Dr. Gordon J. Stacey Profile

Dr. Gordon J. Stacey

Professor of Astronomy at Cornell Univ

SPIE Involvement:

Conference Program Committee | Author

Publications (39)

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 10, 2018

Optimizing the efficiency of Fabry-Perot interferometers with silicon-substrate mirrors

Proc. SPIE. 10706, Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation III

KEYWORDS: Gold, Metamaterials, Mirrors, Etching, Metals, Silicon, Reflectivity, Transmittance, Deep reactive ion etching, Semiconducting wafers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 10, 2018

HIRMES: the third generation instrument for SOFIA (Conference Presentation)

Proc. SPIE. 10708, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy IX

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Mid-IR, Observatories, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Hydrogen, Detector arrays, Spectral resolution, Infrared astronomy, Solar system

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We will present a status update on the development of HIRMES, the third generation instrument for SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy). HIRMES (HIgh Resolution Mid-infrarEd Spectrometer) will cover the wavelength range between 25 micron and 122 micron with a spectral resolution of up to R~100,000. It will use two arrays of Transition Edge Sensed (TES) bolometers. One of the arrays consists of 8 16-pixel strips, for the high-resolution mode, where the pixel area and backshorts are optimized for 8 different wavelength regimes. The second detector consists of a 16x64 array with excellent sensitivity over the full wavelength range, and it will be used for the mid-resolution (R~19,000) and low-resolution (R~2,000 and R~600) observing modes. Both detector arrays will have background limited performance with NEPs of < 2E-17 W/Hz^(1/2) for the low-resolution array and < 3E-18 W/Hz^(1/2) for the high-resolution array. HIRMES will employ several Fabry-Perot Interferometers (FPI) for the low- (R~2000), mid- (R~19,000), and high-resolution (R~100,000) observing modes. In addition, three gratings with resolutions of R~600 will be used to order-sort FPI transmission peaks, and also to obtain low resolution broad bandwidth spectra. HIRMES's main science goals are to study the evolution of protoplanetary disks as well as to investigate the origin of Hydrogen and Deuterium in the Solar System. The high spectral resolution observations of the HD 1-0 R(0) line at 112 micron will determine the gas mass and kinematics in protoplanetary disks, while the observations of the [OI] 63 micron and H2O lines reveal the amount of Oxygen and H20 within the snowline. Low spectral resolution observations of solid-state H20 ice features at ~43 and ~63 micron will determine the amount of water ice beyond the snowline. Measurements of the molecular hydrogen line and numerous HD lines at mid-resolution will help to estimate the H/D ratio in the Solar System. In addition, the low-resolution FPI is well suited to map fine-structure line emission from nearby galaxies.

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 10, 2018

Development of the Fabry-Perot interferometers for the HIRMES spectrometer on SOFIA (Conference Presentation)

Proc. SPIE. 10708, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy IX

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Mirrors, Ferroelectric materials, Stars, Fabry–Perot interferometry, Spectroscopy, Imaging spectroscopy, Spectral resolution, Spectroscopes, Cryogenics

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HIRMES is a versatile far-infrared spectrometer that was chosen as the third generation instrument for NASA's SOFIA airborne observatory. HIRMES promises background limited spectroscopy in four modes that cover the wavelength range between 25 and 122 microns. The high-spectral resolution (R ~ 10^5) mode is matched to achieve maximum sensitivity of velocity-resolved lines to study the evolution of protoplanetary disks. The mid-resolution (R ~ 12,000) mode is suitable for high sensitivity imaging of galactic star formation regions in, for example, far-infrared fine-structure lines. The low-resolution (R ~2000) imaging mode is optimized for spectroscopic mapping of far-infrared fine-structure lines from nearby galaxies, while the low resolution (R~ 600) grating spectrometer mode is optimized for detecting dust and ice features in protostellar and protoplanetary disks. Several Transition Edge Sensed bolometer arrays will provide background limited sensitivity (BLIP) in each of these modes. To achieve the various spectral resolutions, HIRMES employs eight unique fully-tunable cryogenic Fabry-Perot Interferometers (FPIs) and a grating spectrometer. Here we will present the design requirements and the mechanical and optical characteristics and performance of these tunable FPI as well as the control electronics that set the mirror separation and allow scanning of the FPIs. Each FPI is different, but the primary common element of the high-res and mid-res mode FPI is a flex-vane based translation stage, cut using wire-EDM, with mirror separation set via a piezo-electrical tube (PZT). The mirror separation is sensed via a capacitance bridge measurement and a feedback signal that is sent to a piezo-controller, which adjusts the separation. The required travel range of the FPIs is of order 1.5 to 2 free spectral ranges. To achieve this travel range and still keep the design within the modest space provided within the HIRMES cryostat, the PZT travel is enlarged through a mechanical motion multiplier. The low-res FPI differs in that its travel is implemented through a worm-wheel coupled cryogenic stepper motor to provide macroscopic (~ 0.5 to 1 mm) travel within the system so that the resolving power can be changed from ~ 1000 to ~ 2000. Our plan is to motivate the design through the primary science, discuss the performance of the design compared to its requirements, and provide a few words about the HIRMES deployment schedule. Our work at Cornell in the development of the HIRMES FPIs is funded through NASA GSFC Contract NNG17FC90C.

