55-in. 8K4K IPS-LCDs with wide viewing angle, high frame frequency, wide color gamut, and stereoscopic

Abstract. We have developed an 8K4K liquid-crystal display (LCD) with diagonal size of 55 inch with the backplane based on an amorphous silicon (a-Si) technology. The 8K4K-LCD has high frame frequency at 120 Hz, which is enabled by a unique technology to compensate the charging voltage of pixels. The achievement of a high resolution of 8K4K including high frame frequency of 120 Hz with a-Si backplanes is ground-breaking for LCDs. Furthermore, a backlight system with laser diode as light source expands the color gamut dramatically. This backlight system enables covering 99% of color space recommended in BT.2020. What is more, the 8K4K-LCD has evolved into a three-dimensional (3-D) display device by attaching a 3-D polarizing film. The vertical viewing angle of the 8K-3D LCD prototype is 8.6 deg at its optimal viewing position set to 1.2 m.

55-in. 8K4K IPS-LCDs with wide viewing angle, high frame frequency, wide color gamut, and stereoscopic 1 Introduction High-resolution displays can provide a strong sense of reality. The resolution in the broadcasting field is worldwide progressing from HD to 4K2K. In Japan, the next broadcasting standard with higher resolution of 8K4K will start in less than a year ahead of other countries. 8K4K is a forceful promotion project of the Japanese Government and NHK Japan Broadcasting Corporation, and it is exactly getting into full swing now. 1 This next-generation broadcasting standard was approved as ITU-R recommendation in 2012, which was standardized as the BT.2020 series in the global broadcast market. BT.2020 series recommended parameter values for ultrahigh-definition television systems for production and international program exchange. The parameter values include not only high resolution of 8K4K but also high frame frequency of 120 Hz and wide color gamut as shown in Table 1. 2 In addition to the next broadcasting system, the field of highly advanced medical treatment expects to make the best use of an 8K4K technology. Medical Imaging Consortium applied an 8K4K imaging technology to clinical trials of a human in 2014. 3 They proved that the detail of an affected area can be well recognized. Moreover, for highly advanced medical treatment, stereoscopic imaging systems with an 8K4K technology are expected for microscopic and endoscopic surgeries because it enables the reduction of accidents such as hurting organs with surgical instruments during surgery.
For now, electronic industry related to an 8K4K technology has been putting effort into the development of mainly broadcasting equipment, such as cameras, recorders, optical transmission, and codecs. [4][5][6][7] Recently, the interest has shifted to receiving equipment, i.e., an 8K4K-TV set. To observe the 8K4K-TV set, NHK presents that the observation position to feel a strong sense of reality is 0.75 H (H is the height of a display) from a display, as shown in Fig. 1. In the other parameters, this observation position is equivalent to the field of view (FOV) of 100 deg.
There are two kinds of display devices applied to highdefinition TV sets. One is a liquid-crystal display (LCD), and the other is an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display. OLED displays of the self-emitting device have great advantage of wide viewing angle characteristic in principle. However, OLED-TV sets of 8K4K have a hurdle to overcome and have not yet been mass-produced. It is because the shadow mask required for the manufacturing process of OLED displays for smartphones does not meet the alignment accuracy with a thin-film transistor (TFT) substrate for TVs. Conversely, LCD-TVs of 8K4K with the diagonal size of 70 in. have already gone on sale. 8 Nevertheless, the viewing angle of LCDs is narrower than that of OLED displays. Hence, improvement in the viewing angle is an inevitable theme because of the FOV required for 8K4K-LCDs.
Various kinds of LC modes have been studied from the dawn of LCD research. In particular, representative LC modes are in-plane switching (IPS) and vertical alignment (VA), which are presently applied to mobile phones, PC monitors, TV sets, and so on. 9 The contrast ratio and the color gamut of IPS mode and VA mode are compared in Fig. 2. In spite that the contrast ratio at 0 deg of the VA mode is higher than that of the IPS mode, it steeply drops according to the viewing angle. By contrast, the IPS mode retains up the contrast ratio >1200∶1 in the FOV range of 100 deg. Additionally, the area of color gamut of the VA mode shrinks and the displayed image appears with a whitish color according to viewing angle. The LC mode in which the characteristics do not change with viewing angle is IPS. As a result, we select the IPS mode as the technology of a next 8K4K-LCD and the size of 55 in. that is generic and versatile size for TV, broadcasting monitor, and medical monitor.
We presented 55-in. 8K4K IPS-LCD with a high frame frequency of 120 Hz, wide color gamut covering BT.2020, and its stereoscopic technology at SPIE Photonics West 2018. 10 In this journal, we report the details of the technology based on that proceeding.

