Prof. Gerald S. Buller Profile

Prof. Gerald S. Buller

Professor at Heriot-Watt Univ

SPIE Involvement:

Conference Program Committee | Conference Chair | Author | Editor

Publications (51)

Proceedings Article | 10 October 2019

Underwater depth imaging using time-correlated single-photon counting at video frame rates

Aurora Maccarone, Aongus McCarthy, Julian Tachella, Diego Aguirre Garcia, Francesco Mattioli Della Rocca, Yoann Altmann, Stephen McLaughlin, Robert Henderson, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 11160, Electro-Optical Remote Sensing XIII

KEYWORDS: Transceivers, Detection and tracking algorithms, Imaging systems, Scattering, LIDAR, Sensors, Signal attenuation, Single photon, Time correlated photon counting, Detector arrays, Reconstruction algorithms, Underwater imaging, Binary data, 3D image processing

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 10 September 2019

Satellite-based quantum communications (Conference Presentation)

Ross Donaldson, Gerald Buller, Alessandro Fedrizzi

Proc. SPIE. 11134, Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging XVII

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Data storage, Satellites, Receivers, Data transmission, Detector arrays, Satellite communications, Quantum key distribution, Quantum communications

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 30 August 2019

High reflectance mirrors for micro-cavity applications

N. Sidqi, C. Clark, G. Buller

Proc. SPIE. 11101, Material Technologies and Applications to Optics, Structures, Components, and Sub-Systems IV

KEYWORDS: Refractive index, Mirrors, Multilayers, Dielectrics, Light scattering, Optical coatings, Reflectivity, Transmittance, Thin film coatings, Absorption

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 14 May 2019

Planar geometry Ge-on-Si SPAD detectors for the short-wave infrared (Conference Presentation)

Kateryna Kuzmenko, Peter Vines, Zoe Greener, Jarosław Kirdoda, Derek Dumas, Muhammad M. Mirza, Ross Millar, Douglas Paul, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 10978, Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIII

KEYWORDS: Infrared detectors, Infrared sensors, Infrared imaging, Short wave infrared radiation, LIDAR, Sensors, Quantum efficiency, Infrared radiation, Picosecond phenomena, Avalanche photodiodes

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 27 February 2019

High-efficiency Ge-on-Si SPADs for short-wave infrared

Derek C. Dumas, Jarosław Kirdoda, Ross Millar, Peter Vines, Kateryna Kuzmenko, Gerald Buller, Douglas Paul

Proc. SPIE. 10914, Optical Components and Materials XVI

KEYWORDS: Infrared detectors, Short wave infrared radiation, Sensors, Germanium, Silicon, Infrared radiation, Single photon detectors, Semiconducting wafers, Absorption

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 6 December 2018

Comparative assessment of different active imaging technologies for imaging through obscurants

Philip Soan, Mark Silver, John Parsons, Patrick Feneyrou, Aude Martin, Rachael Tobin, Aongus McCarthy, Abderrahim Halimi, Susan Chan, Ken McEwan, Junayd Miah, Ben Stewart, Jonathan Leach, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 10796, Electro-Optical Remote Sensing XII

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, 3D acquisition, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Imaging systems, LIDAR, Sensors, Signal attenuation, Photography, Clouds, Detector arrays

Read Abstract +

Natural and man-made obscurants like fog, cloud, smoke and dust are an impediment to the conduct of military operations, preventing effective pilotage, denying the ability to carry out surveillance and reconnaissance, and restricting situational awareness. Additionally, there is a growing interest in the ability to penetrate haze and fog for the safe navigation of autonomous vehicle applications. There are several electro-optic technologies that offer improved ability to image through obscurants [1,2]. In this study the authors assessed 4 different active imaging technologies in the presence of an artificial smoke, and obtained 3D imagery of targets at ranges of 100m out to 1400m. The four systems tested were: • a scanned time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) sensor using a InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detector operating at  ~ 1.55 µm [2]; • a 32  32 InGaAs/InP SPAD array using TCSPC at  ~ 1.55 µm; • a coherent frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) scanned lidar system  ~ 1.55 µm , [1]; • a CMOS SPAD array camera operating as a time gated imager operating at  ~ 670nm. The selection of sensors enables comparisons to be drawn between scanning and staring systems and direct detection and coherent detection, and between short-wave infrared and visible wavelengths. Three-dimensional structured targets were placed at ranges of 100 – 150m and smoke was introduced between the targets and the sensors. The smoke transmission was measured with a separate laser device to correlate the imagery with the level of attenuation presented by the smoke and thereby relate the image quality to the degree of optical loss in the system. For the coherent lidar system, long range 3D images were obtained out to a distance of 1400m, and imaging through smoke of a target at 900m was achieved. Under the test conditions at least 2 of the systems have demonstrated the ability to obtain images through greater than 4 attenuation lengths of obscurant between transceiver and target, and work is progressing on image processing approaches to reconstruct images at greater levels of loss. Imagery from the systems will be presented, the relative merits of the different techniques discussed, and the prospects for future practical systems will be explored. [1] “Demonstration of frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) eye-safe, coherent LIDAR to See Through Clouds”, M.Silver, P.Feneyrou, L.Leviander, A.Martin and J Parsons, Optro, Jan 2018. [2] “Depth imaging through obscurants using time-correlated single-photon counting”, R.Tobin, A.Halimi, A.McCarthy, M.Laurenzis, F.Christnacher and G.S.Buller, SPIE Vol 10659, April 2018

