We measure radio frequency electromagnetic wave total scattering cross-sections and internal radio frequency electromagnetic field distributions for several novel types of MEMs atomic vapor cells, optimized for Rydberg atom-based radio frequency electric field sensing. Vapor cells that use metamaterial structures are described. The vapor cells are designed for high radio frequency transmission, uniform internal radio frequency field amplitudes, and low radar scattering cross-section. Experimental scattering data and radio frequency field amplitude maps from functioning vapor cells are presented. The total scattering cross-sections are calibrated to the total scattering cross-sections for a series of steel balls, whose scattering is quantified using Mie scattering theory. We measure across a span of radio frequencies ranging from ~1 GHz – 20 GHz. The work is important for engineering Rydberg atom-based radio frequency electric field sensors for deployment in applications such as test and measurement.
In this work, we present theoretical and experimental data on detecting pulsed radio frequency fields. We focus on pulse arrival time detection accuracy. We measure two-photon Rydberg atom EIT in response to ~μs pulse-modulated radio-frequency signals resonant with a Rydberg-Rydberg transition, using a room temperature cesium vapor cell with the lasers locked on atomic resonances. We study the dependence of the atomic response on optical and radio-frequency Rabi frequencies as well as effects such as atomic collisions, ionization, and transit time broadening. We find good agreement with time-dependent simulations performed using a density matrix approach, with a dark state added to account for Rydberg atom decay. We present factors that can influence the sensitivity and timing precision of radio frequency pulses detected under these conditions. Such a system demonstrates potential for the detection of weak radio-frequency pulses in communications and radar applications.
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