Optical fiber oxygen sensors have attractive attentions such as no oxygen consume, thin size, light weight, flexibility, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Ruthenium (Ru) complexes are known as luminescent materials whose luminescent light is quenched depending on oxygen concentrations when concentrations of Ru complexes are fixed. They emit phosphorescence with the wavelength of around 620 nm as exited light with the wavelength of 450 nm is irradiated into Ru complexes. As a result, phosphorescence is quenched depending on oxygen concentrations. Conventional optical fiber oxygen sensors have employed large core-diameter such as 1000 μm in order to obtain quenching abundantly, hence they have large transmission loss. Therefore, they have little practicability in the case of remote monitoring system, for example undersea explorations. In this paper, we have successfully developed a novel optical fiber oxygen sensor with transmission GI multi-mode fiber whose core diameter is 62.5 μm and cladding diameter is 125 μm. The sensing portion was fabricated on an end of the fiber with porous composite membranes which is made by glass beads and polyallylamine in Layer-by-Layer technique. The composite membranes immobilized Ru complexes. In experiments, in order to investigate characteristics of the number of layers for porous composite membranes, we tested several kinds of sensors having such as 5-, 50- and 125-layers and confirmed phosphorescent intensity and change of phosphorescence against existence of oxygen. As a result, 5-layer and 50-layer sensors showed best sensitivity and reproducibility.
Micro-processing by using an ultrashort pulsed laser has been previously reported and developed in the past decade for fabricating micro devices. Using tightly focused short pulse laser beam, the laser intensity easily can reach more than 1013 W/cm2. Under such conditions non-linear phenomena are triggered, hence multiphoton ionization and self-focusing are notably induced in a medium. Femtosecond laser enables micro-fabrication without critical heat damage owing to extremely shorter pulse width and very fast multi-photon absorption at the laser focal point, compared with longer pulse irradiation. In this report, a micro-voids array was created in optical fiber line by using a femtosecond laser to produce sensing area only at local micro-region of the fiber line. At sensing portion consisted of the voids array, transmitted light was partially scattered by voids after that the leaked light could be reflected on the interface of cladding and outsides, which held the incident angle depending on structures of the micro-voids array. Voids array played as a role of scattering sources to transmitted light and consequently it was expected that the transmitted light can be broadly leaked out from the fiber core to the cladding. Furthermore, optical losses attributed to the creation of micro voids were quantitatively obtained so as to figure out the sensor characteristics. Consequently the reflection region which was considered as a sensing area showed the re-coupling rate of 0.04 dB (3.03%) to insertion loss of 1.32 dB, and the incident angle existed between 67.2 -71.9°.
In this study, we have proposed a novel type of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) fiber optic sensor based on in-line/pico-liter micro-holes which can be experimentally fabricated into the fiber waveguide by using a second harmonic 400 nm femtosecond laser. A repetitive pulse train of 1 kHz with a pulse width of 350 fs was irradiated onto a MMGI fiber optic to make three holes that penetrate through the fiber core and work as spectroscopic-microfluidic flow cells. In order to induce the interaction between transmitted light and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) adhered on the inner surface of the flow cells, micro-holes were designed to be the width of approximately 50 μm, along a direction perpendicular to an optical axis of an optical fiber. GNPs with approximately 100 nm of particle diameter adhered onto the inner surface according to 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane treatment. The transmitted light through the micro-holes was obtained by optical instruments consisted of a white light source and an optical spectrum analyzer. In order to obtain the reference spectrum, the optical spectrum was acquired before dipping the sensor into the GNPs solution. After 30 min of immersing the sensor portion into the GNPs solution, the optical spectrum was also obtained. The reference spectrum which was considered as the baseline, was set to zero and then, the absorbance spectrum was calculated. The absorbance peak at a wavelength of 537 nm occurred in an air condition in the sensing area, which seemed like the resonance peak based on the LSPR.
In this paper, the multi-point hydrogen detection system using the hetero-core optical fiber hydrogen tip sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and Pseudorandom Noise code correlation reflectometry (PNCR) has been proposed. This method makes use of the correlation between a launched pseudorandom noise code signal and its reflection, can obtain a high signal to noise ration. We demonstrated the 4 sensors characteristics to 4% hydrogen. It was observed from experimental results that all sensors induced a response time of 15 s for 4% hydrogen for the 25-nm Au / 60-nm Ta2O5 / 5-nm Pd multi-layers film. In addition, all sensors were detected the hydrogen concentration with sufficient sensitivities.
