This PDF file contains the editorial “Happy 80th Birthday Alexander Prokhorov” for OE Vol. 35 Issue 06

This PDF file contains the editorial “Guest Editorial: Special Section on Electronic Holography” for OE Vol. 35 Issue 06

A novel electroholographic bandwidth compression technique, fringelet bandwidth compression, is described and implemented. This technique uses spatial subsampling to reduce the bandwidth and complexity of holographic fringe computation for real-time 3-D holographic displays. Fringelet bandwidth compression is a type of diffraction-specific fringe computation, an approach that considers only the reconstruction process in holographic imaging. The fringe pattern is treated as a spectrum that is sampled in space (as holographic elements or ‘‘hogels’’) and in spatial frequency (as ‘‘hogel vectors’’). Fringelet bandwidth compression achieves a compression ratio of 16:1 without conspicuously degrading image quality. Further increase in compression ratio and speed is possible with additional image degradation. Fringelet decoding is extremely simple, involving the replication of fringelet sample values. This simplicity enables an overall increase in fringe computation speed of over 3000 times compared to conventional interference-based methods. The speed of fringelet bandwidth compression has enabled the generation of images at nearly interactive rates: under 4.0 s per handsized (1-l) 3-D image generated from a 36-Mbyte fringe.

An novel algorithm for computing holographic fringe patterns based on nonuniform sampling is described. We show both analytically and via simulation that nonuniform sampling reduces the number of samples required to represent the hologram, in some cases by as much as 30 to 40%. This method of computing compact holograms is information-theoretically lossless. Methods for decompressing the computed fringe pattern are also presented. The algorithm is implemented on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Mark II Holographic Video System and results demonstrating its performance are provided. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first time that nonuniform sampling has been used to compress holographic fringe patterns for display purposes. The possibility of using other sophisticated nonuniform sampling approaches emerges from this research.

We are constructing an electroholographic display system using liquid crystal devices (LCDs) as spatial light modulators to control the wavefront of laser light for reconstructing 3-D images. A wide horizontal viewing zone is secured with five special LCDs set up in a continuous series by a half mirror. The viewing distance is still considerably long, however, and this distance reduces the perception of image depth. Thus, we suggest setting a field lens at the center of the reconstructed image to shorten the viewing distance. Since the reconstructed 3-D image becomes considerably distorted by the use of a field lens, we propose predistortion to compensate. Each LCD is assumed to have 3200 (H) X 960 (V) pixels with 28 (H) X 56 (V) µm pixel pitch. Although, this LCD is still in trial production, we have confirmed the reconstructed image by replacing the LCDs with computer-generated holograms (CGHs) recorded to five photographic films having the same specifications as real LCDs. In this way, we verified the reconstructed image [50 (W) X 50 (D) X 100 (H) mm] with off-axis, horizontal parallax only. This image can be observed with both eyes at a distance of 900 mm, and we can perceive the image depth sufficiently.

In optical scanning holography, holographic information of an object is generated by 2-D active optical scanning. The optical scanning beam can be a time-dependent Gaussian apodized Fresnel zone plate. We first derive the resolution achievable with such a scanning beam. We then show through computer simulations that the use of a larger Fresnel zone plate for holographic recording leads to a noisier twin-image reconstruction in the near field, thereby degrading the resolution. This is particularly noticeable with objects of more complicated structures.

A full-parallax holographic stereogram, which is suitable for the holographic 3-D printer (holoprinter), is being developed for the output device of three-dimensional (3-D) image hard copies of computer data. A new optical system of the holoprinter for high-speed printing is presented. The new optical system realizes the parallel exposure of elementary holograms using an array of small lenses and reduction optics. In the experiment, 12 elementary holograms were simultaneously exposed by each exposure, and the printing speed became about 10 times faster than the previous experiments, since each exposure time was almost equivalent to the case of the conventional single exposure. The effect of the alignment error of the lens array is also described.

Recently, several three-dimensional (3-D) stereographic-type display systems that require both horizontal and vertical parallax images were invented. We propose a system to capture the parallax images for these display systems. Our system is based on the translation of a CCD camera with respect to a 3-D object for parallax image capturing. In addition, the mathematical relationship between the parallax images to be displayed and the images captured by the CCD camera is derived. The image calculation is very simple. Our relationship enables the 3-D object to be displayed anywhere in the space. In addition, we can easily animate different 3-D objects into single scene through our technique.

