High density polarization holographic demonstrator system has been developed using ~2 µm thick azobenzene polyesters on reflective card form media. One possible development of the system is the introduction of phase encoding into the reference arm that provides enhanced security applications. Simulations were carried out with a custom computer program based on mathematical model of the system to generate code sets optimal in terms of code number and security level. The model is suitable also for the prediction of expected tolerances necessary before the definition of a working system. Performed experiments proved applicability of the model for possible system considerations. We also present our concept of extending thin-film holographic principle to multilayered holographic storage of increased capacity.
Tolerancing aspheres and preparing the corresponding drawing indications significantly differ from techniques used at spherical lenses due mainly to surface waviness, an error caused by most asphere fabrication technologies. Standard (ISO) regulations proved to be adequate for several kinds of aspheric lenses (e.g. laser focusing/collimation) made by the traditional diamond turning method, but sometimes are not general enough for recent fabrication techniques (such as CNC polishing of glass aspheres), and today’s more demanding lenses (eyepieces, Fourier objectives, relays etc.). A new, generalized tolerancing technique has been developed to accurately constrain surface waviness, quite independently of fabrication technology, and to provide easy verification of the results. Operation of the method is demonstrated on a Fourier-type objective comprising a glass aspheric lens, by computer simulation and testing of the fabricated prototypes.
We present our results on polarization holographic data storage in thin azobenzene side chain polymers. Two different systems have been demonstrated: a read only system with red diode laser and a read&write system with green frequency doubled solid state lasers. Error free operation have been proved at 2.77 bit/µm2 data density. We have also demonstrated enhanced security holographic storage by applying phase coded reference waves imaged onto the hololographic storage material. We also present the concept of extending the principle to multilayer holographic storage.
The goal of our project is to develop a rewritable holographic memory card system based on thin film polymer media. The data is stored in form of polarization Fourier holograms that present high efficiency even for thin material. The present communication deals with the modeling and the optimization of the system operation. We have developed a computer model based on fast Fourier transformations, taking the parameters of the optical processes into account. The model was used to assess the effect of various parameter sets, optical arrangements and elements on the performance of the system. The results are tested experimentally. Here we present the system model, the main optimization possibilities and other opportunities to utilize the model.
Polarization holographic read/write and read only demonstrator systems have been developed using ~2 µm thick azobenzene polyester on a card form media. The thin-film holographic system has practical advantages, e.g. high diffraction efficiency, no cross talk between the holograms, reading in reflection mode, no hardware servo, different wavelengths for writing and reading (non-volatile storage), data encryption possibility, no problem with material shrinkage, etc. The candidate azobenzene polyester has good thermal, room temperature and ambient light stability and good optical properties for the purpose of thin film application. Using thin-film holography the possibilities of multiplexing are limited, however, raw data density as high as 2.77 bit/µm2 has been achieved in an optimized Fourier holographic system using high numerical aperture (NA³ 0.74) objective in a 8f arrangement with sparse code modulation and Fourier-filtering at 532 nm. High density polarization holographic demonstrator systems have been developed using ~2μm thick azobenzene polyesters on reflective card form media. FFT computer simulation of the system including saturation model of the material allows optimization of system components including data density and capacity. A raw density as high as 2.77 bit/μm2 has been achieved without multiplexing in a compact, portable read/write sytem at 532 nm allowing more than 1000 readout without data loss. A separate read only system working at 635 nm realizes non-volatile readout and allows card exchange at a data density of 1.3 bit/μm2. Security level of the presents holographic optical card systems can be further increased by using phase encoded reference beam. Advantageous applications of the proposed encrypted holographic card system are also outlined.
We present the improved demonstrator of our rewritable holographic memory card system. High density optical storage is realized in a non-commercial optical set-up. Fourier transformed recording is used in a polarization holographic arrangement realizing reading and writing from the same side of the data carrier which is a modified plastic card. Holograms containing binary information of 300 x 220 bits are as small as 0.0484 square mm. The storage layer is amorphous polyester providing repeated writing and erasure cycles and thousandfold readouts without loss of information. Alternate read only system providing non-volatile storage can be realized using 635 nm laser diode.
