Dr. Darrel G. Hopper Profile

Dr. Darrel G. Hopper

SPIE Involvement:

Fellow status | Conference Chair | Track Chair | Author

Publications (74)

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 14, 2018

AFRL alternative night/day imaging technologies (ANIT) program (Conference Presentation)

Proc. SPIE. 10642, Degraded Environments: Sensing, Processing, and Display 2018

KEYWORDS: Weapons, Digital holography, Imaging technologies, Multispectral sensing, Augmented reality, Objectives, Image intensifiers, Analog electronics, Algorithm development, Environmental sensing

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 1, 2011

Development of a dichoptic foveal/peripheral head-mounted display with partial binocular overlap

Proc. SPIE. 8041, Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XVI: Design and Applications

KEYWORDS: Goggles, Image fusion, Eye, Visualization, Cameras, Organic light emitting diodes, Video, Image resolution, LCDs, Head-mounted displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 1, 2011

Preliminary experimental results from a dichoptic vision system (DiVS)

Proc. SPIE. 8041, Head- and Helmet-Mounted Displays XVI: Design and Applications

KEYWORDS: Image fusion, Eye, Visualization, Imaging systems, Image resolution, Image quality, Electronic test equipment, Head-mounted displays, Target recognition, Target acquisition

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 9, 2009

Military display market: update to fourth comprehensive edition

Proc. SPIE. 7327, Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics III

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Light emitting diodes, Military display technology, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Defense technologies, Heads up displays, Commercial off the shelf technology, Plasma

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The military display market is analyzed in terms of all fully electronic and many electro-mechanical displays used on combat platforms across all DOD Services. The military market for displays is defined by parameters such as active area, bezel-to-bezel measurement and technology. Other characteristics such as luminance, contrast ratio, gray levels, resolution, viewing angle, color, video capability, and night vision imaging system compatibility are noted. This study takes into account all displays that are either installed or funded for installation. In some cases, planned displays are also included. Display sizes having aggregate defense applications of 5,000 units or greater and having DOD applications across 10 or more platform fleets, are tabulated. The issue of size commonality is addressed where distribution of active area across platform fleets, individually, in groups of two through nine, and ten or more, is illustrated. Military displays are also analyzed by technology, where total quantities of such displays are broken out into CRT, LCD, AMLCD, EM, LED, Incandescent, Plasma and TFEL percentages. Custom, versus rugged commercial, versus commercial off-the-shelf designs are contrasted. High and low information content designs are identified. Displays for several high-profile military programs are discussed, to include both technical specifications and program history. This defense-wide study, an up-date to our paper delivered April 2006, documents 642 weapons system platforms comprising 1,194,199 displays in 1,217 sizes, of which 1,197 are direct-view and 20 are virtual-view. Defense display sizes range from 0.082 in..<sup>2</sup> to 10,625 in.<sup>2</sup> in 18 technologies, mostly flat panel display (FPD) technologies based on thin-film transistor active matrix liquid crystal displays (TFT AM LCD), with cathode ray tube (CRT) second and dropping rapidly. This paper provides an overview of the DOD display market, allowing government, academia and industry highlights of information provided in the "Military Display Market: Fifth Comprehensive Edition" technical report.

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 29, 2008

Multiview multiperspective time multiplexed autostereoscopic display

Proc. SPIE. 6803, Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XIX

KEYWORDS: Light emitting diodes, Visualization, Multiplexing, Field programmable gate arrays, Computer programming, Diffusers, Digital micromirror devices, 3D displays, Camera shutters, Autostereoscopic displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 30, 2007

Stainless steel display evaluation

Proc. SPIE. 6558, Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics

KEYWORDS: Electronics, Organic light emitting diodes, Glasses, Video, Silicon, Photography, LCDs, Analytical research, Prototyping, Polonium

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 26, 2007

Advances in temporally multiplexed multiscopic displays

Proc. SPIE. 6558, Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics

KEYWORDS: Optical design, Light emitting diodes, Multiplexing, Spatial light modulators, LCDs, Projection systems, Digital micromirror devices, 3D displays, LED displays, Prototyping