A comparative study of the electronic clipped correlator and a prototype fiber optic digital correlator (FODC) is presented. By eliminating the clock routing, the FODC can achieve higher speeds. Despite the fixed delay increment of the FODC concept, it is shown that it can still perform some other functions besides the correlation, such as multiscaling signal averaging, time-of-flight statistics, and probability analysis. The possibility of both correlators being used in tandem is also discussed.

We show that the general quantum master equation used in quantum optics can be put in the form of Lindblad’s master equation obtained in the frame of the general theory of the dynamical semigroups. In this case, the dissipative interaction is described in the most general form by a system of openness parameters. We find the expressions of these parameters as functions of the operators of the dissipative environment.

The results of some previous work describing a method for fast and precise recovery of the parameters of a signal from a few samples are discussed and extended. The method introduces the representation of the signal in the space of its samples and, through it, it derives a procedure for computing a parameter as a piecewise linear quasi-invariant of the representative manifold of the signal. The method originated in an application from high energy physics where the localization and the amplitude of a pulse must be determined from its samples. The pulse shape was supposed to be known but real-time processing (tens of nanoseconds) and high precision were imposed; linear processing could not fit the demands. We succeeded in obtaining an order of magnitude better precision than the linear processing concomitantly keeping the computation compatible with the real-time processing demands. This problem is of larger interest in measuring systems. Next we extended the algorithms to images, namely, for precisely determining the movement of an object in a series of images, or for super-resolution.

The recognition of incomplete patterns in a triple optical correlator configuration is presented. To provide a higher orthogonality of the input patterns, they are preprocessed in the first correlator. Some high order spatial differential operators are considered for this attempt. A phase-only filter that matches with the target pattern is introduced in the Fourier plane of the second correlator; the cross-correlations of the target with the processed patterns are obtained in the output plane. These signals are used to illuminate the matched filter introduced in the Fourier plane of the third correlator. If an incomplete version of the target is introduced in the input plane of the system, it will be reconstructed in the output plane. To avoid the distortion of the reconstructed image, the cross-correlation signals are nonlinearly processed before introducing them in the third correlator. The performance of this system is checked by computer simulation experiments. Incomplete versions of the target are introduced in the input plane together with some different patterns. Versions of the target, 45% incompleted, are shown to be recognized among other different patterns.

There are several image processing algorithms for enhancement, restoration, segmentation or feature extraction that assume known statistical distribution for the noise from a corrupted image. Usually this noise is considered uncorrelated, but there are many cases where the strength of a certain algorithm must be tested for spatially correlated noise. Our main point is to derive a method for controlling the autocorrelation function of gamma distributed noise images. The exponential case is included. An uncorrelated noise generating algorithm that yields Gaussian, exponential and gamma distributed images of a good statistical quality is also presented.

It is shown that we can change the statistics of light by successive application of the squeeze and the displacement operators.

Multimode buried waveguides made in silicate glass by fieldassisted ion exchange present very asymmetric profiles. We show how this phenomenon originates in the large dependence of the kinetics on the local ion concentrations. For this purpose, we derive an interdiffusion equation that includes the effects of concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients and mobilities. We show how to deduce this dependence from measurements on ion-diffused samples. The maximum concentration of the incoming ions is computed from surface equilibrium conditions and is used in the interdiffusion equation as a limiting parameter for coefficient variations. To control the model accuracy for surface as well as buried waveguides, we measure ion profiles with three independent methods: M-lines, scanning electron microscopy, and near-field refractometry. When applied to Ag+-Na+ exchange in silicate glass, the model yields theoretical estimations in good agreement with experiments. This approach underlines the fundamentally nonlinear process that takes place during ion exchange and is also valuable to properly model singlemode waveguide fabrication.

We study the propagation over long distances under the influence of the Raman effect of certain subpicosecond solitons, which are solutions of a perturbed nonlinear Schro¨dinger equation describing the propagation of light pulses in monomode optical fibers. We calculate the corresponding propagation distance limit due to the intrapulse Raman scattering soliton timing jitter. A formula that describes the soliton timing jitter effect due to the influence of amplified spontaneous emission noise on soliton group velocity induced by the coupling between amplitude and velocity is given and the propagation distance limit of soliton communication systems caused by this effect is evaluated.

