Dr. Darrel G. Hopper Profile

Dr. Darrel G. Hopper

SPIE Involvement:

Track Chair | Author

Publications (62)

Proceedings Article | 14 May 2018 Presentation

AFRL alternative night/day imaging technologies (ANIT) program (Conference Presentation)

Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 10642, Degraded Environments: Sensing, Processing, and Display 2018

KEYWORDS: Weapons, Digital holography, Imaging technologies, Multispectral sensing, Augmented reality, Objectives, Image intensifiers, Analog electronics, Algorithm development, Environmental sensing

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Proceedings Article | 1 June 2011 Paper

Development of a dichoptic foveal/peripheral head-mounted display with partial binocular overlap

Dale Tyczka, Martha Jane Chatten, John Chatten, John Merritt, H. Lee Task, Darrel Hopper, Bridget Fath

Proc. SPIE. 8041, Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XVI: Design and Applications

KEYWORDS: Goggles, Image fusion, Eye, Visualization, Cameras, Organic light emitting diodes, Video, Image resolution, LCDs, Head-mounted displays

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Proceedings Article | 1 June 2011 Paper

Preliminary experimental results from a dichoptic vision system (DiVS)

Michael Browne, Kirk Moffitt, Darrel Hopper, Bridget Fath

Proc. SPIE. 8041, Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XVI: Design and Applications

KEYWORDS: Image fusion, Eye, Visualization, Imaging systems, Image resolution, Image quality, Electronic test equipment, Head-mounted displays, Target recognition, Target acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 9 May 2009 Paper

Military display market: update to fourth comprehensive edition

Daniel Desjardins, James Byrd, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 7327, Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics III

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Light emitting diodes, Military display technology, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Defense technologies, Heads up displays, Commercial off the shelf technology, Plasma

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The military display market is analyzed in terms of all fully electronic and many electro-mechanical displays used on combat platforms across all DOD Services. The military market for displays is defined by parameters such as active area, bezel-to-bezel measurement and technology. Other characteristics such as luminance, contrast ratio, gray levels, resolution, viewing angle, color, video capability, and night vision imaging system compatibility are noted. This study takes into account all displays that are either installed or funded for installation. In some cases, planned displays are also included. Display sizes having aggregate defense applications of 5,000 units or greater and having DOD applications across 10 or more platform fleets, are tabulated. The issue of size commonality is addressed where distribution of active area across platform fleets, individually, in groups of two through nine, and ten or more, is illustrated. Military displays are also analyzed by technology, where total quantities of such displays are broken out into CRT, LCD, AMLCD, EM, LED, Incandescent, Plasma and TFEL percentages. Custom, versus rugged commercial, versus commercial off-the-shelf designs are contrasted. High and low information content designs are identified. Displays for several high-profile military programs are discussed, to include both technical specifications and program history. This defense-wide study, an up-date to our paper delivered April 2006, documents 642 weapons system platforms comprising 1,194,199 displays in 1,217 sizes, of which 1,197 are direct-view and 20 are virtual-view. Defense display sizes range from 0.082 in..² to 10,625 in.² in 18 technologies, mostly flat panel display (FPD) technologies based on thin-film transistor active matrix liquid crystal displays (TFT AM LCD), with cathode ray tube (CRT) second and dropping rapidly. This paper provides an overview of the DOD display market, allowing government, academia and industry highlights of information provided in the "Military Display Market: Fifth Comprehensive Edition" technical report.