Pixel Design
Efficiency for light utilization (transmittance) in LCDs is the most significant feature, which is the strength of LCDs compared with OLED displays. Brightness and power consumption of LCDs are strongly influenced by transmittance. However, improving the performance of LCDs inevitably causes a decrease in transmittance, and there is a trade-off in improving image quality. That is, a decrease in the aperture ratio when the resolution is higher, or a decrease in transmittance of color filter when the color is deeper.
The IPS technology at Panasonic liquid-crystal display (PLD) has evolved on the basis of improvements in transmittance, as shown in Fig. 3. In the beginning when PLD started the development of LCDs, the transmittance of an IPS mode was even lower than that of other LC modes with a view to only a wide viewing angle that was a characteristic of IPS. In 2002, the transmittance of AS-IPS pixel, which had the transparent electrodes for both pixel and common, increased by 30%. After that, we developed the IPS-Pro structure, which improved the contrast ratio. [11][12][13] The pixel of IPS-Pro has a finger-on-plane, which is composed of transparent finger electrodes on a transparent common electrode plate. The IPS-Pro structure was applied to liquid-crystal panels for TVs for the first time in the world. The transmittance was twice as high as at the start of the development, which realized to take the expensive film that enhances brightness out of the LCD. At last, the IPS-pro-next structure was developed, which improves transmittance dramatically owing to spread the aperture ratio of the pixel. 14 As a result, the transmittance has been enhanced three times as the initial introduction of the IPS technology. Especially, as IPS-pro-next has the advantage of transmittance compared with other liquid-crystal modes when the resolution of LCDs is higher, it became the de-facto standard for display devices exceeding 200 ppi such as tablets and smartphones.
The pixel size of an 8K4K panel with the diagonal size of 55 in. is 160 ppi, which is that of the same as a tablet of several years ago. Consequently, it is appropriate to apply IPS-pro-next with shield common electrode to the pixel of the 8K4K panel as shown in Fig. 4. This innovative pixel structure has developed by an evolution from IPS-pro that has production results. The Himeji factory has enough technique to produce high-quality IPS-pro panels. Therefore, we were able to achieve large size panels of 55 in. with the IPS-pro-next structure that had been applied to small high-definition panels.

Issue to drive an 8K4K panel
The key issue of note is that the charge time in a pixel is short because of the 8K4K-LCD-driven 120 Hz. The electric mobility of a-Si TFTs is extremely low, around 0.3 to 0.5 (cm/Vs), which the pixel is charged insufficiently. The most straightforward way to solve this charge shortage is the multiplication of gate-scan so as to double the charge time.  (b) It doubles the number of data-line, and drives two consecutive gate lines simultaneously as shown in Fig. 6. This architecture is called 1G2D (1 gate and 2 data) pixel.
1G2D pixel requires twice as much as the data driver required for 1G1D pixel, meaning 96 pieces with a standard data driver that is 960 output pins. Furthermore, with even 1440 output pins, the data-driver requires 64 pieces as well. Thus, it is more difficult to realize a small size panel because 8K4K-LCDs need to mount a lot of drivers. For example, the size of 70 in. or more is required to mount 64 data drivers in a panel as shown in Table 2.
Moreover, 1G2D pixel has a weak point on an aperture ratio in case of high definition because the nontransparent area of wiring metal increases (Fig. 7). As described in Sec. 2.1, there is a trade-off in improving image quality. The loss of transmittance, which is the most important feature of liquid crystal, is one of the issues of 8K4K-LCDs.
In short, 1G2D pixel has some disadvantages, not only the number of drivers mounted, but also the decrease in the aperture ratio. Therefore, these are critical issues for realizing the compact 55-in. 8K4K-LCD. 8K4K-LCDs must be achieved with 1G1D pixel to solve these issues. Adaptive precharge driving (APD) scheme, which is a specific technology of PLD, enables realizing the 1G1D pixel. 15

