Dr. Bernd Sierk Profile

Dr. Bernd Sierk

at European Space Operations Ctr

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (18)

Proceedings Article | 12 July 2023 Open Access

Open Access

Paper

Compact static interferometer instrument studies for greenhouse gas detection

Flavio Mariani, Denis Simeoni, Nurcan Alpay Koc, Vitalii Khodnevych, Nicolas Tetaz, Bruno Chetrite, Mikael Carlavan, Stephane Ferron, Jean-Luc Vergely, Nick van der Valk, Hedser van Brug, Benjamin Brenny, Huib Visser, Jochen Landgraf, Stephanie Rusli, Roman Windpassinger, Bernd Sierk

Proceedings Volume 12777, 127771V (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2689941

KEYWORDS: Equipment, Carbon monoxide, Optical path differences, Interferometers, Near infrared, Short wave infrared radiation, Aerosols, Atmospheric modeling, Astronomical imaging, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 28 October 2022 Paper

Paper

CarbonCGI road map to observe faint GHG source’s emissions with high resolution observing system

D. Siméoni, F. Graziosi, G. Broquet, P. Kumar, P. Ciais, J. Vergely, S. Ferron, V. Khodnevych, M. Carlavan, B. Chétrite, N. Tetaz, C. Delzenne, N. Guercio, H. Boesch, L. Vogel, F. Mariani, R. Windpassinger, B. Sierk

Proceedings Volume 12264, 122640D (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2638495

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric modeling, Sensors, Imaging systems, Aerosols, Near infrared, Radiative transfer, Modeling, Carbon dioxide, Interferometers, Image registration

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Proceedings Article | 13 September 2021 Presentation

Presentation

Copernicus CO2M mission: Status of the instrument suite for monitoring anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions from space

Yannig Durand, Grégory Bazalgette Courrèges-Lacoste, Charlotte Pachot, Luc Boucher, Arnaud Pasquet, Bernd Sierk, Jean-Loup Bézy, Yasjka Meijer, Valérie Fernandez, Stefan Lesschaeve, David Spilling, Antoine Dussaux, Denis Serre, Frank te Hennepe

Proceedings Volume 11858, 118580B (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2599841

KEYWORDS: Space operations, Satellites, Aerospace engineering, Near infrared, Clouds, Carbon dioxide, Spectroscopy, Short wave infrared radiation, Satellite imaging, Polarimetry

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Proceedings Article | 11 June 2021 Open Access

Open Access

Presentation + Paper

CarbonHIGS

Hedser van Brug, Huib Visser, Benjamin Brenny, Nick van der Valk, Bernd Sierk, Arnaud Heliere, Stephanie Rusli, Jochen Landgraf

Proceedings Volume 11852, 118520D (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2599154

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Proceedings Article | 11 June 2021 Open Access

Open Access

Presentation + Paper

The Copernicus CO2M mission for monitoring anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions from space

Bernd Sierk, Valerie Fernandez, J.-L. Bézy, Y. Meijer, Y. Durand, G. Bazalgette Courrèges-Lacoste, C. Pachot, A. Löscher, H. Nett, K. Minoglou, L. Boucher, R. Windpassinger, A. Pasquet, D. Serre, F. te Hennepe

Proceedings Volume 11852, 118523M (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2599613

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The European Space Agency (ESA), in collaboration with the European Commission (EC) and EUMETSAT, is developing a space-borne observing system for quantification of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Forming part of the EC's Copernicus programme, the CO2 monitoring (CO2M) mission will be implemented as a constellation of identical satellites, to be operated over a period > 7 years and measuring CO2 concentration in terms of column-averaged mole fraction (denoted as XCO2). Each satellite will continuously image XCO2 along the satellite track on the sun-illuminated part of the orbit, with a swath width of >250 km. Observations will be provided at a spatial resolution < 2 x 2 km2 near the swath center, with high precision (<0.7 ppm) and accuracy (bias <0.5 ppm). To this end, the payload comprises a suite of instruments addressing the various aspects of the challenging observation requirements: A push-broom imaging spectrometer will perform co-located measurements of top-of-atmosphere radiances in the Near Infrared (NIR) and Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) at high to moderate spectral resolution (NIR: 747-773nm@0.1nm, SWIR-1: 1595-1675nm@0.3nm, SWIR-2: 1990-2095nm@0.35nm). These observations are complemented by measurements in the visible spectral range (405-490 nm@0.6nm), providing vertical column measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) that serve as a tracer to assist the detection of fossil-fuel emission plumes (e.g. from coal-fired power plants and cities). High quality retrievals of XCO2 will be ensured even over polluted industrial regions, thanks to co-located measurements of aerosols performed by a Multiple-Angle Polarimeter (MAP). Finally, measurements of a three-band Cloud Imager, co-registered with the CO2 observations, will provide the required cloud-flagging capacity at sub-sample level (<200m resolution). The presentation will review the results of the Phase A/B1 instrument studies carried out in 2018-2019, including technology pre-development activities, and highlight the identified engineering challenges. The preliminary design of the CO2M mission’s instruments at the beginning of the implementation phase will be presented, along with an outlook on the development activities under the Phase B2CD programme.

