Our biocompatible hydrogel systems obtained by the sol-gel technqiue and based on chitosan and silicon polyolates are promising for medical and biological applications. The surface microrelief of these sol-gel materials (hydrogels and xerogels) based on chitosan and silicon tetraglycerolate was explored by AFM and SEM. A significant influence of the component ratio in the mixed system on the morphology and surface profile of the hydrogels and xerogels prepared therefrom was established. An increased content of the structure-forming component (chitosan) in the system was shown to increase the roughness scale of the hydrogel surface and to promote the porosity of the xerogel structure.
In the work, an experiment was performed to simulate the process of chitosan microtube formation through the interphase polysalt → polybase chemical reaction, on the one hand, and the formation of spatially separated structures under the conditions of reactive diffusion of one of the components, on the other hand. The formation of alternating dark and light bands or concentric rings of the chitosan polybase as a result of the polymer-analogous transformation is visualized by optical microscopy. The results obtained confirm our assumption that the layered structure of our chitosan microtubes is formed according to the Liesegang reaction mechanism.
A chitosan-iodine complex was obtained by modification of polymer powder in the vapor of an iodine-containing sorbate and studied by electron and IR spectroscopy, optical rotation dispersion. It was found that the electronic spectra of an aqueous solution of the modified chitosan (the source one and that stored for a year) showed intense absorption bands of triiodide and iodate ions, and also polyiodide ions, bound to the macromolecule by exciton bonding with charge transfer. Analysis of the IR spectra shows destruction of the network of intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the iodinated chitosan powder in comparison with the source polymer and the formation of a new chemical substance. E.g., the absorption band of deformation vibrations of the hydroxyl group disappears in the modified sample, and that of the protonated amino group shifts toward shorter wavelengths. The intensity of the stretching vibration band of the glucopyranose ring atoms significantly reduces. Heating of the modified sample at a temperature below the thermal degradation point of the polymer leads to stabilization of the chitosan-iodine complex. Based on our studies, the hydroxyl and amino groups of the aminopolysaccharide have been recognized as the centers of retention of polyiodide chains in the chitosan matrix.
The spectral-kinetic characteristics of luminescence of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) sorbed from a “water-organic solvent” medium on cellulose diacetate (CDA) matrices were studied. A significant increase in the fluorescence signal on the CDA matrix was observed for 13 PAHs in comparison with aqueous solutions. The highest detection sensitivity was found for pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, and benzo(k)fluoranthene. The fluorescence spectra of two PAH indicator pairs (anthracene–phenanthrene and pyrene–fluoranthene) used to control toxicant emission sources were studied with the simultaneous presence of isomers in the analyte, depending on the excitation wavelength. For both isomer pairs, it has been found that the spectra of their solid-state luminescence overlap insignificantly, the characteristic peaks do not coincide and do not overlap, the sensitivities of detection are close to each other, which makes it possible to consider this technique as promising to control PAH contamination sources.
The optical properties of aqueous chitosan solutions in L- and D-ascorbic acids were studied by optical rotatory dispersion and spectrophotometry. The specific optical rotation [α] of all chitosan solutions tested was positive, in contrast to aqueous solutions of the ascorbic acid enantiomers, which exhibit an inverse relationship of [α] values. Significant differences in the absolute values of [α] of the chitosan solutions at polymer-acid ratios exceeding the equimolar one were found.
The optical anisotropy and optical activity of salt and basic chitosan films, both initial and modified in formic acid vapor were studied. The modification of such films was found to be accompanied by induced time-stable optical anisotropy, by varying the values of specific optical rotation [α] and an inversion of the sign of [α]. The angular dependences (indicatrices) of the specific optical rotation of films on the orientation angle of the sample relative to the direction of the polarization vector of the incident light beam in a plane perpendicular to the beam were obtained. The indicatrices of the initial chitosan films have an almost symmetrical character while those of the films modified in formic acid vapor are irregular. It is concluded of the formation of a vitrified cholesteric mesophase in the chitosan films with induced optical anisotropy.
The optical activity of chitosan films in the forms of polysalt (chitosan acetate) and polybase was studied. The specific optical rotation [α] of all our films was negative. The absolute values of [α] of polybasic chitosan films was by an order of magnitude higher than that for polysalt films. A dependence of [α] on the orientation angle of the sample relative to the direction of the polarization vector of the incident light beam in the plane perpendicular to this beam was established. Specific optical rotation indicatrices of the chitosan films of both chemical forms were plotted.
The surface morphology and optical activity of films based on chitosan in different chemical forms were investigated by methods of scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, spectropolarimetry. These film samples are used as substrates for optical waveguides, sorption material and as substrates for cell culturing tissue-engineering and scaffold constructions. The essential differences in the structural and morphological relief of thin films from chitosan of different chemical forms are established. It was found that the spectra of optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism of films of chitosan in the form of polysalts and polybases are significantly different in absolute values of the optical rotation of the plane and circularly polarized light.
Optical interferometers for study of mutual diffusion in polymer-solvent systems are considered. The methodology of
experiment for the pair of cellulose acetate (as a fiber) - nitromethane (an aprotic and dipolar solvent) is discussed. The
kinetics of spatial distribution ofthe medium's refraction index in the process of mass transfer is considered. The kinetics
of movement of equal-concentration planes and that of concentration profile changes are determined.
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