Subwavelength moth eye structures are the nanostructures arranged uniformly whose feature size is less than the incident optical wavelength. These structures are promising to reduce the reflection of any material by creating a refractive index gradient profile at the interface surface. Mid-wave infrared (MWIR) is an important wavelength to investigate the moth eye structures for various applications like photovoltaic, solar cells and display technologies. In this paper, we fabricated two different moth eye structures Nano pillars and Nano holes using the simple and robust lithography technique. Using silicon dioxide as a hard mask, structures are transferred onto gallium arsenide substrate using different etching conditions. We compared the transmission of nanoholes and nanopillars structures and find out that nanoholes structures shows better transmittance in MWIR. We also obtained theoretical transmission data using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) which agrees with our experimental data. Moreover, Nano holes structures has an advantage over nanopillars structure as the former are resistant against contamination which therefore will not lead to decrease in transmission performance. The characterization results of the structures are obtained from SEM which shows the morphologies of the structures. Our approach is reproducible and can be easily applied to any optical devices which require antireflective property.
Reduction of unwanted light reflection from a surface of a substance is very essential for the improvement of the performance of optical and photonic devices. Anti-reflection (AR) surface textures can be created on the surface of lenses and other optical elements to reduce the intensity of surface reflections. AR textures are indispensable in numerous applications, both low and high power, and are increasingly demanded on highly curved optical components.
Nanofabrication involves the fabrication of devices at the nanometer scale. In this work, we used nanofabrication to design and fabricate nanostructures of squares and hexagons of different spatial pitch and gap width in Gallium Arsenide (GaAs). These structures have a gap of 300nm, 400nm, and pitch of 900nm, 1000nm and 1100nm. The fabrication process involves solvent cleaning, deposition of silicon oxide, soft and hard bake, photolithography and development. Both wet and dry etching were used to fabricate the expected structures. Results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the shapes of the fabricated arrays are presented in this study. By combining dry and wet etches, we obtained the desired shapes and depth of hexagons and squares with rounded edges. We report detailed fabrication processes and their corresponding results at each step.
Nano-arrays are an important structure for building chemical filters, photonic crystal waveguides, antireflection, or transmission devices. There are different methods of lithography to produce these nano-arrays, which include contact and projection photolithography, E-beam direct writing, and X-ray lithography. Contact photolithography is the most widely used method due to its simplicity and good for time and cost-saving. However, there are penalties that come with these benefits which include problems of generating Newton rings and difficulties of transferring patterns faithfully for situations at and beyond the diffraction limit.
In this work, we fabricated nano-arrays for high power antireflection applications using contact photolithography. Fortunately for the antireflection application, pattern periodicity is more important than obtaining the exact shape of the nanostructure. The fabricated structure, even though not the same as the original pattern, can still produce promising antireflection results. We have studied how the range of the distance between the mask and the photoresist affects the shapes of the produced patterns including holes, posts, and cones. The experimental results with different shapes and periodic patterns produced by different diffraction distances are explained with simulation results involving Fourier transformation and Fresnel diffraction of the mask patterns.
Qubits based on trapped ions are being investigated as a promising platform for scalable quantum information
processing. One challenge associated with the scalability of such a multi-qubit trapped ion system is the need for an
ultraviolet (UV) laser beam switching and control system to independently modulate and address large qubit arrays. In
this work, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel architecture for a laser beam control system for trapped
ion quantum computing based on fast electro-optic amplitude switching and high-fidelity electromechanical beam
shuttering using a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) deflector coupled into a single-mode optical fiber. We
achieve a rise/fall time of 5 ns, power extinction of -31 dB, and pulse width repeatability of > 99.95% using an electrooptic
switch based on a β-BaB2O4 (BBO) Pockels cell. A tilting MEMS mirror fabricated using a commercial foundry
was used to steer UV light into a single-mode optical fiber, resulting in an electromechanical beam shutter that
demonstrated a power extinction of -52 dB and a switching time of 2 μs. The combination of these two technologies
allows for high-fidelity power extinction using a platform that does not suffer from temperature-induced beam steering
due to changes in modulation duty cycle. The overall system is capable of UV laser beam switching to create the
resolved sideband Raman cooling pulses, algorithm pulses, and read-out pulses required for quantum computing
applications.