Innovative adaptive precharge driving technology
In this section, we introduce the principle of APD that improves pixel charging performance. The voltage waveform that charged the data to the pixels in the active matrix driving of LCDs is explained with the pattern displaying the white window on the black background as shown in Fig. 8(a). The state of driving voltage at a pixel(A) is shown in Fig. 8(b), and the voltage charged to the pixel(A) is insufficient because the time of charging to the pixel in 8K4K-LCDs is too short. Therefore, first, as shown in Fig. 8(c), the time of gate-on is doubled (double gate). As a result, the pixel voltage is sufficiently charged. Charging at the pixel(A) is a best-case condition because of a combination of column inversion driving 16 and double gate. The data voltage is not changed during the period of gate-on owing to display the same white at the previous pixel and the current pixel. Hence, the charging of the pixel(A) is done easily.
By contrast, charging at the pixel(B) is a worst-case condition. In pixel(B), display data are changed from black to white unlike pixel(A). Therefore, there is no effect of double gate lines selection, and the pixel(B) is charged insufficiently as shown in Fig. 8(d). Second, we have proposed a solution to this difficult issue in addition to double gate. As shown in Fig. 8(e), gate-on time is divided into two parts, and precharged voltage is applied during the former half of the time. The value of the precharged voltage for a combination of all gray-scale levels has been obtained by pixel voltage simulation using SPICE and automatic measurement by 2-D color analyzer (CA-2500). We applied this APD technology to all of mass production TVs driven at 240 Hz, and it performed adequately with high reliability. However, in terms of improvements desired in conventional APD, there were the following two issues: (1) The voltage required for precharge is high.
(2) The data driver with the twice of the speed is essential to charge a precharge voltage and a real voltage within a period (1H).   To solve these problems, we propose advanced-APD as shown in Fig. 8(f). 17,18 Inputting an adjusted precharge voltage constantly during 1H period is enabled to reduce a compensation voltage. Moreover, the speed of data does not have to be doubled like conventional APD.

Simulation result of adaptive precharge driving
The optimum value of the precharge voltage is determined by charge simulation of the pixel voltage. The simulation tool is based on SmartSpice produced by Silvaco, Inc., and as shown in Fig. 8, the voltage charged to the pixel capacity is calculated by inputting the data voltage through a-Si-TFT of which the model parameters are tuned by ourselves. In the case of pixels optimized for 120 Hz, the size of TFT is too large. Therefore, aperture ratio is reduced and the load of the wiring also increases. Hence, we calculated the precharge voltage to realize 120 Hz with TFT of the comparatively small size optimized at 60 Hz. The ratio of the precharge voltage for the current data voltage in conventional APD is shown in Fig. 9(a). In contrast, Advanced-APD shown in Fig. 9(b) is enabled to make the precharge voltage low as expected. In this graph, data7 shows white data, and data7 shows black data. Precharge ratio (P ratio ) is defined as follows: E Q -T A R G E T ; t e m p : i n t r a l i n k -; e 0 0 1 ; 3 2 6 ; 5 1 1 where V p is the precharge voltage level in the case that the pixel voltage level of Fig. 8(c) is equal to that of Fig. 8(e) or Fig. 8(f), and V d is the data voltage level in current period of Fig. 8. The precharge ratio was required 26% of white voltage in conventional APD when data changed from black to white. In advanced-APD, we were able to obtain the result that the pixel capacitance was charged enough with precharge ratio of slightly over 13%.

