In 2014, it was estimated that there were just 450 anatomic phantoms in the world. Today, based on advanced models of breast anatomy, an infinite number of models exist. As such, it is possible to simulate individuals and specific pathologies from the population of all humans with increasingly higher accuracy. This, together with advanced models of image simulation, image processing and image reconstruction, means that we can create arbitrarily large databases of simulated images. At the same time, advances in machine observer methods mean that it is possible to conduct virtual clinical trials (VCT) using the simulated images, together with simulations of medical displays, human optical perception and cognition. The logistics of conducting VCT with thousands of patients is similar to the logistics of organizing the data from clinical trials of similar size. As such, we have developed a standards document outlining methods for conducting VCT, storing VCT results (intermediate and final), and communicating these image data and associate metadata between VCT components. In this course, we will use our experience in conducting large-scale VCT to encourage those new to the field to adopt VCT methods and to aid those already conducting VCT. The course will have applicability to VCT for designing new medical imaging equipment and methods, to use VCT data for prototyping and/or complementing the conduct of real clinical trials, and for preparing VCT data for regulatory approvals of new systems and methods.

This course provides a foundation of knowledge in radiation dosimetry for scientists and engineers who need to work with dosimetric quantities. Topics to be covered include: a review of the medical uses of ionizing radiation; the basics of radiation biology, including the bioeffects of radiation and radiation injury mechanisms; the concepts of kerma and dose; measurement methods for kerma and dose; the uncertainty of these measurements; application specific dosimetric quantities (such as those for mammography or CT); and methods for reporting dose including DICOM dose structured reports. The course will serve to separate fact from fiction. At the conclusion of the course, attendees should understand the various dosimetric quantities reported with modern medical images.