Prof. Benjamin J. Vakoc Profile

Prof. Benjamin J. Vakoc

Associate Professor at Wellman Ctr for Photomedicine

SPIE Involvement:

Conference Program Committee | Author | Editor

Publications (41)

Proceedings Article | 13 March 2024 Presentation

Ultrawide-field retinal OCTA using a stretched-pulse mode locking laser

Sunhong Jeong, ByungKun Lee, Joosung Lee, Myeongsik Choi, Tae Shik Kim, Benjamin Vakoc, Wang-Yuhl Oh

Proceedings Volume PC12824, PC1282409 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3001342

KEYWORDS: Mode locking, Retina, 3D image processing, Visualization, Retinal diseases, Optical surfaces, Optical coherence tomography, Fiber lasers, Fiber Bragg gratings, Denoising

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Proceedings Article | 13 March 2024 Open Access

Circular-ranging optical coherence tomography

Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume PC12830, PC1283001 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3029535

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Proceedings Article | 9 March 2024 Presentation

Time-stepped optical frequency comb laser design leveraging three-dimensional integration of thin-film lithium niobate and silicon CMOS

Georgios Kyriazidis, Norman Lippok, John Davis, Xinrui Zhu, Hana Warner, Yaowen Hu, Marko Loncar, Benjamin Vakoc, Gage Hills

Proceedings Volume PC12890, PC128900M (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3003029

KEYWORDS: Integrated optics, Thin films, Silicon, Lithium niobate, Frequency combs, Laser optics, Laser development, Power consumption, Optical coherence tomography, Design and modelling

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SPIE Journal Paper | 4 October 2023 Open Access

Needle guidance with Doppler-tracked polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

Danielle Harper, Yongjoo Kim, Alejandra Gómez-Ramírez, Benjamin Vakoc

JBO, Vol. 28, Issue 10, 102910, (October 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.28.10.102910

KEYWORDS: Tissues, Optical coherence tomography, Tissue optics, Muscles, Doppler effect, Video, Doppler tomography, Connective tissue, Biological samples, Visualization

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Proceedings Article | 11 August 2023 Paper

Wide-field computational cellular-resolution imaging of the human retina using multi-MHz phase-stable SS-OCT

ByungKun Lee, Sunhong Jeong, Joosung Lee, Tae Shik Kim, Boy Braaf, Benjamin Vakoc, Wang-Yuhl Oh

Proceedings Volume 12632, 1263203 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2670648

KEYWORDS: Retina, Stereoscopy, 3D image processing, Retinal scanning, Optical coherence tomography, Retinal diseases, Ophthalmology, Nerve, Computer hardware, Clinical research

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SPIE Journal Paper | 17 April 2023 Open Access

Development of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography imaging platform and metrics to quantify electrostimulation-induced peripheral nerve injury in vivo in a small animal model

Guillermo Monroy, Mohsen Erfanzadeh, Michael Tao, Damon DePaoli, Ilyas Saytashev, Ahhyun Stephanie Nam, Harmain Rafi, Kasey Kwong, Katherine Shea, Benjamin Vakoc, Srikanth Vasudevan, Daniel Hammer

NPh, Vol. 10, Issue 02, 025004, (April 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.10.2.025004

KEYWORDS: Nerve, Optical coherence tomography, Coherence imaging, Animals, Nervous system, Injuries, Biological imaging, Optical imaging, Image segmentation, Tissue optics