System architecture of adaptive precharge driving
The system architecture of advanced-APD is shown in Fig. 10, which is the same as conventional APD. Main components are line memory and look-up-tables. The optimum precharge voltage value is in proportion to difference voltage of the gray-scale levels, an exponential function of a distance from a data driver and the reciprocal of panel temperature, that is, the pre-charge voltage level is given as follows: E Q -T A R G E T ; t e m p : i n t r a l i n k -; e 0 0 2 ; 3 2 6 ; 2 6 3 where V dd is the voltage obtained by subtracting the data voltage of the previous line from that of the current line, i TFT is the TFT-ON current, t H is the period of 1 H, C pix is the pixel capacitance, C d is the data-wire capacitance, and R d is the data-wire resistance. The function F express TFT charging characteristics, and i TFT is related to panel temperature. The function G express electrical time constant of data wire, and R d is related to a distance from a data driver. All of these data are stored in the electrically erasable programmable read-only memory as a large number of tables.  The benchmark result of color gamut with various light sources toward BT.2020 is shown in Fig. 11 and Table 3.
LCDs have been able to cover Adobe RGB and DCI-P3 with conventional color technologies. The color gamut of LCDs is wider than that of OLED displays owing to functional parts are separated by a light source of backlight and a color filter. Nevertheless, white LEDs based on blue LEDs, which contain the red and green phosphor, cover only about 82% for BT.2020. Because full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the wavelength of the blue LED is as wide as ∼55 nm and that of the red and green phosphor are very broad, blue and green, red and green are mixed. Therefore, it is really difficult to widen the color gamut with a combination of the blue LED and the phosphor. FWHM must be <10 nm to fully cover this BT.2020. The wide color gamut technology using quantum dots (QDs) has been the most popular recently. Although the FWHM of QDs with toxic cadmium is as narrow as ∼20 nm, that of QDs without cadmium is ∼40 nm. In case of this FWHM, QDs can express only colors slightly deeper than LEDs with phosphor. Ultimately, now, to cover almost 100% of BT.2020, we have no choice but to apply laser diodes of three primary colors to a backlight. Each FWHM of laser diodes with three primary colors are 2 nm or less, and each color is reliably split.  In this work, we achieved wide color gamut of the 8K4K panel in two stages. First, as a realistic solution, we realized to cover 100% of DCI with a white LED. In the next stage, as a future solution, we realized to cover close to 100% of BT.2020 with laser diodes of three primary colors.
Next, we will explain a laser diode.

Laser diode to cover BT.2020
The color gamut of LCDs is flexibly controlled by matching between the spectral luminance of the light source and the spectral transmittance of the color filter. Whereas, in case of a laser diode, the color gamut of LCDs is determined mainly by peak wavelength of the diode because its FWHM is only 2 nm or less. The optimum peak wavelength of laser diode required to cover BT.2020 is 638, 530, and 463 nm for red, green, and blue, respectively. The technology of red and blue laser diodes has been established and is available on the market. However, green laser diodes still have some room for improvements. The output efficiency of a GaN-based laser diode decreases as the wavelength becomes longer. In particular, the efficiency of green lasers is low, which is a major problem for display devices. Nonetheless, the wide color gamut of the three primary color laser diodes is highly expected for display devices other than LCDs. One of them is light sources for a projector. The cost of laser diodes would be expected to go down by applying to projectors and LCDs and growing together. Hence, in the second stage, we developed a backlight for 55-in. 8K4K-LCDs with three primary color laser diodes that can cover 100% of BT.2020 color gamut.