SPIE Conference Volume | 21 November 2018

Emerging Imaging and Sensing Technologies for Security and Defence III; and Unmanned Sensors, Systems, and Countermeasures

Proceedings Article | 11 October 2018

A learning scheme with coherent state receiver (Conference Presentation)

Luca Mazzarella, Ross Donaldson, Robert Collins, Ugo Zanforlin, David Canning, Gioan Tatsi, Gerald Buller, John Jeffers

Proc. SPIE. 10803, Quantum Information Science and Technology IV

KEYWORDS: Beam splitters, Avalanche photodetectors, Switches, Optical amplifiers, Sensors, Amplifiers, Quantum mechanics, Atmospheric propagation, Laser optics, Destructive interference

Read Abstract +

The laws of quantum mechanics pose stringent constraints on the amplification of a quantum signal. Deterministic amplification of an unknown quantum state always implies the addition of a minimal amount of noise. In principle, linear and noiseless amplification is allowed provided it works only probabilistically [1,2]. The state comparison amplifier [3] is an approximate probabilistic amplifier that amplifies a coherent state chosen at random from a set of coherent states with known mean photon number. The amplification process works as follows: Alice picks uniformly at random an input state and passes it to Bob. He desires to amplify the state so he mixes it with a guess coherent state at a beam splitter in an attempt to achieve destructive interference in one of the output arms. This output is fed into an APD detector. The lack of trigger at the detector is an imperfect indication that Bob’s guess is right and that the output contains the correct amplified state. On the other hand, if the first detector fires Bob knows that his guess was wrong but he can still correct the output by changing the input state for a second amplification stage via a feed-forward loop. In summary, Bob declares success when both the detectors do not fire or when the first detector does fire and state correction is performed. We generalize this mechanism for an arbitrary number of input states and beam splitters, using an on-line learning strategy based on maximum a posteriori probability. The success probability-fidelity product [2] of the SCAMP is the joint probability of success and of passing a measurement test on the output comparing it to right amplified state. Our figures of merit compare favorably with other schemes. The success probability-fidelity product of the SCAMP is always bigger than that of a USD based amplifier [2] that, when inconclusive, delivers a conveniently chosen random output. The SCAMP can be realized with classical resources (i.e., lasers, linear optics and APD detectors), the ability to switch between input states on the fly requires delay lines and fast switching but it can still be achieved with classical resources and the loss introduced by the delay can be offset at the second stage. Similar systems, with no state correction, proved to achieve high-gain, high fidelity and high repetition rates, e.g. [4, 5]. Due to its simplicity, the system we propose might represent an ideal candidate either as a recovery station to counteract quantum signal degradation due to propagation in a lossy fibre or across the turbulent atmosphere or as a quantum receiver to improve the key-rate of continuous-variable quantum key distribution with discrete modulation. The system is also suitable for on-chip implementation. [1] T.C. Ralph & A.P. Lund, Proceedings of the 9th QCMC Conference 2009. [2] S. Pandey, et al., Phys. Rev. A 88, 033852 (2013). [3] E. Eleftheriadou et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 213601 (2013). [4] R. Donaldson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 120505 (2015). [5] R. Donaldson et al., in preparation.

