Traditional fluorescent labelling techniques has severe photo-bleaching problem such as organic dyes and fluorescent
protein. Quantum dots made up of traditional semiconductor (CdSe/ZnS) material has sort of biological toxicity. This
research has developed novel Cd-free quantum dots divided into semiconductor (Indium phosphide, InP) and noble metal
(Gold). Former has lower toxicity compared to traditional quantum dots. Latter consisting of gold (III) chloride (AuCl3)
and toluene utilizes sonochemical preparation and different stimulus to regulate fluorescent wavelength. Amphoteric
macromolecule surface technology and ligand Exchange in self-Assembled are involved to develop hydrophilic
nanomaterials which can regulate the number of grafts per molecule of surface functional groups. Calcium phosphate (CaP)
nanoparticle (NP) with an asymmetric lipid bilayer coating technology developed for intracellular delivery and labelling
has synthesized Cd-free quantum dots possessing high brightness and multi-fluorescence successfully. Then, polymer
coating and ligand exchange transfer to water-soluble materials to produce liposome nanomaterials as fluorescent probes
and enhancing medical applications of nanotechnology.
We describe the use of UV light under different radiation time induces a variety of fluorescence wavelength of gold
quantum clusters. First, we synthesize blue-emitted gold quantum clusters by dissolving the gold trichloride in pure
toluene. To simplify the expression, we assume that the several featured PL peak (425, 450, 470 nm) is the signal for
blue-emitted gold quantum clusters. Undergo UV irradiation can brighten and broaden the PL spectra of gold quantum
clusters, which are observed by the evolutional spectra versus exposure time. After UV light exposure, the major
population of gold quantum clusters @425nm decreased and turned to gold quantum clusters@450nm, followed by the
growing population of gold quantum clusters@470nm clusters. Until 2 hour exposure, the spectra become broad with
major peak shifted to 525 nm. The tunable spectra from blue to green attributes to the induced growth of gold quantum
clusters by UV irradiation. The UV energy indeed tunes and broadens the emission covering the whole visible-spectra
range. Finally, we also utilize via proper selection of organic surfactant (such as: trioctyl phosphine, TOP) can coordinate
the quantum yield enhancement of blue-emitted gold quantum clusters under UV irradiation. The experiment method is
easily for gold quantum clusters synthesis. Thus we expect this materials can be developed for fluorescence labeling
application in the future.
We introduce a general approach to make colorful fluorescent gold nanoclusters which are protected by
dihydrolipoic acid, mercaptoundecanoic acid and polyethylenimine. The fluorescent gold nanoclusters can perform a
variety of bioconjugation processes such as PEGylation, biotinylation as well as forming complex nanobioconjugates
with streptavidins. The brightening effects under proper surface modification are also reported. The clusters have a
decent quantum yield, high colloidal stability, and can be readily conjugated with biological molecules. Nonspecific
uptake by human aortic endothelial cells is demonstrated.
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