A pair of special Fourier transforming objectives intended for use in a Holographic Memory Card (HMC) writing/reading equipment have been designed and fabricated. At writing in, the objective Fourier transform a binary pattern, representing the data displayed by an SLM, into the storage medium of the HMC, where the Fourier transform is recorded as a polarization hologram. At reading out, the objectives inverse Fourier transform the reconstructed hologram onto the surface of a CCD array. The Fourier space NA of the objectives is high enough to achieve a theoretical data density of 1 bit/μm2. For comparison reasons we designed two optically identical objectives of basically different structures: one is an aspheric glass doublet, the other is an all-spherical five-element system (arranged in two lens groups). Computer analysis of the objectives shows that both systems are diffraction limited in object and Fourier space and have a distortion of less than 1%. In this paper we overview the theory of Fourier objectives, present our design method, describe the optical behavior of the designed systems, show our test results performed on the fabricated aspheric objective and present our experiences at manufacturing aspheric glass lens prototypes.
We are developing a holographic memory card drive using thin polymer storage layer on credit card sized plastic carriers. The main features of the card are high storage density, re- writability and resistance to harsh environment (e.g. electromagnetic noise, mechanical intolerance, high temperature and humidity). The optical system of this device uses Fourier holograms to record information. The present communication deals with the optimization of the storage density by computer modeling of the system. The model is based on fast Fourier transformations, taking the parameters of the optical processes into account. The model was used to assess the performance of various parameter sets. The results are tested experimentally. The work suggests that storage density higher than 1 bit/micrometers 2 may be achieved in the thin holograms of this memory card at raw bit error rate values below 103.
KEYWORDS: Holograms, Polarization, Multiplexing, Data storage, Signal to noise ratio, Holography, Spatial light modulators, Fourier transforms, 3D image reconstruction, Convolution
We introduce a new physical model for description of thin polarization holograms recorded and reconstructed with complex reference beams. Next we apply this model for two fundamentally different arrangements supposed to be used in a data storage system based on phase coded thin polarization holograms. On the basis of the model, we construct some computer programs for simulation of the storage system and optimization of the phase codes. We investigate the feasibility of multiplexed and security encrypted data storage in the form of thin polarization holograms based on the phase encoding method.
Our goal is to develop a re-writable holographic memory card system based on thin film polymer media on credit card size plastic carriers. Data is stored in our system in form of polarization holograms that present high efficiency and excellent suppression of higher orders even for thin material. Data is written on the card in a parallel way using spatial light modulators to encode the object beam that is Fourier transformed by a custom objective lens and interferes with the reference beam (of orthogonal polarization) on the card. We use reflective carrier in order to read out the data from the same side of the card. This allows us to have a compact system and standard ID 1 type carrier card. The optical system and the data organization are optimized to have a data density higher than 1bit/micrometers 2. We expect to pass the limit of 10 bit/micrometers 2 with the introduction of phase coded multiplexing that would provide more than 2Gbyte capacity if using half the card area as active surface.
We developed a standard credit card-shaped general-purpose data carrier, a reflective Holographic Memory Card (HMC), and the appropriate equipment for its handling. Data recording and retrieval are accomplished by polarisation Fourier holography using a thin layer of photo-anisotropic polymer as the storage material. The data density is about 1 bit/micrometers 2, the maximum storage capacity of the card is around 10 Mbytes assuming a 10 x 10 mm storage area. Data is stored in the form of microholograms, from which 40x40 pieces are recorded on the HMC. The optical system involved performs data writing/reading/erasing and also locates the position of the microholograms. Main components of the optical system are an SLM and CCD for opto-electronic conversion, a frequency-doubled solid-state laser source, a beam shaping system that provides homogeneous illumination of the SLM, an interferometer for hologram construction, special Fourier transforming objectives and a random-phase mask for optimised hologram recording. Our results include conceptual planning, design, fabrication and assembling of the optical system. In the present paper we describe principle of operation including layout of the elements, and explain the operation of the equipment in detail.