Proceedings Article | 18 September 2018

Progress in experimental quantum digital signatures

Robert Collins, Ross Donaldson, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 10771, Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging XVI

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Beam splitters, Phase modulation, Receivers, Telecommunications, Quantum key distribution, Data communications, Binary data, Quantum information, Quantum communications

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 29 May 2018

Quantum optical state comparison amplification of coherent states

Ugo Zanforlin, Ross Donaldson, Luca Mazzarella, Robert Collins, John Jeffers, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 10674, Quantum Technologies 2018

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Optical amplifiers, Sensors, Signal attenuation, Quantum efficiency, Amplifiers, Tomography, Signal detection, Quantum communications, Visibility

Read Abstract +

As light propagates through a transmission media, such as an optical fiber, it experiences a length-dependent loss which can reduce the communication efficiency as the transmission distance increases. In conventional telecommunications, optical signals can be transmitted over inter-continental distances, due to deterministic all-optical amplifiers. However, quantum communications are still limited to transmission distances of typically a few 100’s km since deterministic amplifiers cannot be used to amplify quantum signals. The use of deterministic amplification on a quantum signal will introduce noise that will mask the original quantum properties of the signal, introducing uncertainty or errors to any measurement. Nondeterministic methods for amplifying quantum signals via post-selection can be used instead, providing a solution to create a low noise quantum amplifier. Several methods for nondeterministic amplification have already been experimentally demonstrated. However, these devices rely on “quantum resources” which makes implementation challenging. Here we present an overview of experimental demonstrations for amplifying coherent states using a method called state comparison amplification. This is a nondeterministic protocol that performs amplification of known sets of phase-encoded coherent states using two modular stages. The outcome of each stage is recorded using single-photon detectors and time-stamped electronics to enable post-selection. State comparison amplification is a relatively simple technique, only requiring “off-the-shelf” components. The presentation will show several demonstrations of state comparison amplification including an amplifier which has high gain, fidelity, and success rate with the added advantage of being robust to channel noise and easily reconfigurable. Finally, we will discuss the effect of introducing a feedforward mechanism allowing for unsuccessful state amplifications.

Proceedings Article | 21 May 2018

Quantum state comparison amplifier with feedforward state correction

L. Mazzarella, R. Donaldson, R. Collins, U. Zanforlin, G. Tatsi, G. Buller, J. Jeffers

Proc. SPIE. 10674, Quantum Technologies 2018

KEYWORDS: Beam splitters, Optical amplifiers, Amplifiers, Quantum physics, Physical sciences, Destructive interference, Quantum communications

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 14 May 2018

Time-correlated single-photon counting for single and multiple wavelength underwater depth imaging (Conference Presentation)

Aurora Maccarone, Aongus McCarthy, Abderrahim Halimi, Julian Tachella, Puneet Chhabra, Yoann Altmann, Andrew Wallace, Stephen MaLaughlin, Yvan Petillot, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 10659, Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XII

KEYWORDS: Transceivers, Scattering, Silicon, Image restoration, Semiconductor lasers, Ocean optics, Underwater imaging, Algorithm development, Target acquisition, Fiber coupled lasers

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 14 May 2018

Depth imaging through obscurants using time-correlated single-photon counting

Rachael Tobin, Abderrahim Halimi, Aongus McCarthy, Martin Laurenzis, Frank Christnacher, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 10659, Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XII

KEYWORDS: Transceivers, Detection and tracking algorithms, Imaging systems, Sensors, Signal attenuation, Calibration, Head, Reconstruction algorithms

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 14 May 2018

Analysis of three-dimensional scenes using photon-starved data in cluttered target scenarios (Conference Presentation)

Julian Tachella, Yoann Altmann, Aurora Maccarone, Agata Pawlikowska, Aongus McCarthy, Robert Lamb, Jean-Yves Tourneret, Stephen McLaughlin, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 10650, Long-Range Imaging III

KEYWORDS: Target detection, 3D acquisition, LIDAR, Photons, Reflectivity, 3D modeling, Monte Carlo methods, Object recognition, Target recognition

Read Abstract +

SPIE Journal Paper | 20 March 2018

Special Section Guest Editorial: Photon Counting Technology

Majeed Hayat, Gerald Buller

OE Vol. 57 Issue 03

KEYWORDS: Photon counting, Quantum information, LIDAR, Quantum communications, Sensors, Optical engineering, Single photon detectors, Photonics, Computer programming, Photodetectors

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PDF

SPIE Journal Paper | 27 December 2017

Long-range depth profiling of camouflaged targets using single-photon detection

Rachael Tobin, Abderrahim Halimi, Aongus McCarthy, Ximing Ren, Kenneth McEwan, Stephen McLaughlin, Gerald Buller

OE Vol. 57 Issue 03

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Camouflage, Detection and tracking algorithms, Sensors, Reconstruction algorithms, Profiling, Data acquisition, Transceivers, Single photon detectors, LIDAR

