with the controller has greater capability in restraining the noise. 5.Simulation ResultsFrom Ref. 9, the characteristic parameters of Fred constant and Greenwood frequency can be calculated by the power spectral density (PSD) of atmospheric turbulence. Consequently, time series of atmospheric turbulence can be inversed. From Ref. 10, the detector noise can be supposed as gauss white noise. Here, the sampling period of an AO system is 1 ms, is 26.79, Greenwood frequency is 130 Hz, and the signal-to-noise ratio is 6. The PSDs of error signals of computer simulation are shown in Fig. 9, where the dot-dashed lines are the output of the open-loop system, the solid lines are the error signals of the system with controller, and the dashed lines are the error signals of the system with integrator. Two conclusions can be made from Fig. 9: one is that error suppression bandwidths of two methods equal approximately, for their restraining bandwidths of sensitivity functions are the same. The other one is that the system with controller is better than the one with integrator in restraining error signal at middle frequency instead of low frequency. The two methods have the same capability in restraining noise at high frequency, and they both have peak values at middle frequency. However, the peak value of the former is smaller. Table 5 and Figs. 10Fig. 11Fig. 12–13 show detailed statistical results of the simulation. In Table 5, denote nine models of different states; De, De1, and Dopen denote the variance of error signals with the control, integrator, and open-loop system, respectively; De/Dopen denotes the ratio of the variance of error signals with the control to the variance of open-loop error signals, De1/Dopen denotes the ratio of the variance of error signals with the integrator to the variance of open-loop error signals. The smaller the ratio value is, the better the controller performance will be. De1/De denotes the variance ratio of the closed-loop error signal of AO system with integrator and the one with controller. It shows the comparison between the integrator and control in terms of correction capability. upv and u1pv denote the peak value of control signals of controller and integrator, respectively. epv and e1pv denote the peak value of mean value of error signal of controller and integrator, respectively. Ee, Ee1, and Eopen denote the mean value of error signal of controller, integrator, and open-loop errors, respectively. Eu and Eu1 denote the mean value of control signal of controller and integrator, respectively. Du and Du1 denote the variance of control signal of controller and integrator, respectively. Table 5Statistical simulation result of AO system.
Figure 10 and Table 5 show that both time delay and gain can exert negative influence on the performance of AO system. With the gain increasing, the proceeds of the controller will be reduced. In contrast, the increase of time delay will enhance the benefits to the controller. It also demonstrates that the integrator is more suitable in designing a controller when time delay is small. Figure 11 shows the line chart of variance and peak value of control signal. The variance charts show that the control signals of the integrator varies more dramatically than that of the controller. This makes the later more powerful in resisting the effect of uncertainty. Variance value will be reduced with the increase of the gain and increased with the increase of the delay. That is to say, the delay has a positive influence on the control signal, whereas the gain has a negative influence. The peak value charts show that the two methods are almost the same. This is because in some extreme instances big control signals are needed to drive the DM. Figure 12 shows the line chart of the mean value of error signal and control signal. Figure 13 shows the line chart of the error signals’ variance value and peak value. Figure 12 proves that the control is better than the integrator in terms of the mean value, because the mean value of the former is smaller than that of the later. However, from Fig. 9 and 13, a conclusion can be drawn that the control, while strong at guaranteeing the stability of the system, cannot ensure a better performance of the system, for it costs the performance to improve the stability of the system. 6.ConclusionIn this paper, a mixed sensitivity robust control design of the AO system is presented. Compared with the integrator, the mixed sensitivity robust control can get a better robustness from the bode plot of sensitivity function and complementary sensitivity function. However, the results of the simulation also show that a better performance cannot always be guaranteed by employing the mixed sensitivity robust control. In some cases, the integrator has greater correction capability. The results also show that the mixed sensitivity robust control has more advantages in AO system with a large time-delay uncertainty. AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, managed by the Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences at Chengdu, Sichuan under Grant No. 61205069. ReferencesN. Dens et al.,
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BiographyDingan Song received his BS degree in automation from the Hunan Institute of Science and Technology in 2011 and his MS degree in control theory and control engineering from the University of Northeast in 2014. He is pursuing the doctoral degree in information science and information processing at the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. His current research interests include adaptive optics, robust control, and wavefront correction. Xinyang li is a professor and doctoral tutor of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics. His research is focused on the signal processing and control technology of adaptive optical system, including wavefront detection technology and image restoration algorithm, high-speed wavefront signal processing and control algorithm, and the application of adaptive optics in laser atmospheric transmission, high resolution imaging, laser communication, and laser coherent synthesis, etc. Zhengming Peng is a professor and doctoral tutor of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, a member of IEEE, and a member of the China Society of Astronautics. His research is focused on digital image and video signal processing, including computer vision and pattern recognition, SAR image and target recognition, photoelectric imaging target detection, recognition and tracking, earth wave imaging anomalous and complex oil and gas reservoir prediction methods, etc. |