The propagation of multiple-humped bright solitary waves in a diffractive medium with second-order nonlinearity is studied. It is shown that the multiple-humped bright solitary waves occur only for negative phase mismatches in a small interval of nonlinear wave numbers shifts and above a certain threshold energy flow. Numerical experiments reveal that the multiple-humped stationary solitary waves are unstable on propagation. The evolution of multiple-humped solitary waves shows that the instability leads to one of the following three scenarios of the solitary wave dynamics: (1) the spreading of the solitary wave, (2) the formation of a single-humped solitary wave from a multiple-humped solitary wave in a fusion-like process, and (3) the decay of the multiple-humped solitary waves into several fragments consisting of single-humped solitary waves.

An attempt to predict the behavior of some stochastic properties in the transversal section of a planar guide using a classical derivation of a Langevin type equation for the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise in Er3+-doped Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides is presented. The depth distribution of the electric ASE near-field amplitude and field intensity autocorrelation functions are computed along with other coherence quantities such as signal to noise ratio (SNR), field amplitude and the intensity coherence function. The influence of the pump power on the distributed stochastic properties are also studied.

A 2-D spectral formalism using a superposition in plane waves for scattered and transmitted laser fields, to find solutions for Helmholtz equations, is described. The formalism is used to obtain the angular spectral amplitudes (ASA) of the laser radiation field scattered by rough surfaces. The equations are solved by numerical computation. To simulate the scattering from a real rough surface, various deterministic profiles, combinations of them, and a random rough surface with Gaussian statistics are used. The latter is generated in an original manner, by using a filter function to transform the uniformly distributed random numbers, generated by computer, into a set of random numbers with Gaussian statistics. The formalism is tested by applying it to laser radiation scattered by a flat surface and the results are as expected. Eight different surfaces with the same average height and the same root mean square (rms) roughness are considered and they are supposed to be illuminated at various incidence angles by laser radiation with a known wavelength. For each surface, the ASA versus scattering angle dependence, corresponding to five angles of incidence, is represented.

The diffraction of a laser beam while crossing a quasi-twodimensional cell in which a fractal electrodeposition takes place is presented. The features of the diffraction on the fractal edge are dependent on the current intensity through the cell. We observe that the diffractive properties of the fractal change in time after the stopping of the growth process, and totally disappear after a lapse of time of the order 300 s. In the anode zone, the behavior is entirely different. It is characterized by the appearance of high gradients of the refractive index generated by the metal ions created in the anode region. The observed beam divergence is explained using a model based on a curved surface phase optical wedge. The results are tested by analysis of moire´ fringe patterns.

We report the synthesis and deposition of Ti carbide thin layers by multipulse excimer laser ablation of Ti targets in CH4 at low ambient pressure (in the microbar range). The layers deposited on singlecrystalline Si wafers are characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, photoelectron spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. We obtained deposition rates in the range 0.2 to 0.3 Å/pulse for a target-collector separation distance of 12.5 mm. The deposition parameters were found to be in good agreement with the predictions of the theoretical model based on the assumption of the adiabatic expansion of the plasma in the ambient gas.

The effects of limited frequency bandwidth on the response of space-integrating acousto-optic correlators are considered. They are studied in the classical scope of pseudorandom sequence correlation, used in spread spectrum systems, in terms of the SNR enhancement in the correlator compared to the ideal (infinite bandwidth correlator) enhancement figure. An analytical approach using filtering of both useful signals and noise at the correlator input is developed. Numerical computations are drawn that show a loss of 4 dB when the code chip rate used is equal to three times the correlator bandwidth. Experimental results obtained for an acousto-optic cell are also presented and agree well with the theoretical results.

A scanning beam collimation (SBC) method is developed for measuring dynamic angle variations in which an acousto-optic deflector is used as a diffractive scanner to compensate the angle variation in real time, and a position sensor is used to detect the position of the beam that is reflected from the reflector (i.e., object) to be measured. The angle variation can be measured at high speed due to the very high scanning speed available in the acousto-optic deflector. There was good agreement between the angle variation measured using the SBC method and that using a conventional electronic autocollimator. The repeatability, resolution, and linearity of the scanning beam collimation method were determined using a piezo translator to generate tilt angle; the results show that high accuracy also can be achieved in dynamic angle variation measurement. The SBC method was applied to measure the tilt angle variation caused by the beating force of a dragonfly attached to one end of a gauge block. The results confirmed the effectiveness of this new method.