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PDF

SPIE Conference Volume | 7 December 2017

Emerging Imaging and Sensing Technologies for Security and Defence II

Proceedings Article | 25 October 2016

Depth imaging in highly scattering underwater environments using time-correlated single-photon counting

Aurora Maccarone, Aongus McCarthy, Abderrahim Halimi, Rachael Tobin, Andy Wallace, Yvan Petillot, Steve McLaughlin, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 9992, Emerging Imaging and Sensing Technologies

KEYWORDS: Transceivers, Detection and tracking algorithms, Imaging systems, Scattering, Sensors, Signal attenuation, Digital filtering, Reflectivity, Reconstruction algorithms, Signal detection

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 24 October 2016

Photonic quantum digital signatures operating over kilometer ranges in installed optical fiber

Robert Collins, Mikio Fujiwara, Ryan Amiri, Toshimori Honjo, Kaoru Shimizu, Kiyoshi Tamaki, Masahiro Takeoka, Erika Andersson, Gerald Buller, Masahide Sasaki

Proc. SPIE. 9996, Quantum Information Science and Technology II

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Clocks, Digital photography, Sensors, Receivers, Telecommunications, Quantum key distribution, Information security, Quantum information, Standards development

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 12 May 2016

Photon-sparse microscopy: Trans-wavelength ghost imaging

Reuben Aspden, Nathan Gemmell, Peter Morris, Daniel Tasca, Lena Mertens, Michael Tanner, Robert Kirkwood, Alessandro Ruggeri, Alberto Tosi, Robert Boyd, Gerald Buller, Robert Hadfield, Miles Padgett

Proc. SPIE. 9824, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing XVII

KEYWORDS: Infrared detectors, Infrared imaging, Visible radiation, Imaging systems, Cameras, Sensors, Photons, Silicon, Infrared radiation, Signal detection

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 March 2016

A feasibility study of singlet oxygen explicit dosmietry (SOED) of PDT by intercomparison with a singlet oxygen luminescence dosimetry (SOLD) system

Michele Kim, Rozhin Penjweini, Nathan Gemmell, Israel Veilleux, Aongus McCarthy, Gerald Buller, Robert Hadfield, Brian Wilson, Timothy Zhu

Proc. SPIE. 9694, Optical Methods for Tumor Treatment and Detection: Mechanisms and Techniques in Photodynamic Therapy XXV

KEYWORDS: Optical filters, Photodynamic therapy, Optical properties, Scattering, Luminescence, Interfaces, Quantum efficiency, Oxygen, Phosphorescence, Optical phantoms, Collimation, Picosecond phenomena, In vivo imaging, In vitro testing, Absorption

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 13 May 2015

Underwater depth imaging using time-correlated single photon counting

Aurora Maccarone, Aongus McCarthy, Ximing Ren, Ryan Warburton, Andy Wallace, James Moffat, Yvan Petillot, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 9492, Advanced Photon Counting Techniques IX

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Transceivers, Imaging systems, Scattering, Sensors, Signal attenuation, Ocean optics, Transmittance, Underwater imaging, Target acquisition

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 6 May 2015

Enhancing the fill-factor of CMOS SPAD arrays using microlens integration

G. Intermite, R. Warburton, A. McCarthy, X. Ren, F. Villa, A. Waddie, M. Taghizadeh, Y. Zou, Franco Zappa, Alberto Tosi, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 9504, Photon Counting Applications 2015

KEYWORDS: Photodetectors, CMOS sensors, Microlens array, Imaging systems, Sensors, Silicon, Microlens, CMOS technology, Avalanche photodiodes, Quenching (fluorescence)

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 4 November 2014

Long-range 3D single-photon imaging lidar system

Agata Pawlikowska, Roger Pilkington, Karen Gordon, Philip Hiskett, Gerald Buller, Robert Lamb

Proc. SPIE. 9250, Electro-Optical Remote Sensing, Photonic Technologies, and Applications VIII; and Military Applications in Hyperspectral Imaging and High Spatial Resolution Sensing II

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, 3D acquisition, Imaging systems, LIDAR, Sensors, Data acquisition, Single photon detectors, Signal detection, Pulsed laser operation, 3D image processing

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 13 October 2014

An in fiber experimental approach to photonic quantum digital signatures that does not require quantum memory

Robert Collins, Ross Donaldon, Vedran Dunjko, Petros Wallden, Patrick Clarke, Erika Andersson, John Jeffers, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 9254, Emerging Technologies in Security and Defence II; and Quantum-Physics-based Information Security III