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | March 9, 2007

Advanced multiscopic display via temporal multiplexing

Proc. SPIE. 6490, Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XIV

KEYWORDS: Optical design, Light emitting diodes, Computing systems, Multiplexing, LCDs, Diffusers, Projection systems, Relays, Digital micromirror devices, Camera shutters

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 22, 2006

Readability evaluation of an active matrix electrophoric ink display

Proc. SPIE. 6225, Defense, Security, Cockpit, and Future Displays II

KEYWORDS: Metrology, Visualization, Reflectivity, LCDs, Light sources and illumination, Infrared radiation, Flat panel displays, Display technology, Standards development, Reflective displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 18, 2006

Dichoptic image fusion in human vision system

Proc. SPIE. 6224, Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI: Technologies and Applications

KEYWORDS: Image fusion, Eye, Visualization, Spatial frequencies, Sensors, Image resolution, Head, Optical resolution, Neuroimaging, Brain

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 5, 2006

Military display market: fourth comprehensive edition

Proc. SPIE. 6225, Defense, Security, Cockpit, and Future Displays II

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Weapons, Light emitting diodes, Military display technology, Liquid crystal on silicon, LCDs, CRTs, Heads up displays, Commercial off the shelf technology, Plasma

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 25, 2005

Military display market segment: avionics

Proc. SPIE. 5801, Cockpit and Future Displays for Defense and Security

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Light emitting diodes, Military display technology, Video, Image resolution, LCDs, Head-mounted displays, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Heads up displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 25, 2005

Creation and transition of digital light processing technology to defense applications

Proc. SPIE. 5801, Cockpit and Future Displays for Defense and Security

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Manufacturing, Spatial light modulators, Televisions, Projection systems, Digital micromirror devices, CRTs, Display technology, Defense technologies, Digital Light Processing

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SPIE Conference Volume | May 25, 2005

Cockpit and Future Displays for Defense and Security

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 15, 2004

Military display market segment: helicopters

Proc. SPIE. 5443, Defense, Security, and Cockpit Displays

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Military display technology, Video, Fourier transforms, Image resolution, LCDs, Head-mounted displays, CRTs, Heads up displays, Commercial off the shelf technology

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 15, 2004

Wrist display concept demonstration based on 2-in. color AMOLED

Proc. SPIE. 5443, Defense, Security, and Cockpit Displays

KEYWORDS: Electronics, Switches, Weapons of mass destruction, Organic light emitting diodes, Video, Amplifiers, Receivers, Personal digital assistants, Connectors, Analog electronics

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SPIE Conference Volume | September 15, 2004

Defense, Security, and Cockpit Displays

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 16, 2004

Display science and technology for defense and security

Proc. SPIE. 5214, Organic Light-Emitting Materials and Devices VII

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Displays, Electronics, Stars, Manufacturing, Computing systems, Telecommunications, Display technology, Defense technologies, Flexible displays

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SPIE Conference Volume | September 10, 2003

Cockpit Displays X

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 10, 2003

Military display market segment: wearable and portable

Proc. SPIE. 5080, Cockpit Displays X

KEYWORDS: Electronics, Military display technology, Video, Manufacturing, Fourier transforms, LCDs, Head-mounted displays, CRTs, Commercial off the shelf technology, Hand-held displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 10, 2003

Capability of the human visual system

Proc. SPIE. 5080, Cockpit Displays X

KEYWORDS: Eye, Rods, Visualization, Spatial frequencies, Retina, LCDs, Visual system, Contrast sensitivity, CRTs, Cones

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 28, 2002

Reflective display characterization: temporal and spatial viewability measurements of holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) display samples

Proc. SPIE. 4712, Cockpit Displays IX: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Reflectors, Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Reflection, Video, Reflectivity, LCDs, Liquid crystals, Specular reflections, Photometry, Reflective displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 28, 2002

Review of ultraresolution (10-100 megapixel) visualization systems built by tiling commercial display components

Proc. SPIE. 4712, Cockpit Displays IX: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Displays, Electronics, Visualization, Databases, Lamps, Computing systems, Image resolution, Projection systems, CRTs