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SignificanceNeuromodulation devices are rapidly evolving for the treatment of neurological diseases and conditions. Injury from implantation or long-term use without obvious functional losses is often only detectable through terminal histology. New technologies are needed that assess the peripheral nervous system (PNS) under normal and diseased or injured conditions.AimWe aim to demonstrate an imaging and stimulation platform that can elucidate the biological mechanisms and impacts of neurostimulation in the PNS and apply it to the sciatic nerve to extract imaging metrics indicating electrical overstimulation.ApproachA sciatic nerve injury model in a 15-rat cohort was observed using a newly developed imaging and stimulation platform that can detect electrical overstimulation effects with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. The sciatic nerve was electrically stimulated using a custom-developed nerve holder with embedded electrodes for 1 h, followed by a 1-h recovery period, delivered at above-threshold Shannon model k-values in experimental groups: sham control (SC, n = 5, 0.0 mA / 0 Hz), stimulation level 1 (SL1, n = 5, 3.4 mA / 50 Hz, and k = 2.57), and stimulation level 2 (SL2, n = 5, 6.8 mA / 100 Hz, and k = 3.17).ResultsThe stimulation and imaging system successfully captured study data across the cohort. When compared to a SC after a 1-week recovery, the fascicle closest to the stimulation lead showed an average change of +4 % / − 309 % (SL1/SL2) in phase retardation and −79 % / − 148 % in optical attenuation relative to SC. Analysis of immunohistochemistry (IHC) shows a +1 % / − 36 % difference in myelin pixel counts and −13 % / + 29 % difference in axon pixel counts, and an overall increase in cell nuclei pixel count of +20 % / + 35 % . These metrics were consistent with IHC and hematoxylin/eosin tissue section analysis.ConclusionsThe poststimulation changes observed in our study are manifestations of nerve injury and repair, specifically degeneration and angiogenesis. Optical imaging metrics quantify these processes and may help evaluate the safety and efficacy of neuromodulation devices.

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Proceedings Article | 17 March 2023 Presentation

A 32-channel MEMs-based laparoscopic 2D forward-viewing OCT probe

Hyun-Sang Park, Yongjoo Kim, Danielle Harper, Taeshik Kim, Yong-Chul Yoon, Milen Shishkov, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume PC12356, PC123560A (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2651316

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Laparoscopy, Microelectromechanical systems, Scanners, Imaging arrays, Visualization, Tissues, Surgery, Image resolution, Compressive imaging

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Proceedings Article | 17 March 2023 Presentation

Enhanced visualization of the lamina cribrosa by spectral bandwidth alteration in OCT

Danielle Harper, Yong-Chul Yoon, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume PC12360, PC123600S (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2651461

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Visualization, Image fusion, Retinal scanning, Imaging systems, Fiber lasers, Eye, Data fusion, Signal to noise ratio, Sclera

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Proceedings Article | 15 March 2023 Presentation

Multi-centimeter fascicle tracing in ex-vivo porcine vagus nerve using PS-OCT (Conference Presentation)

Yong-Chul Yoon, Ilyas Saytashev, Rex Chin-Hao Chen, Fernando P. Guastaldi, Abigail Gregg, Kip Luwdig, Daniel Hammer, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume PC12382, PC1238207 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2657585

KEYWORDS: Nerve, Tissue optics, Optical coherence tomography, Image compression, Ultrasonography, Tissues, Nervous system, Modulation, Microscopes, Image resolution

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Proceedings Article | 15 March 2023 Presentation

Automated peripheral nerve tissue classification based on PS-OCT derived multimodal volumes (Conference Presentation)

Ilyas Saytashev, Shivam Amin, Yong-Chul Yoon, Stephanie Nam, Benjamin Vakoc, Daniel Hammer

Proceedings Volume PC12382, PC123820K (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2653143

KEYWORDS: Nerve, Tissues, Safety, Optical coherence tomography, Polarization, In vivo imaging, Image segmentation, Image classification, Electrodes, Axons

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Proceedings Article | 9 March 2023 Presentation

Integrated time-stepped optical frequency comb laser sources for time-discrete OCT

Norman Lippok, Jeffrey Holzgrafe, Georgios Kyriazidis, Yongjoo Kim, Xinrui Zhu, Yaowen Hu, Gage Hills, Marko Loncar, Benjamin Vakoc, Hana Warner

Proceedings Volume PC12367, PC123670R (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2652906

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Frequency combs, Integrated optics, Laser sources, Laser optics, Switching, Photonic integrated circuits, Mode locking, Semiconductor optical amplifiers, Resonators

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Proceedings Article | 9 March 2023 Presentation