An initial design containing the first- and third-order properties of the four-group video camera zoom system using lens modules and its real lens design are presented. The optimum initial design with focal length range of 6.1693 to 58.4065 mm is derived by assigning appropriate first-order quantities and third-order aberrations to each module along with the specific constraints required for optimization. By thirdorder aberration theory, a real lens for each group has been analytically designed to match the first-order quantities and third-order aberrations at a given conjugates, and then combined to establish an actual zoom system. The combination of the separately designed groups results in a system that satisfies the properties of the zoom system consisting of original lens modules. As a result, we obtain a zoom system useful in video zoom camera employing the rear focus method.

The Hartmann test is a well-known technique for testing large telescopes mirrors. The Hartmann technique samples the wavefront under analysis using a screen of a uniformly spaced array of holes located at the pupil’s plane. The traditional technique used to gather quantitative data requires the measurement of the centroid of these holes as imaged near the paraxial focus. The deviation from its unaberrated uniform position is proportional to the slope of the wavefront’s asphericity. The centroid estimation is normally done manually with the aid of a microscope or a densitometer. Traditional techniques for carrier frequency fringe analysis cannot be used to analyze Hartmanngrams because this pattern contains many spatial frequencies hard to eliminate using standard linear filters. Also due to the finite extent of the pupils, Fourier transform methods and convolution filters with large support are not well suited for the analysis. We propose a new technique based on regularized bandpass filters to detect the transverse aberration in Hartmanngrams. These filters are used to transform the distorted 2-D dot pattern of the Hartmanngram into two orthogonal linear-carrier phase-modulated cosinusoidal gratings. The resulting cosinusoidal fringe patterns are then well suited for the analysis using highly sensitive 2-D carrier frequency phase estimation techniques such as direct interferometry.

Two apertures, a square slit (SS) and a diamond slit (DS), both zero’th-order magnitude transparencies with bandpass filters in their optical transfer functions (OTFs), are designed and optimized for the purpose of modulation transfer function (MTF) evaluation of detector arrays by means of laser speckle. The SS and DS apertures are compared to an existing design, the extended frequency aperture (EFA), and show, respectively, improvements of 464% and 58% in filter magnitude; improvements of 213.4% (a compromise) and 17% in bandwidth; and improvements of 627% and 423% in throughput, implying a greatly reduced laser power requirement. As a result, they should significantly enhance detector arrays’ MTF evaluations and at a greatly reduced cost. The DS aperture possesses identical OTFs in both the horizontal and vertical directions, enabling MTF evaluation using the bandpass filters in those directions from the same speckle data frame—previously not possible. The DS aperture can be further modified to yield filter magnitude and bandwidth improvements of 111% and 40%, respectively; although becoming easier to fabricate, this modification would be at a lower throughput improvement of 310% over the existing design.

Plastic optical fiber (POF) wrapped around two steel posts is stretched by increasing the post separation. A nearly linear relationship between the strain of the POF segments between the posts and optical attenuation is reported. The primary cause of the attenuation is the radial compression of the POF in contact with the posts. The radial compression is approximated using contact stress theory. The cross-sectional area deformation caused by the radial compression is modeled as a fractional area loss. Optical power loss is shown to be nearly equal to the fractional area loss, since the POF cross-sectional irradiance is approximately uniform.

A theoretical study is carried out in which a bare fiber optic cantilever beam, with no concentrated seismic mass, is proved to be suitable for measuring low-frequency vibrations accurately. Its behavior was experimentally verified in the laboratory and can be approximated by a very simple transfer function that leads to straightforward signal processing. Some practical configurations, with accuracies as good as 0.5%, are given that depend on the operating frequency range. The simplicity of the architecture is highlighted.