A second harmonic 400-nm femtosecond pulse laser has demonstrated efficient hole drilling for a fiber optic spectroscopic measurement. A pulse train of 1 kHz with a pulse width of 350 fs was irradiated during approximately 1 s onto an optical fiber to make a through hole that penetrates whole fiber core and works to be a sample cell for a spectroscopic measurement. The spectroscopic measurement is shown using dye of rhodamine 6G. Even with a pico-liter cell volume of a through hole, the absorption spectrum is appeared in the visible range centered at 530 nm depending on the dye concentration. Discussions have also been made on the optimum arrangement of the through hole to obtain sufficient performance of spectroscopic measurements.
Hetero-core structured fiber optic was applied to evanescent field absorption spectroscopy. The sensing part of the fiber
optic was immersed in a dye solution, then the bending was applied to the fiber optic probe, and propagating loss spectra
were measured. The effects of refractive index of the dye solution and the degree of the bending to the sensor part were
studied. According to increasing of the degree of bending, the peak strength of the spectra of the dye increased. This is
because that the increasing of the bending degree changes the angle of incidence in the propagating ray following the
evanescent wave is generated effectively, hence the number of the dye molecules that can interact with the evanescent
wave increases. As a result, the sensitivity enhancement of the peak strength was performed. In addition, the increase of
the refractive index of the dye solution enhanced the peak intensity in the absorption spectra. It has been shown that the
sensitivity enhancement of the fiber optic sensor would be performed by physical shape control and physical property of
the solution such as refractive index.
A monitoring human breath has been seen as an important source of factor for vital status for emergency medical
service. The monitoring of breathing has been tested and evaluated in a possible breath condition of a person to be
monitored. A hetero-core optical fiber humidity sensor was developed for in order to monitor relative humidity in a
medial mask. Elements for determent breath condition were extracted from the light intensity changing at some human
breath condition, which were Breath depth, Breath cycle, Breath time and Check breathing. It is found that the elements
had differences relative to normal breathing.
In this paper, multipoint refractive index measurement is described using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors
based on hetero-core structured fiber optic technique. The sensor simply consists of two different core diameters fibers,
which are connected by thermal fusion splicing, in order to deliberately leak the transmitted light wave into the cladding
layer of the sensing fiber region. Chromium film and gold film were uniformly deposited around the cladding surface
with a layer thickness of 5 nm and 45 nm, respectively, for SPR excitation. Multipoint measurement system consists of
three SPR sensors, whose hetero-core insertion length are employed as 2-mm, located in a single transmission optical
fiber and an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) to be used to measure refractive index. As a result, a hetero-core
insertion length has trade off between sensitivity for refractive index and the number of sensors in tandem. The proposed
multipoint refractive index measurement has been successfully demonstrated using three hetero-core SPR sensors and
OTDR.
A liquid-level optical fiber sensor based on refractive index sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance has been proposed and demonstrated. The sensor can continuously measure a wide distance range in the liquids with a single fiber element, since the sensing interface is characterized on the fiber-cladding surface. The fiber element, having the gold film thickness of 70nm on the sensing surface, shows the capability for the use of refractive index to be sensed ranged from 1.333 to 1.428 RIU. The sensitivity has been experimentally achieved to be 2.86% change of the input light intensity per millimeter for the 40mm measurement range.
A novel refractive index sensor has been presented which is characterized by the sensing part on the tip of the optical fiber. The principle of this sensor is based on surface plasmon resonance at the interface between gold and medium to be detected. In order to induce the evanescent wave interrogation, the proposed structure has been devised to deliberately leak the transmitted light into the cladding layer of the fiber by a mechanical cleaving and a thermal fusion splicing. The sensor response obtained from the spectral experiment exhibited availability in the use of spectral and optical intensity operation. The sensitivity for the case of spectral operation has achieved the values of 3.35*10-4 and 4.99*10-5 for 1.333 and 1.398 refractive index units, respectively.
A novel fiber optic sensor technique utilizing hetero-core structure is reported based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for refractive index detection. The sensor makes it possible to interrogate between evanescent light wave of the light and outer environment by deliberate leaking of the transmitted light wave into the cladding region. Surface plasmon wave (SPW) due to evanescent wave is excited in a silver film coated on the cladding region of the sensor portion. Experiments were carried out with white light source and glycerin solutions as an analyte. Sensor response has shown sharp SPR curves and their dip shift toward the longer wavelength by increasing the concentration of the sample solution. It has been demonstrated that the hetero-core structured fiber optic sensor could be worked as a spectral, and an amplitude SPR sensor.
A novel structure of fiber optic sensor has been developed which is characterized by a short-length, different core- size fiber insertion in a fiber as a transmission network line. Two types of a macrobending sensor and an environment sensitive sensor are demonstrated. The macrobending sensor is expected in the use as multi-points (quasi-distributed) sensor. The environment sensitive sensor has the capability of interrogating with environmental conditions. The detailed structure and sensing principle of these new types of sensors are reported together with an experimental setup example arranged from the practical point of view and its attractive applications.
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