A 32-beam, circular-ranging OCT system for video-rate, volumetric, laparoscopic imaging

Yongjoo Kim, Yong-Chul Yoon, Hyun-Sang Park, Tae Shik Kim, Ahhyun Nam, Danielle Harper, Norman Lippok, Rafael Lomeli-Navarro, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume PC12367, PC123670K (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2653025

KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Laparoscopy, Optical coherence tomography, Signal to noise ratio, Tissues, Scanners, Polarization, Picosecond phenomena, Optical scanning systems, Optical fibers

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SPIE Journal Paper | 11 February 2023 Open Access

Improved in vivo optical coherence tomography imaging of animal peripheral nerves using a prism nerve holder

Ilyas Saytashev, Yong-Chul Yoon, Benjamin Vakoc, Srikanth Vasudevan, Daniel Hammer

JBO, Vol. 28, Issue 02, 026002, (February 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.28.2.026002

KEYWORDS: Nerve, Prisms, Optical coherence tomography, Animals, In vivo imaging, Coherence imaging, Biomedical optics, Optical imaging, Mirrors, Nervous system

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SignificanceModern optical volumetric imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), provide enormous information about the structure, function, and physiology of living tissue. Although optical imaging achieves lateral resolution on the order of the wavelength of light used, and OCT achieves axial resolution on a similar micron scale, tissue optical properties, particularly high scattering and absorption, limit light penetration to only a few millimeters. In addition, in vivo imaging modalities are susceptible to significant motion artifacts due to cardiac and respiratory function. These effects limit access to artifact-free optical measurements during peripheral neurosurgery to only a portion of the exposed nerve without further modification to the procedure.AimWe aim to improve in vivo OCT imaging during peripheral neurosurgery in small and large animals by increasing the amount of visualized nerve volume as well as suppressing motion of the imaged area.ApproachWe designed a nerve holder with embedded mirror prisms for peripheral nerve volumetric imaging as well as a specific beam steering strategy to acquire prism and direct view volumes in one session with minimal motion artifacts.ResultsThe axially imaged volumes from mirror prisms increased the OCT signal intensity by >22 dB over a 1.25-mm imaging depth in tissue-mimicking phantoms. We then demonstrated the new imaging capabilities in visualizing peripheral nerves from direct and side views in living rats and minipigs using a polarization-sensitive OCT system. Prism views have shown nerve fascicles and vasculature from the bottom half of the imaged nerve which was not visible in direct view.ConclusionsWe demonstrated improved OCT imaging during neurosurgery in small and large animals by combining the use of a prism nerve holder with a specifically designed beam scanning protocol. Our strategy can be applied to existing OCT imaging systems with minimal hardware modification, increasing the nerve tissue volume visualized. Enhanced imaging depth techniques may lead to a greater adoption of structural and functional optical biomarkers in preclinical and clinical medicine.

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Proceedings Article | 28 April 2022 Presentation

Prism nerve holder for enhanced OCT volumetric imaging of peripheral nerves

Ilyas Saytashev, Anthony Parra, Yong-Chul Yoon, Benjamin Vakoc, Srikanth Vasudevan, Daniel Hammer

Proceedings Volume PC11946, PC119460D (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2610135

KEYWORDS: Nerve, Optical coherence tomography, Prisms, Tissue optics, In vivo imaging, Tissues, Polarization, Mirrors, Epilepsy, Electrodes

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2022 Presentation + Paper

Stretched-pulse mode-locked wavelength-swept laser with intra- and extra-cavity stretching for ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography

JongYoon Joo, Benjamin Vakoc, Wang-Yuhl Oh

Proceedings Volume 11948, 1194804 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2610542

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Mode locking, Dispersion, Light sources, Laser development, High speed imaging, Fiber Bragg gratings, 3D image processing

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2022 Presentation

Optical coherence tomography assessment of choroidal blood flow enabled by dynamic forward scattering

Ahhyun Stephanie Nam, Boy Braaf, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume PC11941, PC1194114 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2609191