Proceedings Article | 29 February 2008 Paper

Multiview multiperspective time multiplexed autostereoscopic display

Stephen Kupiec, Vladimir Markov, Darrel Hopper, Gurdial Saini

Proc. SPIE. 6803, Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XIX

KEYWORDS: Light emitting diodes, Visualization, Multiplexing, Field programmable gate arrays, Computer programming, Diffusers, Digital micromirror devices, 3D displays, Camera shutters, Autostereoscopic displays

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Proceedings Article | 30 April 2007 Paper

Stainless steel display evaluation

Darrel Hopper, Frederick Meyer, Sam Longo, Terry Trissell

Proc. SPIE. 6558, Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics

KEYWORDS: Electronics, Organic light emitting diodes, Glasses, Video, Silicon, Photography, LCDs, Analytical research, Prototyping, Polonium

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Proceedings Article | 26 April 2007 Paper

Advances in temporally multiplexed multiscopic displays

Stephen Kupiec, Vladimir Markov, Adrian Travis, Darrel Hopper, Gurdial Saini

Proc. SPIE. 6558, Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics

KEYWORDS: Optical design, Light emitting diodes, Multiplexing, Spatial light modulators, LCDs, Projection systems, Digital micromirror devices, 3D displays, LED displays, Prototyping

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Proceedings Article | 9 March 2007 Paper

Advanced multiscopic display via temporal multiplexing

Vladimr Markov, Stephen Kupiec, Adrian Travis, Darrel Hopper, Gurdail Sani

Proc. SPIE. 6490, Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XIV

KEYWORDS: Optical design, Light emitting diodes, Computing systems, Multiplexing, LCDs, Diffusers, Projection systems, Relays, Digital micromirror devices, Camera shutters

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Proceedings Article | 22 May 2006 Paper

Readability evaluation of an active matrix electrophoric ink display

Frederick Meyer, Terry Trissell, Denise Aleva, Sam Longo, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 6225, Defense, Security, Cockpit, and Future Displays II

KEYWORDS: Metrology, Visualization, Reflectivity, LCDs, Light sources and illumination, Infrared radiation, Flat panel displays, Display technology, Standards development, Reflective displays

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Proceedings Article | 18 May 2006 Paper

Dichoptic image fusion in human vision system

David Curry, Lawrence Harrington, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 6224, Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI: Technologies and Applications

KEYWORDS: Image fusion, Eye, Visualization, Spatial frequencies, Sensors, Image resolution, Head, Optical resolution, Neuroimaging, Brain

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 2006 Paper

Military display market: fourth comprehensive edition

Daniel Desjardins, Darrel Hopper, Peter Marasco, James Byrd, Jon Neubauer

Proc. SPIE. 6225, Defense, Security, Cockpit, and Future Displays II

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Weapons, Light emitting diodes, Military display technology, Liquid crystal on silicon, LCDs, CRTs, Heads up displays, Commercial off the shelf technology, Plasma

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Proceedings Article | 25 May 2005 Paper

Military display market segment: avionics

Daniel Desjardins, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 5801, Cockpit and Future Displays for Defense and Security

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Light emitting diodes, Military display technology, Video, Image resolution, LCDs, Head-mounted displays, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Heads up displays

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Proceedings Article | 25 May 2005 Paper

Creation and transition of digital light processing technology to defense applications

Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 5801, Cockpit and Future Displays for Defense and Security

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Manufacturing, Spatial light modulators, Televisions, Projection systems, Digital micromirror devices, CRTs, Display technology, Defense technologies, Digital Light Processing

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Proceedings Article | 15 September 2004 Paper

Military display market segment: helicopters

Daniel Desjardins, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 5443, Defense, Security, and Cockpit Displays

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Military display technology, Video, Fourier transforms, Image resolution, LCDs, Head-mounted displays, CRTs, Heads up displays, Commercial off the shelf technology

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Proceedings Article | 15 September 2004 Paper

Wrist display concept demonstration based on 2-in. color AMOLED

Frederick Meyer, Sam Longo, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 5443, Defense, Security, and Cockpit Displays

KEYWORDS: Electronics, Switches, Weapons of mass destruction, Organic light emitting diodes, Video, Amplifiers, Receivers, Personal digital assistants, Connectors, Analog electronics

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Proceedings Article | 16 February 2004 Paper

Display science and technology for defense and security

Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 5214, Organic Light-Emitting Materials and Devices VII

