Dr. B. Carol Johnson Profile

Dr. B. Carol Johnson

Physicist at National Institute of Standards and Technology

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Author

Publications (28)

Proceedings Article | 11 October 2016 Paper

Goniometric and hemispherical reflectance and transmittance measurements of fused silica diffusers

Paul Lemaillet, Heather Patrick, Thomas Germer, Leonard Hanssen, B. Carol Johnson, Georgi Georgiev

Proceedings Volume 9961, 996109 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2237975

KEYWORDS: IRIS Consortium, Diffusers, Reflectivity, Transmittance, Silica, Scattering, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Optical spheres, Sensors, Integrating spheres

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2014 Paper

Validation of spectral radiance assignments to integrating sphere radiance standards for the Advanced Baseline Imager

B. Johnson, Stephen Maxwell, Eric Shirley, Kim Slack, Gary Graham

Proceedings Volume 9218, 92180Z (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2065509

KEYWORDS: Optical spheres, Calibration, Lamps, Radiometry, Integrating spheres, Sensors, Visible radiation, Silicon, Short wave infrared radiation, Indium gallium arsenide

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

Validation of the dissemination of spectral irradiance values using FEL lamps

B. Johnson, Gary Graham, Robert Saunders, Howard Yoon, Eric Shirley

Proceedings Volume 8510, 85100E (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.930801

KEYWORDS: Lamps, Calibration, Free electron lasers, Photometry, Sensors, Radiometry, Spectrographs, Silicon, Kinematics, Resistors

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Proceedings Article | 27 August 2010 Paper

Characterization of two spectrometers in support of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission

B. Carol Johnson, Robert Saunders, Zhigang Li, Abra Fein, Lawrence Ong, Milton Hom, Robert Barnes, Brian Markham

Proceedings Volume 7807, 780708 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862056

KEYWORDS: Optical spheres, Calibration, Spectrometers, Short wave infrared radiation, Radiometry, Aerospace engineering, Landsat, Standards development, Space operations, Earth observing sensors

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Proceedings Article | 9 October 2008 Paper

Calibration of a radiance standard for the NPP/OMPS instrument

James Butler, Scott Janz, B. Carol Johnson, Robert Saunders, John Cooper, Matthew Kowalewski, Robert Barnes

Proceedings Volume 7106, 71060Z (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.800194

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Optical spheres, Radiometry, Standards development, Remote sensing, Integrating spheres, Lamps, Aerospace engineering, Diffusers, Spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2008 Paper

Measurement science for climate remote sensing

G. Fraser, S. Brown, R. Datla, B. Johnson, K. Lykke, J. Rice

Proceedings Volume 7081, 708102 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.801698

KEYWORDS: Climatology, Satellites, Calibration, Environmental sensing, Climate change, Standards development, Sensors, Radiometry, Remote sensing, Infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 17 October 2007 Paper

The marine optical buoy (MOBY) radiometric calibration and uncertainty budget for ocean color satellite sensor vicarious calibration

Steven Brown, Stephanie Flora, Michael Feinholz, Mark Yarbrough, Terrence Houlihan, Darryl Peters, Yong Sung Kim, James Mueller, B. Carol Johnson, Dennis Clark

Proceedings Volume 6744, 67441M (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.737400

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Satellites, Ocean optics, Standards development, Molybdenum, MODIS, Sensor calibration, Water, Environmental sensing

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Proceedings Article | 12 October 2007 Paper

Area measurements of apertures for exo-atmospheric solar irradiance for JPL

Maritoni Litorja, B. Carol Johnson, Joel Fowler

Proceedings Volume 6677, 667708 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.734578

KEYWORDS: Fiber optic illuminators, Radiometry, Microscopes, Objectives, Photography, Aluminum, Control systems, Standards development, Sensors, Light sources

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2007 Paper

Results in coastal waters with high resolution in situ spectral radiometry: The Marine Optical System ROV

Mark Yarbrough, Michael Feinholz, Stephanie Flora, Terrance Houlihan, B. Carol Johnson, Yong Kim, Marilyn Murphy, Michael Ondrusek, Dennis Clark

Proceedings Volume 6680, 66800I (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.735064

