The Pressure-Sensitive-Paint (PSP) measurement technique is based on the dependence of the intensity or decay time of its luminescence on the pressure, brought about by oxygen quenching. PSP is usually exited by light of an appropriate wavelength (e.g. UV-light) and its pressure dependent luminescence decay time or lifetime is detected by a camera system (CCD or CMOS). Two basic types of lifetime measurement exist: the first type is a time-domain lifetime method. For this method a pulsed light is used to excite the paint and the pressure dependent time constant is determined from the decay curve of luminescence intensity. The second type is a frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) where sinusoidal modulated light is used to excite the paint and the PSP luminescence is simultaneously detected to calculate its pressure dependent phase shift and amplitude ratio. Based on UV-LEDs a light source has been designed which provides high intensity stable and low distorted sine-modulated light of constant amplitude which is essential for the accuracy of the presented method. The new light source is used to investigate the influence of frequency on pressure sensitivity of a PSP sample to optimize the system for application in transonic wind tunnel tests.
The rapid progress of light emitting diode (LED) technology has recently resulted in the availability of high power
devices with unprecedented light emission intensities comparable to those of visible laser light sources. On this basis two
versatile devices have been developed, constructed and tested.
The first one is a high-power, single-LED illuminator equipped with exchangeable projection lenses providing
a homogenous light spot of defined diameter. The second device is a multi-LED illuminator array consisting of a number
of high-power LEDs, each integrated with a separate collimating lens. These devices can emit R, G, CG, B, UV or white
light and can be operated in pulsed or continuous wave (CW) mode. Using an external trigger signal they can be easily
synchronized with cameras or other devices. The mode of operation and all parameters can be controlled by software.
Various experiments have shown that these devices have become a versatile and competitive alternative to laser and
xenon lamp based light sources.
The principle, design, achieved performances and application examples are given in this paper.
The non-intrusive in-flight deformation measurement and the resulting local pitch of an aircraft propeller or helicopter rotor blade is a demanding task. The idea of an imaging system integrated and rotating with the air-craft propeller has already been presented at the 30th International Congress on High-Speed Imaging and Photonics (ICHSIP30) in 2012. Since then this system has been designed, constructed and tested in the laboratory as well as in-flight on the Cobra VUT100 of Evektor Aerotechnik, Kunovice (CZ). The major aim of the EU FP7 project AIM2 ("Advanced In-flight Measurement techniques 2" – contract No. 266107) was to ascertain the feasibility of this technique under extreme conditions - vibration and large centrifugal forces – to real flight testing. Based on the gained experience a new rotating system for the application on helicopter rotors has recently been constructed and tested on the whirl tower of Airbus Helicopters, Donauwoerth (D). In this paper the principle of the applied Image Pattern Correlation Technique (IPCT), a specialized type of Digital Image Correlation (DIC), is outlined and the construction of both rotating 3D image acquisition systems dedicated to the in-flight deformation measurement of the aircraft propeller and helicopter rotor are described. Furthermore, the results of the ground and in-flight tests of these systems will be shown and discussed. The obtained results will be helpful for manufacturers in the design of their future aircrafts.
KEYWORDS: Cameras, Imaging systems, Digital image correlation, Stereoscopic cameras, Sensors, Camera shutters, Calibration, Global Positioning System, Digital imaging, 3D metrology
The non-intrusive in-flight measurement of the deformation and pitch of the aircraft propeller is a demanding task. The idea of an imaging system integrated and rotating with the aircraft propeller has been presented on the 30th International Congress on High-Speed Imaging and Photonics (ICHSIP30) in 2012. Since then this system has been constructed and tested in the laboratory as well as on the real aircraft. In this paper we outline the principle of Image Pattern Correlation Technique (IPCT) based on Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and describe the construction of a dedicated autarkic 3D camera system placed on the investigated propeller and rotating at its full speed. Furthermore, the results of the first ground and in-flight tests are shown and discussed. This development has been found by the European Commission within the 7th frame project AIM2 (contract no. 266107).