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 28, 2002

Reliability of display technologies in A-10 cockpit based on field experience

Proc. SPIE. 4712, Cockpit Displays IX: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Light emitting diodes, Manufacturing, Reliability, Control systems, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Display technology, LED displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 28, 2002

Military display market: third comprehensive edition

Proc. SPIE. 4712, Cockpit Displays IX: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Weapons, Military display technology, Sun, Image resolution, Control systems, LCDs, Flat panel displays, Head-mounted displays, CRTs

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 28, 2002

Defense display strategy and roadmaps

Proc. SPIE. 4712, Cockpit Displays IX: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Weapons, Military display technology, Computing systems, Basic research, Display technology, Defense technologies, 3D displays, Field emission displays, Flexible displays

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SPIE Conference Volume | August 28, 2002

Cockpit Displays IX: Displays for Defense Applications

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 7, 2001

Military display market segment: aircraft cockpits

Proc. SPIE. 4362, Cockpit Displays VIII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Light emitting diodes, Military display technology, LCDs, Frequency modulation, Fermium, CRTs, Cockpit displays, LED displays, Heads up displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 7, 2001

Holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal sample characterization

Proc. SPIE. 4362, Cockpit Displays VIII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Light sources, Holography, Reflection, Glasses, Reflectivity, LCDs, Liquid crystals, Specular reflections, Standards development, Reflective displays

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SPIE Conference Volume | September 7, 2001

Cockpit Displays VIII: Displays for Defense Applications

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 7, 2001

Status of display systems in the A-10A aircraft

Proc. SPIE. 4362, Cockpit Displays VIII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Weapons, Switches, Sensors, Lamps, Control systems, Oxygen, Light sources and illumination, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Heads up displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 7, 2001

Review of defense display research programs

Proc. SPIE. 4362, Cockpit Displays VIII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Displays, Military display technology, Manufacturing, Electroluminescence, LCDs, Analytical research, Head-mounted displays, Display technology, Field emission displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 7, 2001

Display requirements for synthetic vision in the military cockpit

Proc. SPIE. 4362, Cockpit Displays VIII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Sensors, Databases, Image sensors, Machine vision, Head-mounted displays, Cockpit displays, Heads up displays, Enhanced vision, Synthetic vision

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 28, 2000

1000 X difference between current displays and capability of human visual system: payoff potential for affordable defense systems

Proc. SPIE. 4022, Cockpit Displays VII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Displays, Computing systems, LCDs, Visual system, Digital micromirror devices, CRTs, Display technology, Field emission displays, Heads up displays, Digital Light Processing

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 28, 2000

Performance specifications: the nearly impossible versus the merely difficult

Proc. SPIE. 4022, Cockpit Displays VII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Electronics, Aerospace engineering, Manufacturing, LCDs, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Display technology, Defense technologies, C4ISR

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SPIE Conference Volume | August 28, 2000

Cockpit Displays VII: Displays for Defense Applications

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 28, 2000

Military display market: second comprehensive edition

Proc. SPIE. 4022, Cockpit Displays VII: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Weapons, Military display technology, Manufacturing, Control systems, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Field emission displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 16, 1999

Status of display systems in B-52H

Proc. SPIE. 3690, Cockpit Displays VI: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Radar, Displays, Electronics, Military display technology, Manufacturing, Reliability, Control systems, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Display technology

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 16, 1999

Updated defense display market assessment

Proc. SPIE. 3690, Cockpit Displays VI: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Light emitting diodes, Military display technology, Electroluminescence, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, LED displays, Laser phosphor displays, Plasma