KEYWORDS: Molybdenum, Water, Ocean optics, Calibration, Sensors, Absorption, Lutetium, Radiometry, Spectral resolution, Spectrographs

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2007 Paper

Simultaneous measurement of up-welling spectral radiance using a fiber-coupled CCD spectrograph

Mark Yarbrough, Stephanie Flora, Michael Feinholz, Terrence Houlihan, Steven Brown, B. Carol Johnson, Kenneth Voss, Dennis Clark

Proceedings Volume 6680, 66800J (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.735016

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Calibration, Satellites, Spectrographs, Charge-coupled devices, Optical fibers, Prototyping, Imaging systems, Light scattering, Ocean optics

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2007 Paper

Absolute flux calibrations of stars

Gerald Fraser, Steven Brown, Howard Yoon, B. Carol Johnson, Keith Lykke

Proceedings Volume 6678, 66780P (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.734600

KEYWORDS: Black bodies, Calibration, Stars, Telescopes, Atmospheric modeling, Transmittance, Copper, Photometry, Stray light, Diffraction

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2006 Paper

Hyperspectral image projector for advanced sensor characterization

S. Brown, J. Rice, J. Neira, R. Bousquet, B. Johnson

Proceedings Volume 6296, 629602 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.682232

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Calibration, Projection systems, Digital micromirror devices, Hyperspectral imaging, Digital Light Processing, Integrating spheres, Visible radiation, Remote sensing, Sensor performance

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2006 Paper

Bandwidth and spectral stray light effects in the NASA GSFC Radiometric Calibration Facility primary transfer radiometer

Robert Barnes, John Cooper, John Marketon, Steven Brown, B. Carol Johnson, James Butler

Proceedings Volume 6296, 629604 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.679493

KEYWORDS: Optical spheres, Signal detection, Radiometry, Stray light, Lamps, Calibration, Sensors, Scattering, Free electron lasers, Integrating spheres

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Proceedings Article | 22 August 2005 Paper

Correction of stray light in spectrographs: implications for remote sensing

Yuqin Zong, Steven Brown, B. Johnson, Keith Lykke, Yoshi Ohno

Proceedings Volume 5882, 588201 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.617608

KEYWORDS: Spectrographs, Stray light, Calibration, Remote sensing, Ultraviolet radiation, Light emitting diodes, Detector arrays, Spectroscopy, Error analysis, Spectral calibration

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Proceedings Article | 10 November 2003 Paper

Preliminary results of aperture-area comparison for exo-atmospheric solar irradiance

B. Johnson, Maritoni Litorja, James Butler

Proceedings Volume 5151, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.506904

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Radiometry, Solar energy, Solar radiation, Metrology, Earth's atmosphere, Environmental sensing, Microscopes, Standards development, Climate change

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Proceedings Article | 10 November 2003 Paper

Advances in radiometry for ocean color

Steven Brown, B. Carol Johnson

Proceedings Volume 5151, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.505765

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Radiometry, Lamps, Sensors, Satellites, Algorithm development, Stray light, Standards development, Integrating spheres, Spectrographs

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Proceedings Article | 10 November 2003 Paper

Calibration and characterization of trap detector filter radiometers

David Allen, George Eppeldauer, Steven Brown, Edward Early, B. Carol Johnson, Keith Lykke

Proceedings Volume 5151, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.507995

KEYWORDS: Radiometry, Sensors, Calibration, Optical filters, Lamps, Silicon, Remote sensing, Integrating spheres, Radio optics, Photodiodes

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Proceedings Article | 5 November 2003 Paper

Comparison of laser-based and conventional calibrations of sun photometers

Nordine Souaidia, Christophe Pietras, Giulietta Fargion, Robert Barnes, Robert Frouin, Keith Lykke, B. Carol Johnson, Steven Brown

Proceedings Volume 5155, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.508197

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sun, Photometry, Sensors, Aerosols, Radiometry, Integrating spheres, Standards development, Atmospheric particles, Atmospheric modeling

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Proceedings Article | 18 January 2002 Paper

Overview of the radiometric calibration of MOBY

Dennis Clark, Michael Feinholz, Mark Yarbrough, B. Carol Johnson, Steven Brown, Yong Kim, Robert Barnes

Proceedings Volume 4483, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453473

