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5 April 2017 Characterization of carrier erythrocytes for biosensing applications
Sandra C. Bustamante López, Kenith E. Meissner
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Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 22, Issue 9, 091510 (April 2017). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.22.9.091510
Abstract
Erythrocyte abundance, mobility, and carrying capacity make them attractive as a platform for blood analyte sensing as well as for drug delivery. Sensor-loaded erythrocytes, dubbed erythrosensors, could be reinfused into the bloodstream, excited noninvasively through the skin, and used to provide measurement of analyte levels in the bloodstream. Several techniques to load erythrocytes, thus creating carrier erythrocytes, exist. However, their cellular characteristics remain largely unstudied. Changes in cellular characteristics lead to removal from the bloodstream. We hypothesize that erythrosensors need to maintain native erythrocytes’ (NEs) characteristics to serve as a long-term sensing platform. Here, we investigate two loading techniques and the properties of the resulting erythrosensors. For loading, hypotonic dilution requires a hypotonic solution while electroporation relies on electrical pulses to perforate the erythrocyte membrane. We analyze the resulting erythrosensor signal, size, morphology, and hemoglobin content. Although the resulting erythrosensors exhibit morphological changes, their size was comparable with NEs. The hypotonic dilution technique was found to load erythrosensors much more efficiently than electroporation, and the sensors were loaded throughout the volume of the erythrosensors. Finally, both techniques resulted in significant loss of hemoglobin. This study points to the need for continued development of loading techniques that better preserve NE characteristics.
© 2017 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) 1083-3668/2017/$25.00 © 2017 SPIE
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Sandra C. Bustamante López and Kenith E. Meissner "Characterization of carrier erythrocytes for biosensing applications," Journal of Biomedical Optics 22(9), 091510 (5 April 2017). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.22.9.091510
Received: 16 December 2016; Accepted: 9 March 2017; Published: 5 April 2017
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Cited by 9 scholarly publications.
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KEYWORDS
Luminescence
Neon
Biosensing
Blood
Confocal microscopy
Photomicroscopy
Sensors
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