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Scattering, Signal analyzers, Sclera, Pathogens, Modulation, Hemodynamics, Eye, Blood circulation, Associative arrays

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2022 Presentation

Polarization-assisted layer identification during the lumbar puncture procedure

Danielle Harper, Yongjoo Kim, Alejandra Gómez-Ramírez, Ahhyun Stephanie Nam, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume PC11963, PC1196305 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2607897

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Fluoroscopy, X-rays, Tissues, Surgery, Spine, Skin, Sensors, Optical coherence tomography, Fiber lasers

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2022 Presentation

13.5 MHz circular-ranging optical coherence tomography of the human retina

Tae Shik Kim, Boy Braaf, Yongjoo Kim, Danielle Harper, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume PC11948, PC119480M (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2613017

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Retina, Imaging systems, Chromium, Range imaging, Ophthalmology, Human subjects, Frequency combs, Computing systems, System integration

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Proceedings Article | 9 December 2021 Paper

Stable and robust stretched-pulse mode-locked wavelength-swept laser for MHz OCT

Jongyoon Joo, Tae Shik Kim, Benjamin Vakoc, Wang-Yuhl Oh

Proceedings Volume 11924, 119240A (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2616016

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Mode locking, Laser stabilization, Pulsed laser operation, Surgery, Neuroimaging, Laser optics, Brain, Polarization, Optical fibers

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Proceedings Article | 9 December 2021 Paper

Image signal-to-noise ratio in optical coherence tomography is dependent upon axial resolution

Danielle Harper, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume 11924, 119240S (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2616059

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Optical coherence tomography, Image resolution, Tissues, Mirrors, Image segmentation, Signal attenuation, Photons, Breast, Scattering

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Proceedings Article | 10 March 2020 Presentation

Wide-field intraoperative polarization sensitive and angiographic optical coherence tomography of in vivo non-human primate peripheral nerve (Conference Presentation)

Mohsen Erfanzadeh, Ahhyun Nam, Marek Hansdorfer, Kasey Kwong, Mark Randolph, Robert Redmond, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume 11251, 112510M (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2544939

KEYWORDS: Nerve, Optical coherence tomography, Angiography, In vivo imaging, Polarization, Tissue optics, Picosecond phenomena, Axons, Molecules, Birefringence

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Proceedings Article | 19 July 2019 Paper

High speed demodulation in circular ranging optical coherence tomography using a LiNbO3 phase modulator and a stretched pulse active mode-locked frequency comb laser at 1.3 um

Norman Lippok, Benjamin Vakoc, B. Bouma

Proceedings Volume 11078, 1107804 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2527170

KEYWORDS: Demodulation, Pulsed laser operation, Frequency combs, Phase modulation, Optical coherence tomography, Mode locking, Ranging, Modulators

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Proceedings Article | 14 March 2018 Presentation

Optical coherence tomography angiography based biomarkers to assess the safety of peripheral nerve electrostimulation (Conference Presentation)

Srikanth Vasudevan, Ahhyun Nam, Benjamin Vakoc, Daniel Hammer

Proceedings Volume 10481, 1048115 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2291646

KEYWORDS: Nerve, Optical coherence tomography, Safety, Electrodes, Injuries, Optical imaging, Relays, Nervous system, Arteries, Blood

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Proceedings Article | 19 April 2017 Presentation

Assessment of vascularization and myelination following peripheral nerve repair using angiographic and polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (Conference Presentation)

Ahhyun Nam, Isabel Chico-Calero, Jeena Easow, Martin Villiger, Jonathan Welt, Jonathan Winograd, Mark Randolph, Robert Redmond, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume 10053, 100530M (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2254910

KEYWORDS: Photomedicine, Nerve, Optical coherence tomography, Angiography, Injuries, Polarization, Picosecond phenomena, Visualization, Microscopes, Birefringence

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Proceedings Article | 27 April 2016 Presentation

Label-free in-vivo measurement of lymph flow velocity using Doppler optical coherence tomography (Conference Presentation)