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This paper addresses the number, function and size of principal military displays and establishes a basis to determine the opportunities for technology insertion in the immediate future and into the next millennium. Principal military displays are defined as those occupying appreciable crewstation real-estate and/or those without which the platform could not carry out its intended mission. DoD 'office' applications are excluded from this study. The military displays market is specified by such parameters as active area and footprint size, and other characteristics such as luminance, gray scale, resolution, angle, color, video capability, and night vision imaging system compatibility. Funded, future acquisitions, planned and predicted crewstation modification kits, and form-fit upgrades are taken into account. This paper provides an overview of the DoD niche market, allowing both government and industry a necessary reference by which to meet DoD requirements for military displays in a timely and cost-effective manner. The aggregate DoD installed base for direct-view and large-area military displays is presently estimated to be in excess of 313,000. Miniature displays are those which must be magnified to be viewed, involve a significantly different manufacturing paradigm and are used in helmet mounted displays and thermal weapon sight applications. Some 114,000 miniature displays are presently included within future weapon system acquisition plans. For vendor production planning purposes it is noted that foreign military sales could substantially increase these quantities. The vanishing vendor syndrome (VVS) for older display technologies continues to be a growing, pervasive problem throughout DoD, which consequently must leverage the more modern, especially flat panel, display technologies being developed to replace older, especially cathode ray tube, technology for civil-commercial markets. Total DoD display needs (FPD, HMD) are some 427,000.

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 16, 1999

AMLCD cockpit: promise and payoffs

Proc. SPIE. 3690, Cockpit Displays VI: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Electronics, Visualization, Glasses, Control systems, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Display technology, Heads up displays

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The active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) has become the preferred flight instrument technology in avionics multifunction display applications. Current bubble canopy fighter cockpit applications involve sizes up to 7.8 X 7.8 in. active display. Dual use avionics versions of AMLCD technology are now as large as 6.7 X 6.7 in. active display area in the ARINC D sized color multifunction display (MFD). This is the standard instrument in all new Boeing transport aircraft and is being retrofitted into the C-17A. A special design of the ARINC D instrument is used in the Space Shuttle cockpit upgrade. Larger sizes of AMLCD were desired when decisions were made in the early 1990s for the F-22. Commercial AMLCD technology has now produced monitors at 1280 X 1024 resolution (1.3 megapixels) in sizes of 16 to 21 in. diagonal. Each of these larger AMLCDs has more information carrying capacity than the entire F-22A cockpit instrument panel shipset, comprising six separate smaller AMLCDs (1.2 megapixels total). The larger AMLCDs are being integrated into airborne mission crewstations for use in dim ambient lighting conditions. It is now time to identify and address the technology challenges of upgrading these larger AMLCDs for sunlight readable application and of developing concepts for their integration into advanced bubble canopy fighter cockpits. The overall goals are to significantly increase the informational carrying capacity to bring both sensor and information fusion into the cockpit and, thereby, to enable a significant increase in warfighter situational awareness and effectiveness. A research cockpit was built using specialized versions of the IBM 16.1 in and two smaller 10 in. AMLCDs to examine human factors and display design issues associated with these next-generation AMLCD cockpit displays. This cockpit was later upgraded to allow greater reconfigurability and flexibility in the display hardware used to conduct part- task mission simulations. The objective optical characterization of the AMLCDs used in this simulator and the cockpit design are described. Display formats under consideration for test in this cockpit are described together with some of the basic human factors engineering issues involved. Studies conducted in this cockpit will be part of an ongoing joint effort of the hardware-focused aerospace displays team and the pilot-focused human factors team in the Air Force Research Laboratory's Crew System Interface Division. The objective of these studies is to ascertain the payoffs of the large AMLCD promise in combat cockpits.

SPIE Conference Volume | August 16, 1999

Cockpit Displays VI: Displays for Defense Applications

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 16, 1999

3D display design concept for cockpit and mission crewstations

Proc. SPIE. 3690, Cockpit Displays VI: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Holograms, Holography, Visualization, Spatial light modulators, LCDs, Digital micromirror devices, Cockpit displays, Bragg cells, 3D displays, 3D image processing

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 14, 1998

Advanced aerosense display interfaces

Proc. SPIE. 3363, Cockpit Displays V: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Human-machine interfaces, Aerospace engineering, Fiber optics, Video, Interfaces, Information technology, Flat panel displays, Data communications, Standards development, Image quality standards

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 14, 1998

Defense display market assessment

Proc. SPIE. 3363, Cockpit Displays V: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Weapons, Military display technology, Image resolution, Electroluminescence, LCDs, Frequency modulation, Fermium, Flat panel displays, CRTs

