30 August 2022 Uncertain and biased facial expression recognition based on depthwise separable convolutional neural network with embedded attention mechanism
Piao Shi, Min Hu, Fuji Ren, Xuefeng Shi, Hongbo Li, Zezhong Li, Hui Lin
Author Affiliations +
Abstract

Datasets play a crucial role in the development of facial expression recognition (FER), but most of the datasets suffer from obvious uncertainties and biases caused by different cultures and collection conditions. To look deeper into these issues, this paper first conducts two sets of experiments, face detection, and facial expression (FE) classification. They are based on three datasets (CK+, FER2013, and RAF–DB), which are collected from lab and wild environments. This paper proposes a network, depthwise separable convolutional neural network (CNN) with an embedded attention mechanism (DSA–CNN) for expression recognition. First, at the preprocessing stage, we obtain the maximum expression range clipping, which is calculated from 81 facial landmark points to filter nonface interferences. Then, we use DSA–CNN, which is based on a coordinate squeeze-and-excitation (CSE) attention for feature extraction. Finally, to further deal with imbalanced class biases and uncertainties issues, this paper proposes a class-weighted cross-entropy loss (CCE-loss) to alleviate the imbalance among seven emotional classes. Then, we combine CCE-loss with ranking regularization loss (RR-loss) and self-importance weighting cross-entropy loss (SCE-loss) at label amend stage, to jointly guide the training of the network. Extensive experiments on three FER datasets demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms most of the state-of-the-art methods eventually.

© 2022 SPIE and IS&T
Piao Shi, Min Hu, Fuji Ren, Xuefeng Shi, Hongbo Li, Zezhong Li, and Hui Lin "Uncertain and biased facial expression recognition based on depthwise separable convolutional neural network with embedded attention mechanism," Journal of Electronic Imaging 31(4), 043056 (30 August 2022). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JEI.31.4.043056
Received: 14 April 2022; Accepted: 10 August 2022; Published: 30 August 2022
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CITATIONS
Cited by 2 scholarly publications.
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KEYWORDS
Facial recognition systems

Convolution

Feature extraction

Data modeling

Convolutional neural networks

Visualization

Databases

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