KEYWORDS: Digital holography, Holograms, Holography, Microscopy, 3D image reconstruction, Optical signal processing, 3D image processing, Microscopes, Beam splitters, Visualization
Lateral in-homogeneities in lipid compositions cause microdomains formation and change in the physical properties of biological membranes. With the presence of cholesterol and mixed species of lipids, phospholipid membranes segregate into lateral domains of liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered phases. Coupling of two-dimensional intralayer phase separations and interlayer liquid-crystalline ordering in multicomponent membranes has been previously demonstrated. By the use of digital holographic microscopy (DHMicroscopy), we quantitatively analyzed the volumetric dynamical behavior of such membranes. The specimens are lipid mixtures composed of sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and unsaturated phospholipid, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. DHMicroscopy in a transmission mode is an effective tool for quantitative visualization of phase objects. By deriving the associated phase changes, three-dimensional information on the morphology variation of lipid stacks at arbitrary time scales is obtained. Moreover, the thickness distribution of the object at demanded axial planes can be obtained by numerical focusing. Our results show that the volume evolution of lipid domains follows approximately the same universal growth law of previously reported area evolution. However, the thickness of the domains does not alter significantly by time; therefore, the volume evolution is mostly attributed to the changes in area dynamics. These results might be useful in the field of membrane-based functional materials.
Polishing and testing methods used in the manufacture of the 3.4 m primary mirror of the Iranian National Observatory (INO) telescope are described and the test results of the finished mirror are presented. Mirror lapping and polishing was performed using several rectangular non-rotating tools arranged in a linear array across the mirror radius. Each tool is equipped with two computer controlled force actuators for regulating the surface pressure and removal efficiency during the lapping and polishing operations. The same tool system was used from the lapping phase to the end of the final polishing. The principal optical test method was the interferometric Hartmann test with the aid of a two component null lens in the mirror center of curvature. Mirror measurements were made also with pentaprism test to verify its correct conic constant. The mirror was finished to extremely good surface accuracy and smoothness.
Interferometric based techniques are often used for 3D quantitative phase imaging. While these techniques are sensitive to vibrations, non-interferometric intensity based techniques such as the transport of intensity equation (TIE) do not suffer from such a drawback. Phase reconstruction of phase objects using TIE technique is accomplished by recording several diffraction patterns at different observation planes through axially translating the CCD. In this paper, we purpose to use a spatial light modulator (SLM) in a modified 4f TIE optical setup to acquire 3D tomographic images of phase objects. This modified setup will reduce the acquisition time dramatically making the TIE technique useful for dynamic events such as biological samples. We illustrate how 3D phase objects can be reconstructed tomographically by constructing a rotating mechanism for the sample. At each angle of rotation, two diffraction patterns are captured by the CCD either sequentially or instantaneously with the help of a reference mirror. The reconstructed optical fields are tomographically recomposed to yield the final 3D shape using a tomographic backprojection technique. Finally, a reconfigurable hardware controlled by a GUI is employed to synchronize the CCD, the SLM and the rotating stage.
In this paper, the Transport of Intensity Equation (TIE) for testing of an aspheric surface is verified experimentally. Using simulation, a proper defocus distance Δđť‘§ that leads to an accurate solution of TIE is estimated whenever the conic constant and configuration of the experiment are known. To verify this procedure a non-nulled experiment for testing an aspheric is used. For verification of the solution, the results are compared with the Shack-Hartmann sensor. The theoretical method and experimental results are compared to validate the results.
Optical methods of three-dimensional profilometry have been of growing interest in both industrial and scientific applications. These techniques provide absolutely non-destructive measurement due to their non-contact nature and maintain their high precision in a large field of view. Most of these techniques however, are based on interferometry which happens to be considerably sensitive to environmental noises such as turbulence and vibration. We have used the phenomena of Fresnel diffraction from phase-steps instead of interferometry to maintain a higher precision and reduce sensitivity to environmental noises. This phenomena has been recently introduced as a method for precise measurement of wavelength, thickness and refractive index. A 2D array of reflective disks are placed above the test surface to provide the required phase-steps. In this paper, theoretical principles of Fresnel diffraction from phase-steps are discussed and the experimental results of testing an optical flat surface are presented. A flat mirror surface has been tested as an optical test surface and is been profiled. The results show that the method is precise and is not sensitive to environmental noises such as vibration and turbulence. Furthermore, the method seems to be a powerful means for testing of curved surfaces, too.