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 14, 1998

Approach of organic light-emitting displays (OLED) to technology status

Proc. SPIE. 3363, Cockpit Displays V: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Light emitting diodes, Chemical species, Organic light emitting diodes, Polymers, Molecules, Crystals, Electrons, Reliability, Electroluminescence, LED displays

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A display is an electronic component or subsystem used to convert electrical signals into visual imagery in real time suitable for direct interpretation by a human observer. Until recently, the cathode ray tube (CRT) has been the main source of displays. During the last twenty years, it has been determined that alternatives to CRT displays need to found. One of the alternatives was the introduction of flat-panel displays. The term 'flat-panel display' is more of a concept than a specific entity. It is a display which is flat and light and may not require a great deal of power. A flat-panel display is often defined in terms of the ideal display, that being: thin form, low volume, even surface, having high resolution, high contrast, sunlight readable, color, low power, and being solid-state, light weight, and low cost. This is easy to conceive but difficult to deliver. The objective is to develop displays with as many desirable characteristics as possible. Flat-panel displays are basically of two types: the light valve type (that needs an external source of light such as a backlight or arc-lamp) and the emissive type (that generate light at the display surface). The light emitting diode (LED) display is of the emissive type. Inorganic LED and electroluminescent (EL) displays have been in use for more than 25 years in one form or the other because of their 'inherent' ruggedness and operation over extremely wide temperature ranges. Because of certain limitations of inorganic materials (such as cost, power, and color), LED displays do not dominate the high information content flat- panel display market. A recent discovery of polymer and other organic materials has changed LED prospects. It may now be possible to make organic LED displays that are inexpensive, low-power, and at the same time provide high resolution and full color. If present research objectives are met, organic LEDs may revolutionize the flat-panel display market. This paper addresses the various aspects of organic LED technology with particular reference to its useful characteristics, and the technology challenges. The pace of research accomplishments indicate that it will be some years yet before OLEDs succeed in the market place as product components.

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 14, 1998

High-definition displays for realistic simulator and trainer systems

Proc. SPIE. 3363, Cockpit Displays V: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Microelectromechanical systems, Displays, Visualization, LCDs, Projection systems, Digital micromirror devices, Head-mounted displays, CRTs, Display technology, Heads up displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 14, 1998

Approach of field-emission display toward technology status

Proc. SPIE. 3363, Cockpit Displays V: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Electronics, Video, Manufacturing, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Display technology, Field emission displays, Prototyping, Vacuum fluorescent displays

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SPIE Conference Volume | September 14, 1998

Cockpit Displays V: Displays for Defense Applications

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 14, 1998

Performance specification methodology: introduction and application to displays

Proc. SPIE. 3363, Cockpit Displays V: Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Weapons, Military display technology, Manufacturing, LCDs, Picosecond phenomena, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Defense technologies, Classification systems

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 1, 1997

Review of field emission display potential as a future (leap-frog) flat panel technology

Proc. SPIE. 3057, Cockpit Displays IV: Flat Panel Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Diamond, Glasses, Electrons, Manufacturing, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Field emission displays, Prototyping, Vacuum fluorescent displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 1, 1997

Military market for flat panel displays

Proc. SPIE. 3057, Cockpit Displays IV: Flat Panel Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Light emitting diodes, Military display technology, LCDs, Frequency modulation, Fermium, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Display technology, Defense technologies

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SPIE Conference Volume | July 1, 1997

Cockpit Displays IV: Flat Panel Displays for Defense Applications

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 1, 1997

Commercial portable projection sytems: technology and market trends

Proc. SPIE. 3057, Cockpit Displays IV: Flat Panel Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Light sources, Electronics, Visualization, Video, Image resolution, Image quality, Projection systems, Optical resolution, Flat panel displays, Display technology

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 1, 1997

Review of flat panel display programs and defense applications

Proc. SPIE. 3057, Cockpit Displays IV: Flat Panel Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Defense and security, Military display technology, Manufacturing, Computing systems, Control systems, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Display technology, Field emission displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 1, 1997

