The advantages of digital holographic microscopy to record not only the intensity but also the optical phase are
employed. The experimental arrangement comprises a Mach-Zehnder type interferometer with a microscopic objective
of magnification 100x. The used camera is a 5 Mpixels Allied Vision Guppy Pro F-503 with a pixel pitch of 2.2 μm. The lateral magnification is set to about 200x based on the standard MIL-STD-150A 1951 USAF resolution test target.
The dimensions of the aggregated natural cellulose nanowhisker fibers used are in the range of some hundreds of
nanometers, which are positioned in the front of the microscopic objective using a 3D translation stage in the object arm of the holographic setup. The recorded off-axis holograms are refocused using the angular spectrum method. The
reconstructed complex field is used to calculate optical phase and intensity distributions of the object at different
reconstructions depths. The dimensions and orientation of the fibers can be evaluated from the optical field at different depths. Then, the shape and textures along the aggregated natural cellulose nanowhisker fiber can be presented in 3D space. The nano fiber found to have the dimensions of mean width 223 nm, depth 308 nm and length of 8.1 μm. Further, the mean local refractive index of the nano fibers can be calculated (n=1.501).
A technique for 3-D selective imaging of sound sources is described analytically and demonstrated experimentally. One-dimensional recordings of the acoustic field is measured using laser vibrometry. By applying digital holographic and tomographic algorithms to the acquired 1-D data, the full 3-D complex amplitude is reconstructed. The use of multiple frequencies in the spectral content of the acoustic field gives a number of advantages: higher spatial resolution, less noise in the reconstructed image, less sensitivity to noise in the measurements, and the possibility to perform selective imaging. Theory for all three steps—the measurement of sound using light, numerical propagation of waves, and finally the tomographic reconstruction in the process are given. In the experiment, the positions of three ultrasound sources are accurately determined and two different types of transducers are distinguished from each other. This multiwavelength technique could show to be a useful addition to optoacoustic imaging.
A method for selective imaging using multiwavelength digital holographic reconstructions and the phase response of a sound source is demonstrated. Several sound measurements, using laser vibrometry, and digital reconstructions are made for several frequencies of the sound field emitted from two ultrasound transducers with different phase characteristics. Adding the reconstructed complex amplitudes together and applying a filter derived from the standard deviation over the phases for the different reconstructions makes possible a selective imaging of primary sources. When the imaging method is calibrated for a certain phase response, only primary sources with that particular phase response are imaged. Other sources and unwanted speckles are efficiently suppressed. The depth resolution obtained is 3 wavelengths.
Multifrequency digital holographic reconstructions of primary sound sources embedded in scattering media are demonstrated. The sound field is measured with a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) and broadening of the spectral content of the sound source is achieved by tuning the primary ultrasound (US) transducer around its resonance frequency. The results show that combining the complex amplitudes from the different frequency reconstructions results in a reduced susceptibility to multiple scattered sound and makes possible a quite thorough localization of the primary sound source. The depth resolution obtained is 11 US frequencies. This depth sensitivity is improved even further to only 2.8 wavelengths by applying a filter determined from the standard deviation over the phases.
A scanning laser Doppler vibrometer is used to make quantitative measurements of 2D ultrasound fields in air. The laser light traverses the measurement volume to and from a rigid reflector and determines the velocity of the change in optical path length, which with constant geometry only depends on the changes in index of refraction. Assuming adiabatic conditions, the refractive index rate is proportional to the sound pressure rate and quantitative measures of the sound field are possible to achieve. The emitted or scattered ultrasound being measured origins from a source or object outside the recording area. Using phase conjugation the sound field is then digitally reconstructed outside the recording area, and the reconstructed phase and intensity reveals the location of the source or object. The combination of several such reconstructions of ultrasound fields of different wavelengths, so called wavelength scanning, provides an intensity map that very accurately gives the position of the source. This opens many new possibilities to study hidden or unknown sound sources or scattering objects.
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