Currently, digital imaging and hard copy techniques are extensively used in photomechanics research. However, the slow speed of popular video systems limits their use in dynamic photomechanics. New devices and sensors are being introduced to meet the high-speed requirements in dynamic applications. We report the applications of a lowcost, high-speed time delay and integration (TDI) camera in some of the dynamic photomechanics experiments. TDI is a special operating mode built on the traditional full-frame imager architecture. In this mode, the charge-coupled device (CCD) camera functions similarly to a drum camera. The high sensitivity of the CCD enables the use of low-cost, lowpower semiconductor light sources. After a brief description and comparison of TDI operation with conventional recording schemes, two applications are demonstrated. First, dynamic photoelasticity experiments using streak and strobe recording are exemplified. In the second demonstration, imaging and inspection of curved objects rotating at high speeds are presented.

Image clutter affects the perceptual ability of any system for object detection. A procedure for conducting psychophysical experiments has been developed to test computational models for the perceptual similarity or difference of texture patterns, which contributes to image clutter. This experimental procedure is based on Thurstone’s law of comparative judgment, which is used along with the method of paired comparisons to assign relative psychological scale values to image stimuli. To facilitate consistency in the presentation of stimuli and collection of data, an X-windows testing environment has been developed called the X-based perceptual experiment testbed. Using this experimental procedure, a pilot study was conducted in which the image stimuli consisted of targets and backgrounds with texture patterns of uncorrelated Gaussian noise. With such patterns, only first-order image statistics are of significance. The psychological scale values relating the level of ‘‘target distinctness’’ in each of the image stimuli were compared to several first-order image metrics. Correlation coefficients as high as 0.9881 were found between the scale values and the image metrics.

A model-based approach to vehicle tracking is proposed and applied to a highway traffic surveillance problem, which is motivated by current research in intelligent transportation systems. Systems for traffic management and traveler information services require accurate and wide-area estimates of vehicle velocity and traffic spatial and temporal densities. A detection and tracking algorithm is developed that achieves good performance with complexity low enough for real-time implementation using inexpensive microprocessors. Detection thresholds are computed based on a statistical model for vehicle and background, and the theoretical detector performance is derived. The tracking algorithm filters position estimates from the detection algorithm using a simple vehicle dynamic model and the Kalman filter. Data association is accomplished with a nearest neighbor filter coupled with a lane-change handling logic.

We investigate edge extraction and the segmentation of range images. We first discuss problems that arise in conventional region-based and edge-based segmentation methods, then we propose a new edge-based segmentation algorithm. In the proposed algorithm, we extract edge contours by using the Gaussian filter and directional derivatives and segment a range image by integrating detected roof and step edges. Thus the correspondence between step and roof edges is not necessary. Computer simulations with several range images show that the proposed edge-based range image segmentation method is simpler and yields better performance than the conventional methods.

Facet models are one of the most fundamental tools in image processing. Minimization of error between the underlying gray level and the observed data from the image forms the basis of facet models. It can be used in a variety of image processing applications, e.g., edge detection, image segmentation, optical flow, etc. However, the computational requirement to support this algorithm is extensive and increases rapidly as the order of the model increases. Our focus has been on faster computation of facet parameters and related factors like local moments. An approach that speeds up the execution time by reducing the redundancies that exist among the kernels is presented. The new algorithm improves the performance by a factor of 7 over direct implementation on a SUN SparcStation 10/41 for estimating six parameters of the quadratic facet model. The performance of this algorithm was also analyzed for the MediaStation 5000, which is a high-performance desktop multimedia system. Optimized implementation on the MediaStation 5000 achieves performance improvement of 38 times over the SUN SparcStation 10/41 implementation.

In a nonlinear joint transform correlator, the joint power spectrum (JPS) is detected by a CCD camera before nonlinear processing. Since the JPS is a high-dynamic-range image, it cannot be recorded by a CCD camera of narrow response range. The multi-intensity imagery technique is proposed to cope with the detection of the JPS by a CCD camera by multiple recordings at different intensities. With the multiintensity imagery an effective nonlinearity by interframe processing of data block ‘‘cut and paste’’ can be performed easily to build a highcontrast JPS. The technique can improve the correlation performance significantly by transferring a part of dc energy to harmonic terms of interest. The involved theoretical explanation and experimental demonstration are given.