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Spectrographs, Ocean optics, Molybdenum, Optical spheres, Lamps, Spatial light modulators, Stray light, Integrating spheres, Light scattering

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The Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) provides values of water- leaving radiance for the calibration and validation of satellite ocean color instruments. Located in clear, deep ocean waters near the Hawaiian Island of Lanai, MOBY measures the upwelling radiance and downwelling irradiance at three levels below the ocean surface plus the incident solar irradiance just above the surface. The radiance standards for MOBY are two integrating spheres with calibrations based on standards traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). For irradiance, the MOBY project uses standard lamps that are routinely calibrated at NIST. Wavelength calibrations are conducted with a series of emission lines observed from a set of low pressure lamps. Each MOBY instrument views these standards before and after its deployment to provide system responses (calibration coefficients). During each deployment, the stability of the MOBY spectrographs and internal optics are monitored using three internal reference sources. In addition, the collection optics for the instrument are cleaned and checked on a monthly basis while the buoy is deployed. Divers place lamps over the optics before and after each cleaning to monitor changes at the system level. As a hyperspectral instrument, MOBY uses absorption lines in the solar spectrum to monitor its wavelength stability. When logistically feasible during each deployment, coincident measurements are made with the predecessor buoy before that buoy's recovery. Measurements of the underwater light fields from the deployment vessel are compared with those from the buoy. Based on this set of absolute calibrations and the suite of stability reference measurements, a calibration history is created for each buoy. These calibration histories link the measurement time series from the set of MOBY buoys. In general, the differences between the pre- and post-deployment radiance calibrations of the buoys range from +1% to -6% with a definitive bias to a negative difference for the post- deployment values. This trend is to be expected after a deployment of 3 months. To date, only the pre-deployment calibration measurements have been used to adjust the system responses for the MOBY time series. Based on these results, the estimated radiometric uncertainty for MOBY in-water ocean color measurements is estimated to be about 4% to 8% (kequals1). As part of a collaboration with NIST, annual radiometric comparisons are made at the MOBY calibration facility. NIST personnel use transfer radiometers and integrating spheres to validate (verify) the accuracy of the MOBY calibration sources. Recently, we began a study of the stray light contribution to the radiometric uncertainty in the MOBY systems. A complete reprocessing of the MOBY data set, including the changes within each MOBY deployment, will commence upon the completion of the stray light characterization, which is scheduled for the fall of 2001. It is anticipated that this reprocessing will reduce the overall radiometric uncertainty to less than 5% (kequals1).

Proceedings Article | 18 January 2002 Paper

Radiometric calibration of the Scripps Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera

Edward Early, Brett Bush, Steven Brown, David Allen, B. Carol Johnson

Proceedings Volume 4483, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453474

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Radiometry, Charge-coupled devices, Temperature metrology, Lamps, Radio optics, Camera shutters, Sensors, Telescopes, Ocean optics

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Proceedings Article | 18 June 2001 Paper

NIST activities in support of space-based radiometric remote sensing

Joseph Rice, B. Carol Johnson

Proceedings Volume 4450, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.431245

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Radiometry, Remote sensing, Sensors, Black bodies, Temperature metrology, Radio optics, Lamps, Reflectivity, Defense and security

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Proceedings Article | 23 March 2001 Paper

Noncontact thermometry in the Optical Technology Division at NIST

Charles Gibson, Howard Yoon, Benjamin Tsai, B. Carol Johnson, Robert Saunders

Proceedings Volume 4360, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.421011

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Black bodies, Temperature metrology, Sensors, Radiometry, Thermography, Thermodynamics, Lamps, Pyrometry, Francium

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Proceedings Article | 28 December 1999 Paper

Radiometric measurement comparisons using transfer radiometers in support of the calibration of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) sensors

James Butler, B. Carol Johnson, Steven Brown, Howard Yoon, Robert Barnes, Brian Markham, Stuart Biggar, Edward Zalewski, Paul Spyak, John Cooper, Fumihiro Sakuma

Proceedings Volume 3870, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.373186

KEYWORDS: Radiometry, Optical spheres, Calibration, Integrating spheres, Short wave infrared radiation, Sensors, Satellites, Infrared radiation, Lamps, Remote sensing