Proceedings Article | 11 June 2021 Open Access

Open Access

Presentation + Paper

Far infrared Fourier transform spectrometer breadboard activities for the FORUM mission, ESA’s 9th Earth Explorer

C. Pachot, B. Carnicero Domínguez, B. Sierk, F. Mariani, S. Riel, H. Oetjen, G. Rodrigues, S. Ratzsch, D. Redlich, W. Posselt, E. Alberti, C. Mastrandrea, C. Monte, Y. Montembeault, D. Smith, P. Ade, X. Durandi, M. Kolm

Proceedings Volume 11852, 1185224 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2599355

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 2020 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

The infrared Fourier transform spectrometer and the infrared imager instrument concepts for the FORUM mission, ESA's 9th Earth Explorer

Charlotte Pachot, Bernardo Carnicero Dominguez, Hilke Oetjen, Bernd Sierk, Flavio Mariani, Stefanie Riel, Gonçalo Rodrigues, Miguel Copano, Asier Martínez Carou, Luca Palchetti, Magdalena Lippa, Philippe Giaccari, Carmine Mastrandrea, Gaetan Perron, Corneli Keim, Manfred-Georg Kolm

Proceedings Volume 11530, 115300D (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2570867

KEYWORDS: Infrared spectroscopy, Infrared imaging, Infrared radiation, Spectroscopy, Fourier transforms, Imaging systems, Far infrared, Climatology, Environmental sensing, Space operations

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Proceedings Article | 15 September 2020 Paper

Paper

The European Copernicus mission for anthropogenic CO2 emission monitoring

Jean-Loup Bézy, Valérie Fernandez, Bernd Sierk, Armin Löscher, Herbert Nett, Yasjka Meijer

Proceedings Volume 11501, 1150103 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2566038

KEYWORDS: Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Clouds, Aerosols, Space operations, Satellite communications, Meteorological satellites, Satellites, Atmospheric monitoring, Spatial resolution

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As part of the European Copernicus Programme, the European Commission (EC) and the European Space Agency (ESA) together with the support of Eumetsat and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are initiating the development of operational satellites for measurements of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. The CO₂ Monitoring (CO2M) mission shall provide atmospheric CO₂ measurements at 4 km² spatial resolution and a precision and systematic error better than 0.7 ppm and 0.5 ppm respectively in column-average dry-air mole fractions of CO₂ (XCO₂). The demanding requirements necessitate a payload composed of several instruments, which simultaneously perform co-located measurements. The main CO₂ instrument is a 250 km swath pushbroom imaging spectrometer allowing to retrieve XCO₂ from reflectance measurements in the Near-Infrared (747-773 nm) and Short-Wave Infrared spectral regions (1590-1675 nm and 1990-2095 nm). The observations for CO₂ concentration will be complemented by measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) columns over the same area. The NO₂ measurements from the visible region (405-490 nm) will serve as a tracer for plumes of CO₂ emission resulting from high temperature combustion, which will facilitate plume identification and mapping from (fossil fuel) power plants and large cities. The third component of the payload is a multiple-angle polarimeter, performing high-precision measurements of aerosol (and cloud) properties. Its measurements of polarized radiance under various observation angles will allow a precise light path correction. The resulting improved knowledge of the effective optical path due to scattering will reduce XCO₂ bias error. Retrievals will be successful not only under clear sky conditions, but also under moderate aerosols loading and hence significantly increase the yield of useful XCO₂ retrievals. The strong sensitivity of the XCO₂ retrieval to cloud contamination calls also for a cloud-imager capable of detecting small tropospheric clouds and cirrus cover with an accuracy of 1% to 5% and with a sampling better than 400 m.