KEYWORDS: Beam splitters, Polarization, Sensors, Photons, Receivers, Computer programming, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Information security, Quantum information, Quantum memory

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 29 October 2013

An approach to experimental photonic quantum digital signatures in fiber

Ross Donaldson, Robert Collins, Vedran Dunjko, Partick Clarke, Erika Andersson, John Jeffers, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 8899, Emerging Technologies in Security and Defence; and Quantum Security II; and Unmanned Sensor Systems X

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Polarization, Interferometers, Sensors, Receivers, Computer programming, Data communications, Information security, Visibility, Quantum computing

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 19 November 2012

Experimental demonstration of photonic quantum digital signatures

Robert Collins, Patrick Clarke, Vedran Dunjko, Erika Andersson, John Jeffers, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 8542, Electro-Optical Remote Sensing, Photonic Technologies, and Applications VI

KEYWORDS: Photodetectors, Sensors, Receivers, Modulators, Computer programming, Quantum key distribution, Signal detection, Information security, Quantum information, Computer security

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 19 November 2012

High-dimensional spatial entanglement observed with an electron multiplying CCD camera

Daniel Tasca, Matthew Edgar, Frauke Izdebski, Ryan Warburton, Jonathan Leach, Megan Agnew, Gerald Buller, Robert Boyd, Miles Padgett

Proc. SPIE. 8542, Electro-Optical Remote Sensing, Photonic Technologies, and Applications VI

KEYWORDS: Photodetectors, Imaging systems, Cameras, Crystals, Single photon, Photonic crystals, CCD cameras, Electron multiplying charge coupled devices, Quantum information, Correlation function

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 19 November 2012

Single photon detection and quantum cryptography

Gerald Buller, Patrick Clarke, Robert Collins

Proc. SPIE. 8542, Electro-Optical Remote Sensing, Photonic Technologies, and Applications VI

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Sensors, Silicon, Picosecond phenomena, Quantum key distribution, Single photon detectors, Systems modeling, Quantum communications, Quantum cryptography, Instrument modeling

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 10 October 2012

Depth imaging at kilometer range using time-correlated single-photon counting at wavelengths of 850 nm and 1560 nm

Gerald Buller, Aongus McCarthy, Ximing Ren, Nathan Gemmell, Robert Collins, Nils Krichel, Michael Tanner, Andrew Wallace, Sandor Dorenbos, Val Zwiller, Robert Hadfield

Proc. SPIE. 8460, Biosensing and Nanomedicine V

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Imaging systems, LIDAR, Sensors, Single photon, Profiling, Picosecond phenomena, Avalanche photodiodes, Single photon detectors, Nanowires

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 11 February 2012

Quantum correlations in position, momentum and intermediate bases, measured using fiber arrays

F. Izdebski, J. Leach, R. Warburton, D. G. Ireland, S. Barnett, A. Yao, G. Buller, M. Padgett

Proc. SPIE. 8274, Complex Light and Optical Forces VI

KEYWORDS: Photodetectors, Sensors, Crystals, Single photon, Detector arrays, Spatial light modulators, Time metrology, Image sensors, Avalanche photodiodes, Laser crystals

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 16 September 2011

Kilometer range depth imaging using time-correlated single-photon counting

Gerald Buller, Nils Krichel, Aongus McCarthy, Nathan Gemmell, Michael Tanner, Chandra Natarajan, Ximing Ren, Robert Hadfield

Proc. SPIE. 8155, Infrared Sensors, Devices, and Applications; and Single Photon Imaging II

KEYWORDS: Radar, Imaging systems, LIDAR, Sensors, Silicon, Semiconductor lasers, Data acquisition, Range imaging, Picosecond phenomena, Single photon detectors

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 18 February 2011

Gigahertz quantum cryptography

Gerald Buller, Robert Collins, Patrick Clarke, Paul Townsend

Proc. SPIE. 7988, Optical Transmission Systems, Switching, and Subsystems VIII

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Polarization, Sensors, Photons, Silicon, Computer programming, Avalanche photodiodes, Quantum key distribution, Information security, Quantum communications

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 24 January 2011

Single-photon detection in time-of-flight-depth imaging and quantum key distribution

Gerald Buller, Robert Collins, Patrick Clarke, Nils Krichel, Aongus McCarthy, Ryan Warburton, Frauke Izdebski, Robert Hadfield

