Gold nanoantennas are a new type of nanostars with long spikes and small cores and the ability to adjust localized surface plasmon resonance in the range from 600 to 1600 nm by changing the shape and size of nanoparticles. In this work, the morphometric and optical properties of gold nanoantennas are investigated depending on the concentration of gold seeds and hydrochloric acid. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals a decrease in the spike length and the core diameter of nanoantennas under an increase in the seed concentration. The reaction rate decreases after the addition of hydrochloric acid. With a minimal addition of hydrochloric acid, the length of the spikes increases. However, with an increase in the hydrochloric acid concentration, the length of the spikes decreases. Increasing the concentration of both seeds and hydrochloric acid leads to a shift of the plasmon resonance towards shorter wavelengths. The cell viability test showed negligible in vitro citotoxicity of nanoantennas for two cell lines.
A complex of gold nanoparticles with silymarin, a flavonoid-type hepatoprotector isolated from the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn), was obtained by the method of green synthesis. The resulting conjugate was used to immunize rabbits. After the completion of immunization, the isolated serum immunoglobulins were additionally purified using the method of high performance liquid chromatography. Purified anti-silymarin IgGs were tested for specific antigen binding by dot immunoassay. The detection limit for silymarin was 12.5 ng. The obtained antibodies were labeled with TRITC and used to study the penetration of silymarin into the cells of the reticuloendothelial system by immunofluorescence microscopy. It was demonstrated that silymarin conjugated with gold nanoparticles penetrated into peritoneal macrophages much more efficiently as compared to the native preparation. The results obtained can serve as a basis for creating a new dosage form of silymarin in the form of its conjugate with gold nanoparticles, which enhances hepatoprotective properties due to better penetration of the drug into the cells of the reticuloendothelial system.
Nanotechnology is actively used for diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis against coronaviruses. To date, methods for producing antibodies and prototypes of vaccines for four types of coronaviruses have been developed. These are: transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, avian coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and SARSCoV-2 coronavirus. Gold nanoparticles can be used as adjuvants to increase the effectiveness of vaccines by stimulating antigen-presenting cells and ensuring controlled antigen release. Thus, gold nanoparticles, which have adjuvant properties, can be an excellent tool in the design of effective vaccines against infectious diseases.
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