Proceedings Article | 12 July 2019 Open Access

Open Access

Paper

Characterization of fiber-based slit homogenizer devices in the NIR and SWIR

Simon Amann, Quynh Duong-Ederer, Tobias Haist, Bernd Sierk, Benedikt Guldimann, Wolfgang Osten

Proceedings Volume 11180, 111806C (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2536147

KEYWORDS: Image sensors, Optical fibers, Short wave infrared radiation, Sensors, Near infrared, Imaging systems, Spectroscopy, Image processing, Homogenization, Polarization

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Proceedings Article | 12 July 2019 Open Access

Open Access

Paper

The European CO2 Monitoring Mission: observing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from space

Bernd Sierk, Jean-Loup Bézy, Armin Löscher, Yasjka Meijer

Proceedings Volume 11180, 111800M (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2535941

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Carbon monoxide, Spectral resolution, Interference (communication), Spatial resolution, Spectrometers, Near infrared, Short wave infrared radiation, Aerosols, Clouds

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Responding to plans of the European Commission for extending the observation capabilities of the Copernicus programme, the European Space Agency (ESA) has initiated Phase A industrial (technical feasibility) studies for several new space-borne Earth Observation missions. High priority is given to a constellation of LEO satellites in Sunsynchronous orbit with the purpose of observing anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions [European Commission, 2017]. The observing system shall acquire images of CO₂ concentration in terms of dry air column-averaged mole fractions (XCO₂), providing complete global land coverage at high spatial resolution (4 km²) within five days. The demanding requirements call for a payload comprising a combination of multiple instruments, which perform simultaneous measurements. The XCO2 is inferred from reflectance measurements in the Near-Infrared (NIR) and Short-Wave Infrared spectral regions (SWIR). This requires at least three spatially co-registered push-broom imaging spectrometers, measuring spectral radiance and solar irradiance in the NIR (747-773 nm), SWIR-1 (1595-1675 nm) and SWIR-2 (1990-2095 nm) at moderate spectral resolving power (R~5000-7000). In addition, the observations for CO₂ concentration will be complemented by Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) over the same area. The NO₂ measurements in the visible region (400-500 nm) are expected to serve as a tracer for plumes of high CO₂ concentration resulting from high temperature combustion, which will facilitate plume identification and mapping. The third component of the payload is a multiple-angle polarimeter (MAP), performing high-precision measurements of aerosol (and cloud) properties. Its measurements of polarized radiance under various observation angles are expected to reduce XCO₂ bias error and significantly increase the yield of useful retrievals from the NIR and SWIR spectra. The complex observation architecture, involving multiple instruments and platforms, call for optimized observational requirements, driven by the primary goal of detecting and quantifying point-sources of greenhouse gas emissions. In particular, high single-sounding precision is essential for identifying plumes of elevated CO₂ concentration from instantaneous image acquisitions without regional and temporal averaging. This translates into stringent requirements for Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), as well as spatial co-registration and spectral stability, which drive the instrument design. The presentation will introduce the different elements of the candidate Copernicus mission, in view of the ambitious mission goals. The payload components and observation requirements are addressed with special emphasis on the derivation of the SNR and spectral resolution requirements, which determine the instrument sizing.

Proceedings Article | 5 January 2018 Open Access

Open Access

Paper

The GMES Sentinel-5 mission for operational atmospheric monitoring: status and developments

Bernd Sierk, Jean-Loup Bezy, Jerôme Caron, Roland Meynard, Ben Veihelmann, Paul Ingmann

Proceedings Volume 10564, 1056434 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2309276

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Proceedings Article | 20 November 2017 Open Access

Open Access

Paper

Polarization scramblers in Earth observing spectrometers: lessons learned from Sentinel-4 and 5 phases A/B1

Jérôme Caron, Jean-Loup Bézy, Grégory Courrèges-Lacoste, Bernd Sierk, Roland Meynart, Michael Richert, Didier Loiseaux

Proceedings Volume 10564, 105642B (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2309044

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Proceedings Article | 17 November 2017 Open Access

Open Access

Paper

The CarbonSat candidate mission: radiometric and spectral performances over spatially heterogeneous scenes