The Image Pattern Correlation Technique (IPCT) in combination with high-speed stroboscopic imaging enables nonintrusive measurements of surface deformation of fast vibrating or rotating objects. This paper describes a dedicated instrumentation for the measurement of the deformation of aircraft propellers as well as the results of its application. The further ideas of imaging technologies based on the collected experiences, in particular the high-power pulsed object
illumination based on semiconductor light sources are also presented.
A combination of high-speed stroboscopic imaging with the Image Pattern Correlation Technique (IPCT) enables for
non-intrusive measurement of surface deformation of fast vibrating or rotating objects. In this paper the dedicated
instrumentation for the measurement of the deformation of aircraft propellers as well as first results of its application will
be described.
In the present paper we describe a novel approach to monitor and to investigate laser induced liquid water jet disintegration in air and in vacuum. The features of liquid beam disintegration in vacuum are of importance for pulsed laser induced liquid beam desorption mass spectrometry and micro-calorimetry. Due to the small liquid beam diameter of 12-15 μm, its high speed of 50-100 m/s, and a total event duration of a less than a few microseconds only, the microscopic visualization of the jet disintegration was a challenging task. Good quality video sequences have been recorded with a high-speed video stroboscope system running in the back illumination mode. The light pulses were synchronized carefully with the shutter circuit of the stroboscope camera and the IR-laser pulses. With a continuously changing time delay between the desorption laser pulses and the shutter opening a slow-motion effect has been achieved. The delay was changed in steps of 25 ns which corresponds to an equivalent framing speed of about 40,000,000 fps. With a high-brightness light emitting diode (LED) as a light source an exposure time of about 200 ns an effective time resolution of several hundred nanoseconds could be achieved. Using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser instead, the exposure time and time resolution could be reduced down to about 10 ns and 25 ns, respectively. Due to the well known speckle problem when using coherent light sources for illumination we have finally used a Nd:YAG laser excited dye solution of Rhodamine 6G (10-3 M) in methanol solution in a quartz cuvette placed in front of the liquid beam keeping the short exposure time of about 10 ns. In this nearly speckle free visualization mode the real-time slow-motion imaging of the jet disintegration and the study of the desorption process has been made possible with a time resolution of 25 ns (currently limited by the phase shifter steps) and an exposure time of ~10 ns only. It has been found that the laser induced desorption is so fast that the measurement in the gas phase represents a "snapshot" of the situation (structure, complexation, interaction) in solution. The new desorption technique enables very promising studies of the function, structure and interaction of biopolymers in their natural environment.
The videostroboscopy of the larynx has become a powerful tool for the study of vocal physiology, assessment of the fold abnormalities, motion impairments and functional disorders, as well as for the early diagnosis of diseases like cancer and pathologies like nodules, carcinoma, polyps and cysts. Since the vocal folds vibrate in the range of 100 Hz up to 1 kHz, the video stroboscope allows physicians to find otherwise undetectable problems. The color information is essential for the physician by the diagnosis e.g., of the early cancer stage. A previously presented 'general purpose' monochrome high-speed video stroboscope has been tested also for the inspection of the human larynx. Good results have encouraged the authors to develop a medical color version. In contrast to the conventional stroboscopes the system does not utilize pulsed light for the object illumination. Instead, a special asynchronously shuttered video camera triggered by the oscillating object has been used. The apparatus including a specially developed digital phase shifter provides a stop phase and slow-motion observation in real time with simultaneous recording of the periodically moving objects. The desired position of the vocal folds or their virtual slowed down vibration speed does not depend of the voice pitch changes. Sequences of hundreds of high resolution color frames can be stored on the hard disk in the standard graphic formats. Afterwards they can be played back frame-by-frame or as a video clip, evaluated, exported, printed out and transmitted via computer networks.