Laser diode backlight
In the case that laser diodes are applied to the backlight of LCDs, another issue is to make surface light sources. Although LED has Lambertian distribution, laser diodes have strong directivity. In the case of LED backlights, the light is directly input to a light-guide-plate as shown in Fig. 12(a). Contrary to this, in the case of laser diode backlights, a   simple combination of laser diodes and conventional lightguide-plate cannot avoid Mura as shown in Fig. 12(b). We solved this problem by developing the combination of multiple light-guide-plates as shown in Fig. 12(c). Once the light is diffused by the added segmented light-guide-plates, the diffused light is input to a conventional light-guide-plate from panel edge.
As a result, the luminance uniformity of the backlight with laser diodes can be made equivalent to that of the backlight with LEDs.

Effect of Prototype Sample
We achieved the 55-in. 8K4K prototype sample in the mass production line of 8.5 generations in Himeji. As shown in Fig. 13(a), color shift of IPS mode is not visually recognized at all at the viewing angle of 100 deg. Fig. 13(b) shows a monitor with a VA mode, which is currently sold in the market for comparison purposes. Thus, it changes to whitish colors at the viewing angle of 100 deg.

Advanced-adaptive precharge driving image quality
In such a way as to confirm the effectiveness of APD, we compared front view photographs of character image displayed on a 55-in. 8K4K panel driven 120 Hz as shown in Fig. 14. The displayed image is black characters on a gray background with 50% brightness, which makes it easy to recognize the difference visually. Brightness of the gray pixel of the line next to the black pixel on the LCD driven without APD was decreased. Consequently, the characters looked smeared. The pixel of which brightness became dark is definitely caused by the shortage of charging from the pixel TFT. In contrast, APD was enabled to obtain a clear outline of the character because it fully charged each pixel capacitance in the panel.
It turned out that APD is an innovative technology that has the effect of improving the charging performance of TFT.

Characteristics of 55-in. 8K4K display
Characteristics of 55-in. 8K4K display developed this time are shown in Table 4. In the first stage, 400 nit of luminance and 100% of DCI-P3 were achieved, and the power consumption was only 180 W. It is expected to promote the 8K for consumer use. In the second stage, we realized the ultrawide color gamut covering 99% of BT.2020 using a laser diode backlight. In addition to broadcasting and medical use, it is expected for being applied to archives because it can reproduce details and colors of cultural properties.

Impact
First, we demonstrated the 8K4K panel of DCI-P3 in CES2015 (Fig. 15). The achievement of an 8K4K panel driven at 120 Hz despite a-Si TFT has made a great impact on many industry officials. In addition, due to its compact size of 55 in., it is expected to develop into various applications.
Next, we demonstrated the 8K-LCD with laser-diode backlight in CES2016 (Fig. 16). A lot of visitors viewed the BT.2020 images, compared with conventional color. They expressed their impressions as follows, "it felt brighter," "it felt like high definition," and "it felt stereoscopic."   Optical Engineering 075102-9 July 2018 • Vol. 57 (7) Oke et al.: 55-in. 8K4K IPS-LCDs with wide viewing angle, high frame frequency, wide color. . .

Effect of Three-Dimensional Technology in Medical Field
Camera and monitoring systems that support surgeon's vision are one of the most promising advanced medical technologies. These systems are an endoscope and a microscope surgery system, and expanding recently. However, accident such as hurting organs with surgical instruments during operations is concerned, and stereoscopic is required in these procedures, as shown in Fig. 17(a). Furthermore, a medical application of 8K4K technology has been enabled to recognize the details of organs. Medical Imaging Consortium succeeded in the world for the first time in clinical application applying 8K4K imaging technology as shown in Fig. 17(b) in 2014. 3 As a result, it was demonstrated that surgeon was able to recognize clearly the details of diseased parts. Moreover, the imaging of 8K4K has wide viewing field, and can prevent the collision of surgical instruments and an endoscope during the operation.
In this section, we describe a stereoscopic technology based on 8K4K IPS-LCDs.