J. Caron, B. Sierk, J.-L. Bezy, A. Loescher, Y. Meijer

Proceedings Volume 10563, 105633J (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2304186

KEYWORDS: Distortion, Spectrometers, Point spread functions, Telescopes, Diffraction, Astronomical imaging, Sensors, Space telescopes, Reflectivity, Near infrared

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Proceedings Article | 17 November 2017 Open Access

Open Access

Paper

Overview on grating developments at ESA

B. Guldimann, A. Deep, R. Vink, B. Harnisch, S. Kraft, B. Sierk, G. Bazalgette, J.-L. Bézy

Proceedings Volume 10563, 1056314 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2304094

KEYWORDS: Diffraction gratings, Manufacturing, Etching, Optical design, Photomasks, Silica, Near infrared, Optics manufacturing, Reflectivity, Astronomical imaging

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Proceedings Article | 17 November 2017 Open Access

Open Access

Paper

The CarbonSat candidate mission for imaging greenhouse gases from space: concepts and system requirements

B. Sierk, J. Caron, J.-L. Bézy, A. Löscher, Y. Meijer, P. Jurado

Proceedings Volume 10563, 105633I (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2304154

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Polarization, Carbon monoxide, Absorption, Gases, Near infrared, Spectrometers, Spatial resolution, Signal to noise ratio, Short wave infrared radiation

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CarbonSat is a candidate mission for ESA's Earth Explorer program, currently undergoing industrial feasibility studies. The primary mission objective is the identification and quantification of regional and local sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄). The mission also aims at discriminating natural and anthropogenic fluxes. The space-borne instrument will quantify the spatial distribution of CO₂ and CH₄ by measuring dry air column-averaged mixing ratios with high precision and accuracy (0.5 ppm for CO₂ and 5 ppb for CH₄). These products are inferred from spectrally resolved measurements of Earth reflectance in three spectral bands in the Near Infrared (747-773 nm) and Short Wave Infrared (1590-1675 nm and 1925-2095 nm), at high and medium spectral resolution (0.1nm, 0.3 nm, and 0.55 nm). Three spatially co-aligned push-broom imaging spectrometers with a swath width <180 km will acquire observations at a spatial resolution of 2 x 3 km² , reaching global coverage every 12 days above 40 degrees latitude (30 days at the equator). The targeted product accuracy translates into stringent radiometric, spectral and geometric requirements for the instrument. Because of the high sensitivity of the product retrieval to spurious spectral features of the instrument, special emphasis is placed on constraining relative spectral radiometric errors from polarisation sensitivity, diffuser speckles and stray light. A new requirement formulation targets to simultaneously constrain both the amplitude and the correlation of spectral features with the absorption structures of the targeted gases. The requirement performance analysis of the so-called effective spectral radiometric accuracy (ESRA) establishes a traceable link between instrumental artifacts and the impact on the level-2 products (column-averaged mixing ratios). This paper presents the derivation of system requirements from the demanding mission objectives and report preliminary results of the feasibility studies.

Proceedings Article | 25 September 2017 Open Access

Open Access

Paper

Carbonsat instrument pre- developments: towards monitoring carbon dioxide and methane concentrations from space

B. Sierk, A. Löscher, J. Caron, J.-L. Bézy, Y. Meijer

Proceedings Volume 10562, 105622C (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2296198

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Proceedings Article | 7 October 2014 Paper

Paper

The Copernicus Sentinel-5 mission for operational atmospheric monitoring: status and developments

J.-L. Bézy, B. Sierk, J. Caron, B. Veihelmann, D. Martin, J. Langen

Proceedings Volume 9241, 92410H (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2068177

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Telescopes, Polarization, Spectroscopy, Environmental monitoring, Calibration, Near infrared, Space telescopes, Atmospheric sciences

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2014 Paper

Paper

The CarbonSat candidate mission: imaging greenhouse gas concentrations from space

Bernd Sierk, Jerôme Caron, Armin Löscher, Yasjka Meijer, Jean-Loup Bézy, Michael Buchwitz, H. Bovensmann

Proceedings Volume 9218, 92181F (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2061930

KEYWORDS: Carbon dioxide, Stray light, Reflectivity, Polarization, Near infrared, Spatial resolution, Absorption, Signal detection, Short wave infrared radiation, Sensors

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Showing 5 of 18 publications

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