Cedric Blatter, Eelco F. Meijer, Ahhyun Nam, Dennis Jones, Timothy Padera, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume 9719, 97190O (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2213223

KEYWORDS: Lymphatic system, In vivo imaging, Doppler tomography, Optical coherence tomography, Signal detection, Biology, Blood, Microfluidics, Biological research, Photomedicine

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Proceedings Article | 27 April 2016 Presentation

Multimodal imaging of lung cancer and its microenvironment (Conference Presentation)

Lida Hariri, Matthew Niederst, Hillary Mulvey, David Adams, Haichuan Hu, Isabel Chico Calero, Margit Szabari, Benjamin Vakoc, Tayyaba Hasan, Brett Bouma, Jeffrey Engelman, Melissa Suter

Proceedings Volume 9691, 96911F (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2214658

KEYWORDS: Tumors, Multimodal imaging, Lung cancer, Therapeutics, Optical coherence tomography, Lung, Resistance, Visualization, In vitro testing, In vivo imaging

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Proceedings Article | 26 April 2016 Presentation

A Monte Carlo simulator of PS-OCT local birefringence imaging (Conference Presentation)

Ellen Zhang, Alzbeta Hartinger, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume 9706, 97060X (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2208352

KEYWORDS: Monte Carlo methods, Birefringence, Signal to noise ratio, Computer simulations, Tissue optics, Interference (communication), Speckle, Optical coherence tomography, Tissues, Optimization (mathematics)

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Proceedings Article | 26 April 2016 Presentation

Simultaneous high-speed and long-range imaging with optically subsampled OCT (Conference Presentation)

Meena Siddiqui, Serhat Tozburun, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume 9697, 96970N (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2214686

KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Imaging technologies, Data compression, Integrated optics, Demodulation, Data acquisition, Cameras, Photomedicine, Coherence (optics), Biomedical optics

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Proceedings Article | 26 April 2016 Presentation

Angiographic imaging using an 18.9 MHz swept-wavelength laser that is phase-locked to the data acquisition clock and resonant scanners (Conference Presentation)

Serhat Tozburun, Cedric Blatter, Meena Siddiqui, Ahhyun Nam, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume 9697, 969708 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2214775

KEYWORDS: Angiography, Laser scanners, 3D scanning, Data acquisition, Imaging systems, Clocks, Doppler tomography, Photomedicine, Calibration, Computing systems

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Proceedings Article | 26 April 2016 Presentation

OCT imaging of acute vascular changes following mild traumatic brain injury in mice (Conference Presentation)

Isabel Chico-Calero, Milen Shishkov, Jonathan Welt, Cedric Blatter, Benjamin Vakoc

Proceedings Volume 9690, 96900K (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2209581

KEYWORDS: Injuries, Traumatic brain injury, Optical coherence tomography, Brain, Animal model studies, Neurological disorders, Pathophysiology, Neurodegeneration, Microscopy, Mouse models

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Proceedings Article | 27 February 2014 Paper

System for clinical photometric stereo endoscopy

Nicholas Durr, Germán González, Daryl Lim, Giovanni Traverso, Norman Nishioka, Benjamin Vakoc, Vicente Parot

Proceedings Volume 8935, 89351F (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2038119

KEYWORDS: Endoscopy, Video, Endoscopes, Light sources, Video processing, Image processing, Colon, Light emitting diodes, Tissues, Optical fibers

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SPIE Journal Paper | 17 July 2013 Open Access

Photometric stereo endoscopy

Vicente Parot, Daryl Lim, German Gonzalez, Giovanni Traverso, Norman Nishioka, Benjamin Vakoc, Nicholas Durr

JBO, Vol. 18, Issue 07, 076017, (July 2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.18.7.076017

KEYWORDS: Endoscopy, Light sources, Endoscopes, Tissues, Prototyping, Natural surfaces, Cameras, Colon, Picosecond phenomena, Imaging systems

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 November 2011 Open Access

Injury depth control from combined wavelength and power tuning in scanned beam laser thermal therapy