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Displays, Electronics, Stars, Manufacturing, Computing systems, Telecommunications, Display technology, Defense technologies, Flexible displays

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2003 Paper

Military display market segment: wearable and portable

Daniel Desjardins, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 5080, Cockpit Displays X

KEYWORDS: Electronics, Military display technology, Video, Manufacturing, Fourier transforms, LCDs, Head-mounted displays, CRTs, Commercial off the shelf technology, Hand-held displays

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2003 Paper

Capability of the human visual system

David Curry, Gary Martinsen, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 5080, Cockpit Displays X

KEYWORDS: Eye, Rods, Visualization, Spatial frequencies, Retina, LCDs, Visual system, Contrast sensitivity, CRTs, Cones

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Proceedings Article | 28 August 2002 Paper

Reflective display characterization: temporal and spatial viewability measurements of holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) display samples

Frederick Meyer, Denise Aleva, Sam Longo, Terry Trissell, Robert Schwartz, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 4712, Cockpit Displays IX: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Reflectors, Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Reflection, Video, Reflectivity, LCDs, Liquid crystals, Specular reflections, Photometry, Reflective displays

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Proceedings Article | 28 August 2002 Paper

Review of ultraresolution (10-100 megapixel) visualization systems built by tiling commercial display components

Darrel Hopper, David Haralson, Matthew Simpson, Sam Longo

Proc. SPIE. 4712, Cockpit Displays IX: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Displays, Electronics, Visualization, Databases, Lamps, Computing systems, Image resolution, Projection systems, CRTs

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Proceedings Article | 28 August 2002 Paper

Reliability of display technologies in A-10 cockpit based on field experience

Kenneth Wodke, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 4712, Cockpit Displays IX: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Light emitting diodes, Manufacturing, Reliability, Control systems, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Display technology, LED displays

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Proceedings Article | 28 August 2002 Paper

Military display market: third comprehensive edition

Daniel Desjardins, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 4712, Cockpit Displays IX: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Weapons, Military display technology, Sun, Image resolution, Control systems, LCDs, Flat panel displays, Head-mounted displays, CRTs

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Proceedings Article | 28 August 2002 Paper

Defense display strategy and roadmaps

Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 4712, Cockpit Displays IX: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Weapons, Military display technology, Computing systems, Basic research, Display technology, Defense technologies, 3D displays, Field emission displays, Flexible displays

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2001 Paper

Military display market segment: aircraft cockpits

Daniel Desjardins, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 4362, Cockpit Displays VIII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Light emitting diodes, Military display technology, LCDs, Frequency modulation, Fermium, CRTs, Cockpit displays, LED displays, Heads up displays

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2001 Paper

Holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal sample characterization

Frederick Meyer, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 4362, Cockpit Displays VIII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Light sources, Holography, Reflection, Glasses, Reflectivity, LCDs, Liquid crystals, Specular reflections, Standards development, Reflective displays

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2001 Paper

Status of display systems in the A-10A aircraft

Kenneth Wodke, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 4362, Cockpit Displays VIII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Weapons, Switches, Sensors, Lamps, Control systems, Oxygen, Light sources and illumination, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Heads up displays

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2001 Paper

Review of defense display research programs

Robert Tulis, Darrel Hopper, David Morton, Ranganathan Shashidhar

Proc. SPIE. 4362, Cockpit Displays VIII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Displays, Military display technology, Manufacturing, Electroluminescence, LCDs, Analytical research, Head-mounted displays, Display technology, Field emission displays

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2001 Paper

Display requirements for synthetic vision in the military cockpit

Guy French, Michael Snow, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 4362, Cockpit Displays VIII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Sensors, Databases, Image sensors, Machine vision, Head-mounted displays, Cockpit displays, Heads up displays, Enhanced vision, Synthetic vision

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Proceedings Article | 28 August 2000 Paper

1000 X difference between current displays and capability of human visual system: payoff potential for affordable defense systems

Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 4022, Cockpit Displays VII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Displays, Computing systems, LCDs, Visual system, Digital micromirror devices, CRTs, Display technology, Field emission displays, Heads up displays, Digital Light Processing

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Proceedings Article | 28 August 2000 Paper

Performance specifications: the nearly impossible versus the merely difficult

Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 4022, Cockpit Displays VII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Electronics, Aerospace engineering, Manufacturing, LCDs, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Display technology, Defense technologies, C4ISR

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Proceedings Article | 28 August 2000 Paper

Military display market: second comprehensive edition

Darrel Hopper, Daniel Desjardins

Proc. SPIE. 4022, Cockpit Displays VII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Weapons, Military display technology, Manufacturing, Control systems, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Field emission displays

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Proceedings Article | 16 August 1999 Paper

Status of display systems in B-52H

Darrel Hopper, Frederick Meyer, Kenneth Wodke

Proc. SPIE. 3690, Cockpit Displays VI: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Radar, Displays, Electronics, Military display technology, Manufacturing, Reliability, Control systems, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Display technology

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Proceedings Article | 16 August 1999 Paper

Updated defense display market assessment

Daniel Desjardins, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 3690, Cockpit Displays VI: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Light emitting diodes, Military display technology, Electroluminescence, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, LED displays, Laser phosphor displays, Plasma

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Proceedings Article | 16 August 1999 Paper

AMLCD cockpit: promise and payoffs

Michael Snow, Timothy Jackson, Frederick Meyer, John Reising, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 3690, Cockpit Displays VI: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Electronics, Visualization, Glasses, Control systems, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Display technology, Heads up displays

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The active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) has become the preferred flight instrument technology in avionics multifunction display applications. Current bubble canopy fighter cockpit applications involve sizes up to 7.8 X 7.8 in. active display. Dual use avionics versions of AMLCD technology are now as large as 6.7 X 6.7 in. active display area in the ARINC D sized color multifunction display (MFD). This is the standard instrument in all new Boeing transport aircraft and is being retrofitted into the C-17A. A special design of the ARINC D instrument is used in the Space Shuttle cockpit upgrade. Larger sizes of AMLCD were desired when decisions were made in the early 1990s for the F-22. Commercial AMLCD technology has now produced monitors at 1280 X 1024 resolution (1.3 megapixels) in sizes of 16 to 21 in. diagonal. Each of these larger AMLCDs has more information carrying capacity than the entire F-22A cockpit instrument panel shipset, comprising six separate smaller AMLCDs (1.2 megapixels total). The larger AMLCDs are being integrated into airborne mission crewstations for use in dim ambient lighting conditions. It is now time to identify and address the technology challenges of upgrading these larger AMLCDs for sunlight readable application and of developing concepts for their integration into advanced bubble canopy fighter cockpits. The overall goals are to significantly increase the informational carrying capacity to bring both sensor and information fusion into the cockpit and, thereby, to enable a significant increase in warfighter situational awareness and effectiveness. A research cockpit was built using specialized versions of the IBM 16.1 in and two smaller 10 in. AMLCDs to examine human factors and display design issues associated with these next-generation AMLCD cockpit displays. This cockpit was later upgraded to allow greater reconfigurability and flexibility in the display hardware used to conduct part- task mission simulations. The objective optical characterization of the AMLCDs used in this simulator and the cockpit design are described. Display formats under consideration for test in this cockpit are described together with some of the basic human factors engineering issues involved. Studies conducted in this cockpit will be part of an ongoing joint effort of the hardware-focused aerospace displays team and the pilot-focused human factors team in the Air Force Research Laboratory's Crew System Interface Division. The objective of these studies is to ascertain the payoffs of the large AMLCD promise in combat cockpits.