Proc. SPIE. 7945, Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices VIII

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Sensors, Silicon, Data acquisition, Avalanche photodiodes, Quantum key distribution, Single photon detectors, Information security, Quantum communications, Ranging

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 18 August 2010

Long-range depth imaging using time-correlated single-photon counting

Nils Krichel, Aongus McCarthy, Andrew Wallace, Jing Ye, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 7780, Detectors and Imaging Devices: Infrared, Focal Plane, Single Photon

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Signal to noise ratio, Detection and tracking algorithms, Imaging systems, Sensors, Data acquisition, Single photon detectors, Target acquisition, 3D image processing, Data analysis

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 29 April 2010

A superconducting nanowire single-photon detector system for single-photon source characterization

C. Fitzpatrick, C. Natarajan, R. Warburton, G. Buller, B. Baek, S. Nam, S. Miki, Z. Wang, M. Sasaki, A. Sinclair, R. Hadfield

Proc. SPIE. 7681, Advanced Photon Counting Techniques IV

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Indium gallium arsenide, Sensors, Photons, Single photon, Superconductors, Quantum dots, Picosecond phenomena, Single photon detectors, Nanowires

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 21 April 2010

Anti-aliasing techniques in photon-counting depth imaging using GHz clock rates

Nils Krichel, Aongus McCarthy, Robert Collins, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 7681, Advanced Photon Counting Techniques IV

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Photodetectors, Clocks, Imaging systems, Semiconductor lasers, Data acquisition, Single photon detectors, Target acquisition, Pulsed laser operation, Ranging

Read Abstract +

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 January 2010

Commentary: New developments in single photon detection in the short wavelength infrared regime

Robert Collins, Robert Hadfield, Gerald Buller

JNP Vol. 4 Issue 01

KEYWORDS: Photons, Sensors, Single photon, Infrared radiation, Infrared detectors, Single photon detectors, Electrons, Superconductors, Short wave infrared radiation, Nanowires

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PDF

Proceedings Article | 19 September 2009

Scanning of low-signature targets using time-correlated single-photon counting

Nils Krichel, Aongus McCarthy, Robert Collins, Verónica Fernández, Andrew Wallace, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 7482, Electro-Optical Remote Sensing, Photonic Technologies, and Applications III

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Transceivers, Mirrors, Imaging systems, Cameras, Signal attenuation, Photons, Semiconductor lasers, Data acquisition, Target acquisition

Read Abstract +

This paper presents recent progress in the development of a scanning time-of-flight imaging system employing time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) designed for the acquisition of depth information at kilometre ranges. The device is capable of acquiring information on non-cooperative target surfaces at eye-safe average optical power levels in the near-IR regime (<1 mW at 842 nm illumination wavelength). Target illumination is periodic or non-periodic at typical repetition frequencies in the MHz domain, utilising a sub-ns pulse-width laser diode. The system output is steered over the optical field of interest, and return photons from the target are routed towards a single-photon detector. Measurements are performed with a silicon single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD). Effective optical spatial and spectral filtering techniques permit operation in bright daylight conditions. Results in the form of depth images from a variety of targets, taken under various environmental conditions, are presented. Achieved improvements of this first-generation system are discussed in terms of parametric enhancement of quantities such as spatial and spectral filtering, internal optical attenuation and beam size. We detail progress in the design process both based on theoretical assumptions and actual measurements at distances between few 100's of metres and several km. The trade-offs between acquisition time, maximum range and excitation laser power levels are discussed and projections made for this and future depth imaging systems. State-of-the-art TCSPC hardware solutions facilitate the rapid transfer and storage of large quantities of raw data. This renders possible real-time analysis with speed-optimised algorithms such as fast Fourier transform-supported cross-correlation methods, as well as gathering additional information about the scene in post-processing steps, based on approaches such as reversible-jump Markov-chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC). This algorithm dynamically adapts the number of degrees of freedom of a range measurement, resulting in multi-surface resolution and the possible identification of targets obscured by objects such as foliage.