We propose a projection moire´ topography with a phase shift method for measuring the fine profile of an object. In this method, a set of interference fringes made using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a dove prism is projected on an object surface to generate moire´ fringes. The interval between the moire´ fringes can be easily changed in a range of 160 to 300 µm and we can realize sensitivity-variable moire´ contouring. Also, the phases of the moire´ -fringe pattern are easily changed by shifting one of the interference fringe patterns and the depth at each point on the object are computed with a high accuracy from the several moire´ -fringe patterns with different phases. Although the interferometer is used in the system, the setup is robust against vibrations.

Three alternative interferometric-calorimetry systems that can be used to detect extremely small concentrations of trace gases are compared for their sensitivity limits due to both shot noise and vibrational noise. The three systems are (1) a pulsed system based on excitation by a repetitively pulsed heating laser; (2) a continuous-wave (cw) acoustic system, based on excitation by a cw heating laser whose intensity is modulated at an acoustic resonance frequency of the absorption cell; and (3) a cw isobaric (optical homodyne) system, based on a cw heating laser whose intensity is modulated at a frequency that is well below the acoustic cutoff of the absorption cell. It is shown that the shot-noiselimited sensitivities of the three systems are comparable, but that the potential presence of vibrational noise strongly favors the pulsed system.

An equal-thickness-fringe multiple reflection interferometer for ultra-high-speed multiframe recording is reported. The initial process of laser-produced plasma on a dielectric film layer is explored using this interferometer, and five interferograms with 30-ns frame intervals are obtained.

When filament light sources are used in nonimaging luminaires that are intended to ensure prescribed angular control and high optical efficiency, a 3-D back reflector must often be incorporated, so as to redirect rays emitted by the filaments that would otherwise miss the luminaire entrance aperture. The glass envelope precludes the filaments from filling the luminaire entrance aperture. The introduction of a back reflector can serve to create a virtual light source, away from the actual grid of filaments, which mitigates the problem. The back reflector should be compact, with high radiative efficiency, namely, a small number of reflections while accommodating all rays. We develop a new nonimaging back reflector design comprised of multiple rotated elliptical arcs in a rotationally symmetric device that is a good compromise.

A two-layer neural network connectionist model of the Hough transform (HT) is proposed for the detection of lines in image space. The model is implemented in the optical domain via an optical matrix-vector multiplication technique where interconnection weights of the neural network are binary and are adjusted according to the line parameters. The dimension of the weight matrix depends only on the dimensions of the image and parameter space and no further dynamic updatings of weights are required for a particular dimensions of image and parameter space adjustment. The peak strength of a neuron in the parameter or Hough space is detected by a winner-take-all optoelectronic circuit. Experimental results are presented.

A space-position-logic-encoding scheme is proposed and demonstrated. This encoding scheme not only makes the best use of the convenience of binary logic operation, but is also suitable for the trinary property of modified signed-digit (MSD) numbers. Based on the spaceposition- logic-encoding scheme, a fully parallel modified signed-digit adder and subtracter is built using optoelectronic switch technologies in conjunction with fiber-multistage 3-D optoelectronic interconnects. Thus an effective combination of a parallel algorithm and a parallel architecture is implemented. In addition, the performance of the optoelectronic switches used in this system is experimentally studied and verified. Both the 3-bit experimental model and the experimental results of a parallel addition and a parallel subtraction are provided and discussed. Finally, the speed ratio between the MSD adder and binary adders is discussed and the advantage of the MSD in operating speed is demonstrated.

This PDF contains the communications section which includes "Holography of erosion, corrosion, and mechanical wear: possible role of phase-shifting interferometry"

Recently, infrared imaging systems have been widely utilized in the field of medicine for accurately and rapidly measuring two-dimensional human skin temperature. Combined with traditional medical treatments, medical infrared imaging systems are expected to play an important role in oriental medicine in Asian countries.

This PDF contains the communications section including "Digital signal processor based digital time delay integration for a medical infrared imaging system"

In this paper,1 important details about the curriculum vitae of both coauthors and a photograph of one of the authors were inadvertently left out when the paper was submitted. The purpose of the current communication is to convey my apologies to both coauthors and to the readership of Optical Engineering. The correct information follows.

This PDF file contains the book review “Optical Methods of Engineering Analysis” and others for OE Vol. 35 Issue 06

This PDF file contains the book review “Coherent Optics: Fundamentals and Applications” and others for OE Vol. 35 Issue 06

This PDF file contains the book review “Semiconductor Lasers: Past, Present, and Future” and others for OE Vol. 35 Issue 06