Over the past few years, both large multinationals and governments have begun to contribute to even larger projects on biometric devices. Terrorist attacks in America and in other countries have highlighted the need for better identification systems for people as well as improved systems for controlling access to buildings. Another reason for investment in Research and Development in Biometric Devices, is the massive growth in internet-based systems -- whether for e-commerce, e-government or internal processes within organizations. The interface between the system and the user is routinely abused, as people have to remember many complex passwords and handle tokens of various types. In this paper an overview is given of the information that is important to know before an examination of such is systems can be done in a forensic proper way. In forensic evidence with biometric devices the forensic examiner should consider the possibilities of tampering with the biometric systems or the possibilities of unauthorized access before drawing conclusions.
KEYWORDS: 3D image processing, Cameras, 3D scanning, Head, 3D modeling, Photography, Laser systems engineering, 3D acquisition, Laser applications, Distance measurement
To reliably perform comparisons of facial images, it is important to position the head corresponding to the facial images available. Techniques using three or more landmark points on the face have been proposed for matching the face and camera positions to the available photographs. However, these methods can be cumbersome, and require the cooperation of the subject. 3D photographs, together with 3D modeling software, offer the possibility of flexible and reproducable positioning of the head of a person corresponding to the face and camera position of the facial images. We will present our experiences with a non-contact 3D laser-scanning system (Minolta VI-900), especially with respect to ease-of-use, reproducabilty, and performance for facial comparison applications.
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