Proceedings Article | 29 April 2009

A photon-counting time-of-flight ranging technique developed for the avoidance of range ambiguity at gigahertz clock rates

Philip Hiskett, Aongus McCarthy, Robert Lamb, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 7320, Advanced Photon Counting Techniques III

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Clocks, Sensors, Pattern recognition, Photons, Silicon, Single photon, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Pulsed laser operation, Ranging

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 29 April 2009

Scanning of low-signature targets using time-correlated single-photon counting

G. Buller, R. Collins, N. Krichel, A. Wallace, A. McCarthy

Proc. SPIE. 7320, Advanced Photon Counting Techniques III

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Signal to noise ratio, Mirrors, Cameras, Sensors, Semiconductor lasers, Head, Objectives, Target acquisition, Pulsed laser operation

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 February 2008

Time-of-flight sensing using time-correlated single-photon counting

Gerald Buller, Aongus McCarthy, Robert Collins, Philip Hiskett, Veronica Fernandez, Sergio Hernandez-Marin, Andrew Wallace

Proc. SPIE. 6900, Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices V

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Photon counting, 3D acquisition, Detection and tracking algorithms, Sensors, Semiconductor lasers, Data processing, Signal processing, Single photon detectors, Pulsed laser operation

Read Abstract +

Time-correlated single-photon counting techniques using individual optimized detectors have been applied to time-of-flight ranging and depth imaging. This paper describes recent progress in photon-counting systems performing surface mapping of non-cooperative targets. This includes systems designed for short ranges of the order of 1-50 meters, and longer ranges of up to ten kilometers. The technique has also been applied to distributed surfaces. We describe the measurement approach, techniques used for scanning, as well as the signal analysis methodology and algorithm selection. The technique is fundamentally flexible: the trade-off between the integrated number of counts (or acquisition time) against range repeatability or depth resolution allows its application in a number of diverse fields. The inherent time gating of the technique, allied to the spatial filtering provided by small active area single-photon detectors, can lead to operation under high ambient light conditions even with low average optical power pulsed sources. We have demonstrated three-dimensional imaging of meter-dimensioned objects where reverse engineering methods using cooperative targets cannot be routinely employed: e.g. delicate objects, or objects with more than one reflective surface. Using more advanced signal processing algorithms, we have been able to improve the system performance significantly, as measured by the depth resolution at short and long ranges. Furthermore, the application of these methodologies has allowed us to characterize the positions and amplitudes of multiple returns. Hence, the approach can be used for characterization of distributed non-cooperative targets at kilometer ranges, even in environments where low-light level and and/or eye-safe operation is necessary. The technique has also been applied in conjunction with a rapid scanning approach, to acquire three-dimensional information of a target scene with frame times of approximately 1 second.

Proceedings Article | 5 October 2007

Ranging and three-dimensional imaging using time-correlated single-photon counting

Gerald Buller, Andrew Wallace, Aongus McCarthy, Robert Lamb

Proc. SPIE. 6737, Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications IV

KEYWORDS: Photon counting, 3D acquisition, Detection and tracking algorithms, Sensors, Semiconductor lasers, Signal processing, Single photon detectors, Pulsed laser operation, 3D image processing, Ranging

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 10 September 2007

Gigahertz-clocked quantum key distribution in passive optical networks

Veronica Fernandez, Robert Collins, Karen Gordon, Paul Townsend, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 6780, Quantum Communications Realized

KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Clocks, Photons, Networks, Passive optical networks, Receivers, Telecommunications, Quantum key distribution, Network architectures, Standards development

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 7 July 2005

Quantum key distribution in a multi-user network at gigahertz clock rates

Veronica Fernandez, Karen Gordon, Robert Collins, Paul Townsend, Sergio Cova, Ivan Rech, Gerald Buller

Proc. SPIE. 5840, Photonic Materials, Devices, and Applications

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Clocks, Polarization, Sensors, Photons, Telecommunications, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Quantum key distribution, Single photon detectors, Standards development

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 13 April 2005

Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements of InAs self-assembled quantum dots

Sara Pellegrini, Gerald Buller, Leonid Karachinsky, A. Shkolnik, Nikita Gordeev, Georgy Zegrya, Vadim Evtikhiev, Ian Sellers, Maurice Skolnick, H. Liu, Mark Hopkinson

Proc. SPIE. 5725, Ultrafast Phenomena in Semiconductors and Nanostructure Materials IX

KEYWORDS: Indium arsenide, Sensors, Luminescence, Gallium arsenide, Quantum dots, Time metrology, Aluminum, Picosecond phenomena, Gallium, Temperature metrology

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 24 May 2000

Toward terabit/s input to silicon VLSI: a demonstrator experiment

Andrew Walker, Stuart Fancey, M. Forbes, Gerald Buller, Mohammad Taghizadeh, Marc Desmulliez, Julian Dines, C. Stanley, G. Pennelli, Andrew Boyd, J. Pearson, Paul Horan, Declan Byrne, John Hegarty, Sven Eitel, Hans-Peter Gauggel, Karlheinz Gulden, A. Gauthier, P. Benabes, J. Gutzwiller, Michel Goetz