We report on the first successful installation of a commercial solid-state sodium guidestar laser system (GLS). The GLS developed at LMCT was delivered to Gemini North Observatory in February of 2005. The laser is a single beacon system that implements a novel laser architecture and represents a critical step towards addressing the need of the astronomy and military adaptive optics (AO) communities for a robust turn-key commercial GLS. The laser was installed on the center section of the 8 m Gemini North telescope, with the output beam relayed to a laser launch telescope located behind the 1 m diameter secondary mirror. The laser went through a three week performance evaluation between November and December 2005 wherein it consistently generated 12 W average power with measured M2 < 1.1 while locked to the D2 line at +/- 100 MHz. The system was required to perform during a 12-hour test period during three runs of 4-6 consecutive nights each. The laser architecture is based on continuous wave (CW) mode-locked solid-state lasers. The mode-locked format enables more efficient SFG conversion, and dispenses with complex resonant intensity enhancement systems and injection-locking electronics. The linearly-polarized, near-diffraction-limited, modelocked 1319 nm and 1064 nm pulses are generated in separate dual-head diode-pumped resonators. The two IR pulses are input into a single-stage, 30 mm PPSLT sum-frequency generation (SFG) crystal provided by Physical Science, Inc. Visible (589 nm) power of >16 W have been generated, representing a conversion efficiency of 40%.
We have demonstrated 3.5W of 589nm light from a fiber laser using periodically poled stoichio-metric Lithium Tantalate (PPSLT) as the frequency conversion crystal. The system employs 938nm and 1583nm fiber lasers, which were sum-frequency mixed in PPSLT to generate 589nm light. The 938nm fiber laser consists of a single frequency diode laser master oscillator (200mW), which was amplified in two
stages to >15W using cladding pumped Nd3+ fiber amplifiers. The fiber amplifiers operate at 938nm and minimize amplified spontaneous emission at 1088nm by employing a specialty fiber design, which maximizes the core size relative to the cladding diameter. This design allows the 3-level laser system to operate at high inversion, thus making it competitive with the 1088nm 4-level laser transition. At 15W, the 938nm laser has an M2 of 1.1 and good polarization (correctable with a quarter and half wave plate to >15:1). The 1583nm fiber laser consists of a Koheras 1583nm fiber DFB laser that is pre-amplified to 100mW, phase modulated and then amplified to 14W in a commercial IPG fiber amplifier. As a part of our research efforts we are also investigating pulsed laser formats and power scaling of the 589nm system. We will discuss the fiber laser design and operation as well as our results in power scaling at 589nm.
Periodically poled, nearly-stoichiometric lithium tantalate has used to generate visible radiation (by second-harmonic generation using Nd:YAG laser) and mid-infrared radiation (by difference-frequency generation using a Nd:YAG laser and a tunable telecommunications-band laser). Phase-matching conditions have been measured for both interactions at temperatures between 25 degrees Centigrade and 131 degrees centigrade. The absolute conversion efficiency for SHG has been measured and used to derive an effective nonlinear optical coefficient for this process in the periodically poled material. These results can be used to guide the design of laser systems based on nonlinear optical frequency conversion in periodically poled nearly-stoichiometric lithium tantalate.
The periodic poling of stoichiometric lithium tantalate, a nonlinear optical material with great promise for the frequency conversion of high-average-power solid state lasers, has been investigated. Two problems with commercially available stoichiometric lithium tantalate substrates have been identified: non-reproducibility of the coercive field from one wafer to the next, and susceptibility to the formation of micro-domain defects. Strategies for dealing with these problems have been developed. Wafer-scale poling has been carried out to produce quasi-phasematching gratings with periods as short as 7.3 microns on half-millimeter thick substrates and 25.4 microns on millimeter-thick substrates. The phase-matching properties of periodically poled stoichiometric lithium tantalate have been measured using nonlinear optical frequency conversion. For processes which generate visible radiation, good agreement with predictions based on the published Sellmeier equation for stoichiometric lithium tantalite has been obtained.
We demonstrate a new tunable mid-IR laser source based on the guided-wave frequency conversion of two diode lasers operating in the near-infrared. Important features of this laser source include portability, room-temperature operation, freedom from thermal cycling, smooth tunability, and modular construction using readily available components. The source, when fully optimized, will maintain the properties which have made lead-salt lasers so useful for atmospheric trace gas detection, including sub-Doppler linewidths, microwatt-level output powers, and amenability to detection techniques based on frequency modulation. We describe the design and construction of the laser source, including its key component: a waveguide fabricated in periodically poled lithium niobate. In addition, we present a laboratory absorption spectrum which illustrates the potential usefulness of this laser source for the detection of atmospheric methane. Difficulties encountered when making the transition from a laboratory tabletop device to a portable device are discussed.
Recent progress at Deacon Research in fabricating periodic domain structures in bulk lithium niobate using E-field poling will be presented. Periodic structures have been fabricated for converting the frequency ofnear infrared diode lasers to the visible and mid-JR regions ofthe spectrum using quasi-phase matching. The prospects for fabricating commercially viable integrated optical devices will be discussed.
Keywords: quasi-phase matching, frequency doubling, frequency mixing, optical parametric oscillation
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