We present a novel solution for high-density optical storage of data in thin media. The holographic memory card of Optilink provides sixty-fold data density enhancement compared to present commercial LaserCard devices. The 1 - 2 micrometers thin amorphous polyester storage film is capable of rewritable storage using a single laser source for writing and erasing. The polarization holographic principle used in reflection mode requires demanding optical solutions. Successful data evaluations prove applicability of the new system. Density enhancement up to 16 bit/micrometers 2 with the use of 20 - 30 micrometers thick layer is also outlined.
In most optical storage methods data bits are stored in the form of microscopic pixels on the surface of an appropriate storage material. Some currently developed techniques apply parallel data processing by multiple data bit access simultaneously. Such methods require special imaging systems for data recording and retrieval. In our laboratory a page- organized optical memory card reading/writing equipment is under development. According to the basic principle 256 by 256 data bits are processed at the same time, the corresponding pixels are arranged in a 2D array format. The same objective is used to image the selected data page both at writing in and reading out. This objective performs diffraction limited imaging in an extended field, it has low distortion, and it images each pixel of the same value with the same intensity. To achieve all these specifications a telecentric/inverse telecentric imaging system (a special type of afocal systems) offered a suitable solution. This paper describes the advantages of telecentric/inverse telecentric systems in optical imaging by detailed presentation of our objective. The discussion includes specification and design process of the objective together with our test results performed on the fabricated prototype.
A simple, single-element, afocal, refractive optical device with two aspheric surfaces has been designed and fabricated for transformation the Gaussian intensity profile of a He-Ne laser into a collimated beam of uniform profile. The working principle, the method of design, the method of fabrication are presented. Optical and geometrical properties of the fabricated sample have been tested. Device parameters and simulated behavior are compared with test results in detail.
In this paper we describe and investigate different types of acousto-optic (AO) signal processing systems that have been designed and manufactured recently. We demonstrate a real- time rf power-spectrum analyzer (RTSA) operating in the 50 - 100 MHz frequency range with high resolution of 35 kHz. Then we present a microwave power-spectrum analyzer operating in a wide frequency range from to 2 GHz with resolution of 1 MHz. The systems are members of an AO-RTSA family mounted in a 19" rack with compact size and vibration free optical part. The received rf and mw signals are digitized, transferred with high speed interface to then processed by a 486 embedded computer. The system bus and modular setup allows the extension -- or reconfiguration -- of the system with various additional units if necessary for a particular application.
We discuss the evaluation and design of wide-field-angle acircular lens systems in anisotropic planar waveguides. After a short summary of the applied ray and wave optical relations, we examine the aberrations of systems that were optimized for an isotropic waveguide but are embedded in an anisotropic one. We show that effects of anisotropy must be taken into account in the design of wide-field-lens systems. We present a four-element acircular lens that was optimized using a merit function computed for uniaxially anisotropic media.
We describe a program for the design and evaluation of acircular lens systems embedded in anisotropic planar waveguides. The program computes ray- and wave optical characteristics of such lens systems and it optimises lens pa- rameters for merit functions obtained from the tracing of anisotropic rays. Its optimisation branch uses an algorithm that embeds the usual optimisation loop into a cycle that modifies the weights of the different field points in the merit function according to a special scheme. This procedure enables the designer to produce nearly uniform spot quality (RMS spot size or RMS OPD) over the whole image field.
In our paper we show the exact (not zero thickness) equation of the finite thickness waveguide Fresnel lenses. We calculate the RMS wavefront distortion caused by the zero thickness approximation of the lens shape. We propose new type large numerical aperture hybrid lenses. These consist of refractive and dijractive (analogue Fresnel) sections. These lenses can be realised by optical lithography, because the dimension of the Fresnel zones can be varied in accordance with the capabilities of the lithographic equipment.
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