Proc. SPIE. 4089, Optics in Computing 2000

KEYWORDS: Semiconductors, Switches, Polarization, Sensors, Silicon, Modulators, Optoelectronics, Very large scale integration, Free space optics, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 22 May 1998

Optical components of the smart-pixel optoelectronic connection (SPOEC) project

Stuart Fancey, Mohammad Taghizadeh, Gerald Buller, Marc Desmulliez, Andrew Walker

Proc. SPIE. 3490, Optics in Computing '98

KEYWORDS: Optical components, Switching, Polarization, Sensors, Silicon, Modulators, Lens design, Optoelectronics, Micro optics, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 12 July 1993

Construction of an optical cellular logic image processor

Andrew Walker, Ian Redmond, Douglas McKnight, Robert Craig, Gerald Buller, P. Meredith, Mohammad Taghizadeh

Proc. SPIE. 1806, Optical Computing

KEYWORDS: Logic, Image processing, Lens design, Spatial light modulators, Sapphire, Logic devices, Bragg cells, Optical computing, Binary data, Channel projecting optics

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 September 1991

First programmable digital optical processor: optical cellular logic image processor

Robert Craig, Brian Wherrett, Andrew Walker, Douglas McKnight, Ian Redmond, John Snowdon, Gerald Buller, Edward Restall, R. Wilson, Suzanne Wakelin, Neil McArdle, P. Meredith, J. Miller, Mohammad Taghizadeh, G. Mackinnon, Stanley Smith

Proc. SPIE. 1505, Optics for Computers: Architectures and Technologies

KEYWORDS: Beam splitters, Logic, Digital image processing, Detection and tracking algorithms, Image processing, Computing systems, Control systems, Signal processing, Computer architecture, Binary data

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 July 1990

Construction and tolerancing of an optical-CLIP

Brian Wherrett, Robert Craig, John Snowdon, Gerald Buller, Frank Tooley, Steve Bowman, G. Pawley, Ian Redmond, Douglas McKnight, Mohammad Taghizadeh, Andrew Walker, Stanley Smith

Proc. SPIE. 1215, Digital Optical Computing II

KEYWORDS: Electronics, Logic, Switches, Image processing, Control systems, Semiconductor lasers, Nonlinear filtering, Optical computing, Tolerancing, Binary data

Read Abstract +

Showing 5 of 51 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (27)

Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIV

26 April 2020 | Anaheim, California, United States

Emerging Technologies IV

11 September 2019 | Strasbourg, France

Quantum Technologies and Quantum Information Science V

10 September 2019 | Strasbourg, France

Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XIII

17 April 2019 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Emerging Technologies

12 September 2018 | Berlin, Germany

Quantum Technologies and Quantum Information Science

10 September 2018 | Berlin, Germany

Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XII

18 April 2018 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Emerging Imaging and Sensing Technologies

13 September 2017 | Warsaw, Poland

Quantum Technologies and Quantum Information Science

13 September 2017 | Warsaw, Poland

Advanced Photon Counting Techniques XI

12 April 2017 | Anaheim, California, United States

Emerging Imaging and Sensing Technologies

28 September 2016 | Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Quantum Information Science and Technology

26 September 2016 | Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Advanced Photon Counting Techniques X

20 April 2016 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Quantum Information Science and Technology

22 September 2015 | Toulouse, France

Advanced Photon Counting Techniques IX

22 April 2015 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Emerging Technologies

23 September 2014 | Amsterdam, Netherlands

Quantum-Physics-Based Information Security

22 September 2014 | Amsterdam, Netherlands

Advanced Photon Counting Techniques VIII

7 May 2014 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Emerging Technologies

25 September 2013 | Dresden, Germany

Quantum-Physics-Based Information Security II

23 September 2013 | Dresden, Germany

Advanced Photon Counting Techniques VII

1 May 2013 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Quantum-Physics-Based Information Security

25 September 2012 | Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Emerging Technologies

24 September 2012 | Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Advanced Photon Counting Techniques VI

25 April 2012 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Advanced Photon Counting Techniques V

27 April 2011 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Advanced Photon Counting Techniques IV

7 April 2010 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Advanced Photon Counting Techniques III

14 April 2009 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Showing 5 of 27 Conference Committees

SIGN IN TO:

View contact details

UPDATE YOUR PROFILE

Is this your profile? Update it now.

Sign into your SPIE.org account

Don’t have a profile and want one?

Create an account on SPIE.org

Advertisement

Advertisement