Martin Villiger, Andrew Soroka, Guillermo Tearney, Brett Bouma, Benjamin Vakoc

JBO, Vol. 16, Issue 11, 118001, (November 2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.3647581

KEYWORDS: Injuries, Tissues, Laser therapeutics, Absorption, Laser tissue interaction, Tissue optics, Natural surfaces, Esophagus, Wavelength tuning, 3D modeling

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 September 2010 Open Access

Heart wall velocimetry and exogenous contrast-based cardiac flow imaging in Drosophila melanogaster using Doppler optical coherence tomography

Michael Choma, Melissa Suter, Benjamin Vakoc, Brett Bouma, Gary Tearney

JBO, Vol. 15, Issue 05, 056020, (September 2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.3503418

KEYWORDS: Heart, Doppler effect, Optical coherence tomography, Doppler tomography, Velocimetry, Particles, Video, Biology, Scattering, Imaging systems

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 November 2007 Open Access

Multimodality optical imaging of embryonic heart microstructure

Ronit Yelin, Dvir Yelin, William Oh, Seok-Hyun Yun, Caroline Boudoux, Benjamin Vakoc, Brett Bouma, Guillermo Tearney

JBO, Vol. 12, Issue 06, 064021, (November 2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.2822904

KEYWORDS: Heart, Bioalcohols, In vivo imaging, Optical imaging, Image resolution, Confocal microscopy, Video, 3D image processing, Visualization, Optical coherence tomography

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 March 2007 Open Access

Real-time microscopic visualization of tissue response to laser thermal therapy

Benjamin Vakoc, Guillermo Tearney, Brett Bouma

JBO, Vol. 12, Issue 02, 020501, (March 2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.2714027

KEYWORDS: Laser therapeutics, Tissues, Laser tissue interaction, Visualization, Tissue optics, Injuries, Reflectivity, Phase measurement, Image processing, Optical coherence tomography

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Proceedings Article | 9 June 2004 Paper

Acoustic fiber sensor arrays

Michel Digonnet, Benjamin Vakoc, Craig Hodgson, Gordon Kino

Proceedings Volume 5502, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.566514

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Acoustics, Signal detection, Amplifiers, Fiber optics sensors, Multiplexing, Polarization, Interferometers, Signal attenuation, Signal to noise ratio

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Proceedings Article | 14 May 2002 Paper

Passive WDM channel power equalization with cascaded nonlinear amplifying loop mirrors

Ueyn Block, Benjamin Vakoc, Michel Digonnet, Martin Fejer

Proceedings Volume 4638, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.467477

KEYWORDS: Optical amplifiers, Wavelength division multiplexing, Phase shifts, Fiber amplifiers, Signal attenuation, Mirrors, Nonlinear optics, Amplifiers, Sagnac interferometers, Phase shift keying

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Proceedings Article | 14 February 2002 Paper

Polarization-based folded Sagnac fiber optic sensor array for acoustic waves

Gordon Kino, Benjamin Vakoc, Michel Digonnet

Proceedings Volume 4578, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.456109

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Polarization, Acoustics, Signal detection, Polarizers, Fiber optics sensors, Interferometers, Time division multiplexing, Signal to noise ratio

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Proceedings Article | 9 December 1999 Paper

Novel fiber optic sensor array based on the Sagnac interferometer

Benjamin Vakoc, Michel Digonnet, Gordon Kino

Proceedings Volume 3860, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.372969

KEYWORDS: Signal detection, Sensors, Acoustics, Interference (communication), Sagnac interferometers, Interferometers, Phase modulation, Fiber optics sensors, Modulation

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Proceedings Article | 9 December 1999 Paper

Demonstration of a folded configuration of a fiber-Sagnac-based sensor array

Benjamin Vakoc, Michel Digonnet, Gordon Kino

Proceedings Volume 3860, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.373003

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Phase modulation, Signal detection, Phase shift keying, Phase measurement, Fiber optics sensors, Ferroelectric materials, Modulators, Sagnac interferometers, Acoustics

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