Three-Dimensional Display System with a Polarization Filter
The mechanism of stereoscopic is that a right-eye-image and a left-eye-image are observed by a right eye and a left eye, respectively. In general LCD-TVs, there are two approaches for realizing stereoscopic. One is a frame sequential driving, which is based on a time division of a right-eye-image and a left-eye-image. The other is a 3-D polarization filter on a surface of a LCD, which is based on a space division of those images. It is important for medical applications to reduce fatigue of surgeons. Hence, the space division technique has adopted by surgeons for the reason of some advantages, such as lightweight, flicker-less, and battery-less eyeglasses. However, this technique has two issues as described below.
(1) Reduction of vertical resolution and (2) Restriction of viewing angle along the vertical direction.
The vertical resolution in 3D-LCDs based on the space division is half of that in 2D-LCDs in essence. Thus, the detail of image is much spoiled in the case that the resolution of LCD is low. Typical images output on a FHD-3D and an 8K-3D display are compared in Fig. 18. Edges of objects on the FHD-3D display are jagged, for this reason, the detail of structure is lost. This is the first issue, "reduction of vertical resolution." By contrast, the 8K-3D display is enabled to avoid severe artifacting of edges of objects.
In the situation that surgeons observe at right in front of a 3-D display, they are able to recognize stereoscopic. However, in the situation that the display is observed from tilted angle in the vertical direction, the left-and right-eye-images are overlaid in eyes of surgeons as shown in Fig. 19. This mixture of each eye's image is known as 3-D crosstalk. In this case, the separated left-and the right-eyeimage reach both eyes. This is the second issue, "restriction of viewing angle along the vertical direction." The cause of occurrence of 3-D crosstalk is shown in Fig. 20. In the situation of observation at right in front of a 3-D display, the light beam from a left-eye-pixel of an LCD reaches the left-eye of the observer through a filter for the left-eye. The light beam of a right-eye-pixel is also the same. Therefore, the observer can recognize 3-D images correctly. In contrast, in the situation of observation at any tilted angle, a part of the light beam from the left-eye-pixel reaches the right-eye of the observer through a filter for the right-eye. The origin of the 3-D crosstalk phenomenon is the mixture of the light beams.  Meanwhile, the debasement such as reduced resolution and 3-D crosstalk is not observed from the horizontally tilted angle at all. A wide viewing-angle characteristic, which is a merit of IPS-LCDs, can be obtained completely along the horizontal direction.