Automotive and avionics applications of CRTs

Proc. SPIE. 3057, Cockpit Displays IV: Flat Panel Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Radar, Military display technology, Visualization, Glasses, Electrons, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Heads up displays, Global Positioning System

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 1, 1997

Flat panel display test and evaluation: procedures, standards, and facilities

Proc. SPIE. 3057, Cockpit Displays IV: Flat Panel Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Military display technology, Visualization, Video, LCDs, Light sources and illumination, Analytical research, Flat panel displays, Signal generators, Photometry, Standards development

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 1, 1997

Insertion of advanced display technology into head-up displays

Proc. SPIE. 3057, Cockpit Displays IV: Flat Panel Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Weapons, Optical design, LCDs, Projection systems, Raster graphics, Head-mounted displays, CRTs, Display technology, Heads up displays, Visibility

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 1, 1997

True 3D displays for avionics and mission crewstations

Proc. SPIE. 3057, Cockpit Displays IV: Flat Panel Displays for Defense Applications

KEYWORDS: Holograms, Holography, Visualization, Computer generated holography, Spatial light modulators, LCDs, Digital micromirror devices, Bragg cells, 3D displays, 3D image processing

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 30, 1996

High-performance applications of light valve device displays

Proc. SPIE. 2734, Cockpit Displays III

KEYWORDS: Modulation, Fourier transforms, Image resolution, Image quality, LCDs, Projection systems, Liquid crystals, Digital micromirror devices, Large screens, Light valves

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 30, 1996

Applications of AMLCDs in U.S. military cockpits

Proc. SPIE. 2734, Cockpit Displays III

KEYWORDS: Human-machine interfaces, Weapons, Military display technology, Computing systems, LCDs, Flat panel displays, Head-mounted displays, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Standards development

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 30, 1996

Insertion of field-emission displays into high-performance cockpit

Proc. SPIE. 2734, Cockpit Displays III

KEYWORDS: Military display technology, Glasses, Reliability, Head, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Field emission displays, Temperature metrology

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 30, 1996

High-performance applications of electroluminescent displays

Proc. SPIE. 2734, Cockpit Displays III

KEYWORDS: Optical filters, Displays, Military display technology, Visualization, Electrodes, Image resolution, Electroluminescence, Display technology, Avionic systems, Electroluminescent displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 30, 1996

High-performance applications of electromechanical displays

Proc. SPIE. 2734, Cockpit Displays III

KEYWORDS: Displays, Military display technology, Aerospace engineering, Glasses, Reliability, LCDs, Connectors, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Electromagnetism

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 30, 1996

High-performance applications of cathode-ray tubes

Proc. SPIE. 2734, Cockpit Displays III

KEYWORDS: Radar, Visualization, Computer simulations, LCDs, Projection systems, Visual system, Raster graphics, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Heads up displays

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SPIE Conference Volume | May 30, 1996

Cockpit Displays III

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 30, 1996

High-performance applications of light-emitting diode displays

Proc. SPIE. 2734, Cockpit Displays III

KEYWORDS: Semiconductors, Light emitting diodes, Chemical species, Organic light emitting diodes, Polymers, Crystals, Electrons, Reliability, Diodes, LED displays

Read Abstract

A display is an electronic component or subsystem used to convert electrical signals into visual imagery in real time suitable for direct interpretation by a human observer. Until recently, the cathode ray tube (CRT) has been the main source of displays. During the last twenty years, it has been determined that alternatives to CRT displays need to be found. One of the alternatives was the introduction of flat-panel displays. The term 'flat-panel display' is more of a concept than a specific entity. It is a display which is flat and light and may not require a great deal of power. A flat-panel display is often defined in terms of the ideal display, that being: thin form, low volume, even surface, having high resolution, high contrast, sunlight readable, color, low power, and being solid-state and lightweight. This is easy to conceive but difficult to deliver. The objective is to develop displays with as many desirable characteristics as possible. Flat-panel displays are basically of two types: the light valve type (that needs an external source of light such as a backlight or arc-lamp) and the emissive type (that generate light at the display surface). The light emitting diode (LED) display is of the emissive type. The LED displays have been in use for more than 25 years in one form or the other. Because of certain limitations of inorganic materials (such as cost, power, and color), LED displays do not dominate the flat-panel display market. A recent discovery of polymer and organic materials may change LED prospects. It is now believed that it may become possible to make LED displays that are inexpensive, low-power, and at the same time provide full color. If present research objectives are met, LEDs, especially organic LEDs, may revolutionize the flat-panel display market. This paper addresses the various aspects of LED technology with particular reference to its useful characteristics, and the limitations that need to be overcome.