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EOS satellite instruments operating in the visible through the shortwave infrared wavelength regions (from 0.4 micrometer to 2.5 micrometer) are calibrated prior to flight for radiance response using integrating spheres at a number of instrument builder facilities. The traceability of the radiance produced by these spheres with respect to international standards is the responsibility of the instrument builder, and different calibration techniques are employed by those builders. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Earth Observing System (EOS) Project Science Office, realizing the importance of preflight calibration and cross-calibration, has sponsored a number of radiometric measurement comparisons, the main purpose of which is to validate the radiometric scale assigned to the integrating spheres by the instrument builders. This paper describes the radiometric measurement comparisons, the use of stable transfer radiometers to perform the measurements, and the measurement approaches and protocols used to validate integrating sphere radiances. Stable transfer radiometers from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the University of Arizona Optical Sciences Center Remote Sensing Group, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, and the National Research Laboratory of Metrology in Japan, have participated in these comparisons. The approaches used in the comparisons include the measurement of multiple integrating sphere lamp levels, repeat measurements of select lamp levels, the use of the stable radiometers as external sphere monitors, and the rapid reporting of measurement results. Results from several comparisons are presented. The absolute radiometric calibration standard uncertainties required by the EOS satellite instruments are typically in the plus or minus 3% to plus or minus 5% range. Preliminary results reported during eleven radiometric measurement comparisons held between February 1995 and May 1998 have shown the radiance of integrating spheres agreed to within plus or minus 2.5% from the average at blue wavelengths and to within plus or minus 1.7% from the average at red and near infrared wavelengths. This level of agreement lends confidence in the use of the transfer radiometers in validating the radiance scales assigned by EOS instrument calibration facilities to their integrating sphere sources.

Proceedings Article | 8 October 1998 Paper

Intercomparisons of reflectance measurements

Patricia Barnes, Edward Early, B. Carol Johnson, James Butler, Carol Bruegge, Stuart Biggar, Paul Spyak, Milutin Pavlov

Proceedings Volume 3425, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.326663

KEYWORDS: Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Reflectivity, Aluminum, Remote sensing, Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Standards development, Sensors, Radio optics, Optical testing, Statistical analysis

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Proceedings Article | 11 November 1996 Paper

EOS AM-1 preflight radiometric measurement comparison using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer (ASTER) visible/near-infrared integrating sphere

Fumihiro Sakuma, B. Carol Johnson, Stuart Biggar, James Butler, J. Cooper, Masaru Hiramatsu, Katsumi Suzuki

Proceedings Volume 2820, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.258101

KEYWORDS: Radiometry, Optical spheres, Calibration, Integrating spheres, Lamps, Sensors, Optical filters, Satellites, Black bodies, Silicon

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Proceedings Article | 29 September 1995 Paper

Evaluation of the radiation characteristics of a high-temperature blackbody

Benjamin Tsai, B. Carol Johnson, Robert Saunders

Proceedings Volume 2553, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.221381

KEYWORDS: Black bodies, Calibration, Power supplies, Radiometry, Optical filters, Pyrometry, Temperature metrology, Standards development, Lamps, Feedback control

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Proceedings Article | 22 January 1993 Paper

Precision high-temperature blackbodies

Victor Sapritsky, B. Carol Johnson, Robert Saunders, Lev Vlasov, Konstantin Sudarev, Boris Klevnoy, Vjcheslav Shapoval, Igor Dmitriev, Leonid Buchnev, Alexsandr Prochorov

Proceedings Volume 1764, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.140860

KEYWORDS: Black bodies, Tungsten, Temperature metrology, Lamps, Standards development, Ultraviolet radiation, Radiometry, Algorithm development, Resistance, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 1 May 1990 Paper

NIST-NRL free-electron laser facility

Ronald Johnson, Robert Ayres, John Broberg, Roy Cutler, Philip Debenham, B. Carol Johnson, Eric Lindstrom, David Mohr, John Rose, Julian Whittaker, Neil Wilkin, Mark Wilson, Samuel Penner, Cha-Mei Tang, Phillip Sprangle

Proceedings Volume 1227, (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.18598

KEYWORDS: Free electron lasers, Mirrors, Magnetism, Electron beams, Optical resonators, Analytical research, Standards development, Finite element methods, Materials science

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Showing 5 of 28 publications

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