Proceedings Article | 16 August 1999 Paper

3D display design concept for cockpit and mission crewstations

Jarod Thayn, Joseph Ghrayeb, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 3690, Cockpit Displays VI: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Holograms, Holography, Visualization, Spatial light modulators, LCDs, Digital micromirror devices, Cockpit displays, Bragg cells, 3D displays, 3D image processing

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 1998 Paper

Advanced aerosense display interfaces

Darrel Hopper, Frederick Meyer

Proc. SPIE. 3363, Cockpit Displays V: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Human-machine interfaces, Aerospace engineering, Fiber optics, Video, Interfaces, Information technology, Flat panel displays, Data communications, Standards development, Image quality standards

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 1998 Paper

Defense display market assessment

Daniel Desjardins, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 3363, Cockpit Displays V: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Weapons, Military display technology, Image resolution, Electroluminescence, LCDs, Frequency modulation, Fermium, Flat panel displays, CRTs

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 1998 Paper

Approach of organic light-emitting displays (OLED) to technology status

Gurdial Saini, Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 3363, Cockpit Displays V: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Light emitting diodes, Chemical species, Organic light emitting diodes, Polymers, Molecules, Crystals, Electrons, Reliability, Electroluminescence, LED displays

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A display is an electronic component or subsystem used to convert electrical signals into visual imagery in real time suitable for direct interpretation by a human observer. Until recently, the cathode ray tube (CRT) has been the main source of displays. During the last twenty years, it has been determined that alternatives to CRT displays need to found. One of the alternatives was the introduction of flat-panel displays. The term 'flat-panel display' is more of a concept than a specific entity. It is a display which is flat and light and may not require a great deal of power. A flat-panel display is often defined in terms of the ideal display, that being: thin form, low volume, even surface, having high resolution, high contrast, sunlight readable, color, low power, and being solid-state, light weight, and low cost. This is easy to conceive but difficult to deliver. The objective is to develop displays with as many desirable characteristics as possible. Flat-panel displays are basically of two types: the light valve type (that needs an external source of light such as a backlight or arc-lamp) and the emissive type (that generate light at the display surface). The light emitting diode (LED) display is of the emissive type. Inorganic LED and electroluminescent (EL) displays have been in use for more than 25 years in one form or the other because of their 'inherent' ruggedness and operation over extremely wide temperature ranges. Because of certain limitations of inorganic materials (such as cost, power, and color), LED displays do not dominate the high information content flat- panel display market. A recent discovery of polymer and other organic materials has changed LED prospects. It may now be possible to make organic LED displays that are inexpensive, low-power, and at the same time provide high resolution and full color. If present research objectives are met, organic LEDs may revolutionize the flat-panel display market. This paper addresses the various aspects of organic LED technology with particular reference to its useful characteristics, and the technology challenges. The pace of research accomplishments indicate that it will be some years yet before OLEDs succeed in the market place as product components.

Proceedings Article | 14 September 1998 Paper

High-definition displays for realistic simulator and trainer systems

Reginald Daniels, Darrel Hopper, Steve Beyer, Philipp Peppler

Proc. SPIE. 3363, Cockpit Displays V: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Microelectromechanical systems, Displays, Visualization, LCDs, Projection systems, Digital micromirror devices, Head-mounted displays, CRTs, Display technology, Heads up displays

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 1998 Paper

Approach of field-emission display toward technology status

Joseph Ghrayeb, Timothy Jackson, Darrel Hopper, Reginald Daniels

Proc. SPIE. 3363, Cockpit Displays V: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Electronics, Video, Manufacturing, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Display technology, Field emission displays, Prototyping, Vacuum fluorescent displays

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 1998 Paper

Performance specification methodology: introduction and application to displays

Darrel Hopper

Proc. SPIE. 3363, Cockpit Displays V: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Weapons, Military display technology, Manufacturing, LCDs, Picosecond phenomena, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Defense technologies, Classification systems

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Proceedings Article | 1 July 1997 Paper

Review of field emission display potential as a future (leap-frog) flat panel technology

Joseph Ghrayeb, Timothy Jackson, Reginald Daniels, Darrel Hopper