The flash-free high-speed video stroboscope for periodic and non-periodic repetitive events presented at the 22th ICHSPP has been improved. All components of the system (the camera, frame grabber, digital phase shifter, frequency synthesizer and the universal counter) are now controlled by integrated software. The flexibility of the system has been increased by adding a number of features which can be selected and adjusted by the user. For easy documentation each of the captured and stored frames is labelled with the most important parameters of the investigated object as well as the settings of the stroboscope system and the date and time. The parameters are displayed on the screen during the observation of the object and during the recording and play back of the stored pictures and sequences. Unsteady objects, i.e. having a temporal/phase jitter or/and spatial fluctuations can be now investigated using the real-time frame averaging routines newly added to the software. Some system application examples and results are presented.
A novel video stroboscope for periodical and nonperiodical repetitive high-speed events has been developed, constructed and tested. The stroboscope does not utilize a flash light. The object can be illuminated by a standard CW light source such as a halogen lamp or by day light. Hence, self-luminous objects can also be examined. The system consists of an asynchronously shuttered progressive scan CCD camera, a frequency-independent digital phase shifter and a PCI-bus frame grabber. Both, the phase shifter and the frame grabber are located in the same Pentium computer. Optionally an universal counter and frequency synthesizer for control purposes can be added. The image of the stroboscopically investigated event is displayed live on the PC monitor. The shutter of the camera is triggered by the event via the phase shifter which can be programmed to change the phase shift slowly. In the case a slow motion effect can be realized in real time. The apparent speed of the displayed movement does not depend on the real event frequency. Both the phase shift and the slow motion period are selectable independent of the real event frequency. Non-periodical but repetitive events can be observed in an alternative time- delay mode of the phase shifter. The camera exposure time can be varied between 1.25 microsecond(s) and 16 ms. It allows the stroboscopic observation of very fast oscillating (above 10 kHz) and rotating (above 100,000 rpm) objects. Sequences of up to 300 frames each can be stored on the hard disc derive for documentation, evaluation and playback. Each frame has a maximum resolution of 659 X 494 pixel at 256 gray levels.
A high-speed digital camera based on video technology for application of particle image velocimetry in wind tunnels is described. The camera contains two independently triggerable interline CCD sensors which are mounted on two faces of a cube beam splitter permitting the use of a single lens. Each of the sensors has a minimal exposure time of 0.8 microsecond(s) with a trigger response time of less than 1 microsecond(s) . The asynchronous reset capability permits the camera to trigger directly off a pulsed laser with a repetition rate differing from the standard 25 Hz CCIR video frame rate. Captured images are digitized within and stored in RAM the camera which can be read through the parallel port of a computer. The camera is software configurable with the settings being non-volatile. Technical aspect such as sensor alignment and calibration through software are described. Close-up PIV measurements on a free jet illustrated that, in the future, the camera can be successfully utilized at imaging high-speed flows over a small field of view covering several cm2, such as the flow between turbine blades. Further, the electronic shutter permits its use in luminous environments such as illuminated laboratories, wind tunnels or flames.
The programmable electronic high-speed camera announced at the 20th ICHSPP has now been progressed to initial production stage and tested in several applications. The whole camera system consists of a camera body with a single interchangeable standard objective lens, an eight channel frame grabber integrated in an industrial computer, and eight channel light pulser (for backlight mode only), a programmable sequencer and a high-resolution SVGA monitor plus 1 to 8 video monitors for immediate frame observation. The camera operates in backlight as well as in frontlight mode providing a sequence of up to eight high resolution images. A framing rate of up to 1 million fps (frontlight) or 10 million fps (backlight) can be achieved. The system and some application results are described.
A previously developed electronic high-speed back-lighted camera based on the Cranz- Schardin principle has been improved. The new model of the camera system can operate in the front-lighted as well as in the back-lighted mode. The sequence of high resolution, full screen frames can be stored and processed by computer.
A digitally controlled miniature semiconductor light source system for Cranz-Schardin applications
has been developed. The light pulse power is up to 1 W. The maximum framing frequency is 10 MHz.
Application examples for photographic and CCD camera recording are given.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.