SPIE Conference Volume | June 5, 1995

Cockpit Displays II

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 5, 1995

Large-area high-definition cockpit displays

Proc. SPIE. 2462, Cockpit Displays II

KEYWORDS: Amorphous silicon, Displays, Military display technology, Visualization, Sensors, LCDs, Projection systems, Head-mounted displays, Cockpit displays, Heads up displays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 5, 1995

Requirements for AMLCDs in U.S. military applications

Proc. SPIE. 2462, Cockpit Displays II

KEYWORDS: Amorphous silicon, Defense and security, Weapons, Military display technology, Manufacturing, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Display technology, Defense technologies

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Flat panel displays are fast becoming a significant source of more defense for less money. Military instruments have begun to use color active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs). This is the beginning of a significant transition from electromechanical, CRT. dichroic LCD, and electroluminescent display designs to the AMLCD designs. We have the opportunity with this new technology to establish common products capable of meeting user requirements for sunlight-readable, color and grayscale capable, high-sharpness high-pixel count, flat panel displays for military applications. The Wright Laboratory is leading the development of recommended best practice, draft guidance standard, and performance specifications for this new generation, the flat panel cockpit display generation, of display modules based on requirements for U.S. military aircraft and ground combat human system interfaces. These requirements are similar in many regards to those in both the civil aviation and automotive industries; accordingly, commonality with these civil applications is incorporated where possible, against the requirements for military combat applications. The performance requirement may be achieved by two approaches: militarization of displays made to low requirements of a large volume civil products manufacturer like Sharp or integration of displays made to high requirements by a niche market commercial vendor, like Optical Imaging Systems, Litton Systems Limited, ImageQuest Inc., and Planar Advanced Inc. teamed with Xerox PARC and Standish Industries. [Note that the niche market companies listed are commercial off-the shelf vendors, albeit for high requirement low volume customers.] Given that the performance specifications can be met for a particular military product by either approach, the choice is based on life cycle cost and a thin analysis based on initial costs alone is not acceptable as it ignores the fact that military product life cycles and procurements are 20-60 years compared to 1.5 years for civil products. Thus far there is no convincing evidence that the large volume commercial product approach for combat systems will meet the combat performance specification or be cheaper from a life cycle cost perspective. National and economic security requirements require some military/avionic-grade AMLCD production domestically (i.e. in the U.S. and/or Canada). Examples of AMLCD demand and performance requirements in U.S. military systems are provided.

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 5, 1995

Draft standard for color active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD) for military applications

Proc. SPIE. 2462, Cockpit Displays II

KEYWORDS: Human-machine interfaces, Electronics, Military display technology, Video, Interfaces, Manufacturing, LCDs, Flat panel displays, Defense technologies, Standards development

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SPIE Conference Volume | June 17, 1994

Cockpit Displays

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 17, 1994

Draft standard for color AMLCDs in U.S. military aircraft

Proc. SPIE. 2219, Cockpit Displays

KEYWORDS: Amorphous silicon, Military display technology, Manufacturing, Dielectrophoresis, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Standards development, Electromechanical design

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 1, 1994

Flat panel cockpit display requirements and specification

Proc. SPIE. 2174, Advanced Flat Panel Display Technologies

KEYWORDS: Amorphous silicon, Military display technology, Manufacturing, Computing systems, LCDs, Flat panel displays, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Defense technologies, Standards development

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | December 1, 1993

Cockpit display requirements and specifications

Proc. SPIE. 1988, Display Systems

KEYWORDS: Amorphous silicon, Displays, Military display technology, Manufacturing, Computing systems, LCDs, CRTs, Cockpit displays, Defense technologies

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