Dr. Ganesh Kothapalli Profile

Dr. Ganesh Kothapalli

at Edith Cowan Univ

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Proceedings Article | 28 February 2005 Paper

A CMOS realizable recurrent neural network for signal identification

Ganesh Kothapalli

Proceedings Volume 5649, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.582648

KEYWORDS: Neural networks, Transistors, Neurons, Analog electronics, System identification, Molybdenum, Differential equations, Amplifiers, Radium, Network architectures

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The architecture of an analog recurrent neural network that can learn a continuous-time trajectory is presented. The proposed learning circuit does not distinguish parameters based on a presumed model of the signal or system for identification. The synaptic weights are modeled as variable gain cells that can be implemented with a few MOS transistors. The network output consists primarily of neuron signals which portray the periodic characteristics of the input signal in unsupervised mode. For the specific purpose of demonstrating the trajectory learning capabilities, a periodic signal with varying characteristics is used. The developed architecture, however, allows for more general learning tasks typical in applications of identification and control. The periodicity of the input signal ensures consistency in the outcome of the error and convergence speed at different instances in time. While alternative on-line versions of the synaptic update measures can be formulated, which allow for faster learning speed and better convergence behavior, the architecture of the analog RNN used here is easier to implement while still allowing to demonstrate the general principle. Because the architecture depends on the network generating a stable limit cycle, and consequently a periodic solution which is robust over an interval of parameter uncertainties, we currently place the restriction of a periodic format for the input signals. The simulated network contains interconnected recurrent neurons with continuous-time dynamics. The system basically performs random-direction descent of the error as a multidimensional extension to the stochastic approximation. To achieve unsupervised learning in recurrent dynamical systems we propose a synapse circuit which has a very simple structure and is suitable for implementation in VLSI.

Proceedings Article | 30 March 2004 Paper

A hysteretic comparator’s influence on a current-mode ADC

Ganesh Kothapalli

Proceedings Volume 5274, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.522859

KEYWORDS: Transistors, Switches, Switching, Algorithm development, Device simulation, Analog electronics, Capacitance, Molybdenum, Imaging systems, Standards development

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A low-voltage low-power CMOS switched-current analog-to-digital converter is presented. The influences of a hysteretic comparator on the performance of the ADC are studied with the help of SPICE simulations. SPICE BSIM4 models are used to study the behavior of the overall circuit. The hysteretic comparator is devised to minimize the errors caused by current spikes at the input to the comparator. The current-mode A/D converter implements a multiply-by-2 scheme. The A/D converter starts converting for the most significant bit (MSB) of an input current. The input is multiplied by two using MOS transistors. The comparator then senses the current imbalance and then determines if the signal 2I_in is greater than I_ref. The remaining bits are converted in the same manner. The aim of this study is to use such an ADC in the CMOS imagers to be realized in a low-cost standard digital process technology. Another aim of this study is to utilize a hysteretic comparator to quantize the full-scale range of signals (MSB to LSB) independent of the resolution. The proposed design allows users to easily set the hysteresis width of the comparator for a predetermined resolution without causing any performance degradation.

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