In this paper we present the results of image restoration using the data taken by a Hartmann sensor. The aberration is measure by a Hartmann sensor in which the object itself is used as reference. Then the Point Spread Function (PSF) is simulated and used for image reconstruction using the Lucy-Richardson technique. A technique is presented for quantitative evaluation the Lucy-Richardson technique for deconvolution.
In this work we will extend the traditional TIE setup of phase retrieval of a phase object through axial translation of the CCD by employing a tunable lens (TL-TIE). This setup is also extended to a 360° tomographic 3D reconstruction through multiple illuminations from different angles by rotating the phase object. Finally, synchronization between the CCD, and the tunable lens is employed using a reconfigurable hardware to automate the 3D 360° tomographic reconstruction process.
Recently the transport–of–intensity equation (TIE) has extended from one wave to two waves and then applied to calculate the phase of the interference field. In this work we will present the experimental verification of the application of TIE in the reconstruction of two interfering wavefronts. A Fizeau interferometer with phase shift capability is used for testing a flat surface. An error analysis is performed on the difference between the reconstructed wavefronts using TIE and the one measured wavefronts using phase shifting method. The error analysis shows some systematic errors with RMS value less than 0.5rad or λ/10. The issues such as computation time and spatial resolution of the reconstructed waves are discussed and possible applications of the presented method are given.
Phase distribution may be determined by measuring only the intensity distributions along the optical axis via the Transport of Intensity Equation (TIE). TIE has been a viable alternative to interferometry techniques for experimental conditions where those techniques perform poorly. These conditions are either because of the requirement one applies on the spatial and temporal coherence of the optical source or because of sensitivity and resolution issues. Optical testing is crucial in applications using manufactured optical elements. In this paper, we developed a method and experimental realizations capable to use both Shake-Hartman wavefront sensing (SHWS) and TIE method for testing transparent and reflective optical surfaces. The integration of TIE and SHWS has the advantage for obtaining high spatial resolution and wide dynamic range which cannot be obtained using only one of those methods. We showed that the retrieved phase profile and quantified surface variations of unknown samples from both methods are in very good agreement with each other.
Lund Observatory is presently designing and constructing a robotic telescope dedicated to studies of the Earth's albedo
by measuring the ratio between the intensity of the dark and bright sides of the Moon. The telescope will operate both in
broadband and narrow-band modes over the entire visible wavelength range and will transmit observational results back
to the operation team over the Internet. Design challenges, in particular related to choice of CCD and stray light
suppression, are described, together with the design of the optics, control system, and enclosure. Finally we present
results from laboratory tests. The telescope will go into operation in the first half of 2011.
The refractive index profile of fiber preform is determined by using shearing interferometry and the fringe analyzing by phase-step method. The experimental results for two different shearing are presented.
In this paper we will present determination of refractive index profile of an ion exchanged planar waveguide using wedge technique. The sample preparation, data analysis and experimental results will be presented.
It is shown that when a part of a wave-front bears a sharp change in its phase, the Fresnel diffraction becomes noticeable. To change the phase sharply, one can reflect the wave-front from a step or transmit it through a transparent medium having a sharp change in its thickness or refractive index. The visibility of the corresponding diffraction fringes depends on the amount of phase change and can be varied from zero to one. Since the phase change can be accomplished by various means, the effect renders to measure phase change, refractive index change, displacement, and so on. Here, the change of visibility is the measurement criterion, therefore the fluctuations of the source intensity do not affect the measurement precision. In this paper Fresnel diffraction from one dimensional step, circular step, and single strip are studied, and some of its applications are briefly discussed.
In this work we have introduced a new interferometric technique for measuring the nonlinear refractive index in different samples. Adopting a holographic point of view we have developed a mathematical theory for this technique which is based on the propagation of a Gaussian wave through a small phase aperture.
3D analysis of intensity distribution in the interference field of two interfering waves enables one to reconstruct the corresponding wave-vectors at each point in space. This has been exploited to specify the lens parameters, radii of curvatures, refractive index and the thickness of the lens. The technique is very suitable for lenses of small diameters and short focal lengths.
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