Optimal Viewing Position
In the stereoscopic based on a space division technique, there are limitations on the position where the whole screen can be observed clearly due to 3-D crosstalk. Furthermore, the advantages of high resolution of 8K4K are not obtained even if the viewing distance is too close or too far away. Thus, the viewing distance from a 3-D monitor need to be decided to design a 3-D filter properly. We decided the distance between a surgeon and an 8K-3D monitor to be 1.0 to 1.5 m, which considered practical examples of 3-D head-up surgery for ophthalmology as shown in Fig. 21(a). In addition, the 3-D monitor is located at 1.0 to 1.5 m apart from the surgeon, such as the layout of the operating room for ophthalmology is shown in Fig. 21(b). This space is required to set an operating table. In general, the defined viewing distance for 8K-2D displays, as described in Sec. 1, is 0.75 times the screen height. In contrast, the optimal viewing distance for 8K-3D displays based on the space division technique is 1.5 times its height due to reducing the vertical resolution by half as shown in Fig. 22.
We drew a conclusion from the studies discussed above that the diagonal-size of 55 in. was suitable for medical 8K-3D.   We simulated the 3-D crosstalk ratio with ray tracing simulation to fabricate the 3-D polarization filter. The mixture ratio of unsuitable beams included in the output beams was expressed by the 3-D crosstalk ratio. The required dimensional parameters for the simulation are shown in Table 5. In this work, some part of the parameters were fixed, and the pitch of a 3-D polarization filter was changed corresponding to various conditions of the viewing distance of 1.0, 1.2, and 1.5 m. The estimated region of stereoscopic is shown in Fig. 23. We set the maximum 3-D crosstalk ratio to 7%. 20 Namely, the position where the 3-D crosstalk ratio is <7% is expressed by the diamond-shaped areas in Fig. 23. Surgeons can recognize clearly stereoscopic image in these areas. The region of stereoscopic vision is 0.8 to 1.3 m, 0.9 to 1.5 m, and 1.2 to 2.5 m, respectively, for the viewing-distance of 1.0, 1.2, and 1.5 m. As a result, we decided the suitable viewing-distance as 1.2 m covering the range of 1.0 to 1.5 m. In this case, the vertical viewing angle was calculated 8.2 deg, and when stereoscopically viewable area is converted to height, it corresponds to ∼17 cm. In the case of 3-D heads-up surgery, surgeons and assistants are sitting in a chair and can recognize stereoscopic viewing because the height of the viewpoint is stable. As described in Sec. 3.2, there is no constraint on the 3-D viewing angle with respect to the horizontal direction. Therefore, stereoscopic viewing is obtained at the same time not only by surgeons, but also by assistants.
We manufactured 8K-3D IPS-LCDs with parameters in Table 5 and the target viewing distance of 1.2 m. The results of measuring 3-D crosstalk are shown in Fig. 24. The vertical viewing angle with the 3-D crosstalk ratio of 7% or less is ∼8.6 deg (Fig. 24). The measurement and the simulation of 3-D crosstalk are matched accurately. Thus, we confirmed  that the image quality of stereoscopic can be estimated before manufacturing.

Image Quality
First, we demonstrated the stereoscopic image on the 8K-3D LCD panel to ∼50 people including surgeons, persons from medical-equipment-and video-equipment-suppliers, and interviewed them for the efficacy and impressions about the image quality. We displayed 3-D computer graphics (CG) for demonstrations. The CG, which was constructed 3-D model data such as laser scanned skeleton specimens and 1 million polygons, was rendered at 8K4K resolution. Observers made some comments that "pixels cannot be seen at all," "it seems to be natural, and the eyes do not get tired," and "real things are in front of me." Next, we had several demonstrations at various medical conferences and exhibitions using real 3-D images taken with 8K4K camera as shown in Fig. 25(a). As a result, we obtained a high rating about the image quality. An example of 8K-3D images shown in Fig. 25(b) is the situation when we tried sutures with endoscopic surgical instruments. First, we took this image using two 8K4K cameras simultaneously, which were developed by JVCKENWOOD Corporation and Kairos Co., Ltd., mounted on a binocular stereoscopic microscope (Nikon Corporation, SMZ1270 and Plan Apo 0.5x/WF objective lens) for the first experimental model of an 8K-3D medical microscope in the world as shown in Fig. 25(c), after that converted to the 3-D image format for the space division technique. These 3-D images on the 8K-3D LCD provide the sense of depth and reality for observers. From now on, we are planning to evaluate the clinical application of the 8K-3D system with this IPS-LCD, such as an 8K-3D medical endoscope/microscope.

Conclusion
We have developed a 55-inch 8K4K IPS-LCD with a high frame frequency of 120 Hz and with wide color gamut on the basis of a laser backlight system. Moreover, stereoscopic has been possible. The APD, developed as a unique technology, enabled to operate at 120 Hz, regardless of the backplane based on an a-Si technology. Remarkably, the achievement of a high resolution of 8K4K and a high frame frequency of 120 Hz is the World's first for LCDs with a-Si backplanes. Furthermore, the color gamut is expands far wider owing to a backlight system with laser light source. We developed the new LCD that can cover 99% of color space defined in BT.2020. In addition, we have established stereoscopic 8K4K technology. A 3-D polarization filter is attached on the 55-in. 8K4K LCD, which enables endoscopes and head-up surgeries having stereoscopic with high-quality image.