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 9, 2018

Prime-Cam: a first-light instrument for the CCAT-prime telescope

Proc. SPIE. 10708, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy IX

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Electronics, Polarization, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Silicon, Physics, Receivers, Detector arrays, Cryogenics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 9, 2018

CCAT-Prime: science with an ultra-widefield submillimeter observatory on Cerro Chajnantor

Proc. SPIE. 10700, Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes VII

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Telescopes, Astronomy, Stars, Polarization, Cameras, Spectroscopy, Galactic astronomy, Carbon monoxide

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 6, 2018

The optical design of the six-meter CCAT-prime and Simons Observatory telescopes

Proc. SPIE. 10700, Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes VII

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Telescopes, Mirrors, Optical design, Aberration correction, Wavefronts, Tolerancing

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 6, 2018

CCAT-prime: a novel telescope for sub-millimeter astronomy

Proc. SPIE. 10700, Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes VII

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Telescopes, Mirrors, Radio telescopes, Astronomical telescopes, Reflector telescopes, Structural design, Optical instrument design, Mirror structures, Device simulation

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 19, 2014

SWCam: the short wavelength camera for the CCAT Observatory

Proc. SPIE. 9153, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VII

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Telescopes, Stars, Cameras, Sensors, Silicon, Deep reactive ion etching, Galactic astronomy, Thin film coatings, Surface conduction electron emitter displays

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We describe the Short Wavelength Camera (SWCam) for the CCAT observatory including the primary science drivers, the coupling of the science drivers to the instrument requirements, the resulting implementation of the design, and its performance expectations at first light. CCAT is a 25 m submillimeter telescope planned to operate at 5600 meters, near the summit of Cerro Chajnantor in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. CCAT is designed to give a total wave front error of 12.5 μm rms, so that combined with its high and exceptionally dry site, the facility will provide unsurpassed point source sensitivity deep into the short submillimeter bands to wavelengths as short as the 200 μm telluric window. The SWCam system consists of 7 sub-cameras that address 4 different telluric windows: 4 subcameras at 350 μm, 1 at 450 μm, 1 at 850 μm, and 1 at 2 mm wavelength. Each sub-camera has a 6’ diameter field of view, so that the total instantaneous field of view for SWCam is equivalent to a 16’ diameter circle. Each focal plane is populated with near unit filling factor arrays of Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors (LEKIDs) with pixels scaled to subtend an solid angle of (λ/D)2 on the sky. The total pixel count is 57,160. We expect background limited performance at each wavelength, and to be able to map < 35(°)2 of sky to 5 σ on the confusion noise at each wavelength per year with this first light instrument. Our primary science goal is to resolve the Cosmic Far-IR Background (CIRB) in our four colors so that we may explore the star and galaxy formation history of the Universe extending to within 500 million years of the Big Bang. CCAT's large and high-accuracy aperture, its fast slewing speed, use of instruments with large format arrays, and being located at a superb site enables mapping speeds of up to three orders of magnitude larger than contemporary or near future facilities and makes it uniquely sensitive, especially in the short submm bands.

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 23, 2014

The opto-cryo-mechanical design of the short wavelength camera for the CCAT Observatory

Proc. SPIE. 9153, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VII

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Telescopes, Optical design, Lenses, Cameras, Sensors, Silicon, Aluminum, Cryocoolers, Cryogenics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 23, 2014

Antireflection coatings for submillimeter silicon lenses

Proc. SPIE. 9153, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VII

KEYWORDS: Antireflective coatings, Lenses, Etching, Dielectrics, Interfaces, Silicon, Coating, Terahertz radiation, Deep reactive ion etching, Absorption

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 8, 2014

A miniature cryogenic scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer for mid-IR to submm astronomical observations

Proc. SPIE. 9147, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Optical filters, Fabry–Perot interferometers, Stars, Fabry–Perot interferometry, Interferometers, Cameras, Finite element methods, Galactic astronomy, Cryogenics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | October 5, 2012

The optical, mechanical, and thermal design and performance of the 2nd generation redshift (z) and early universe spectrometer, ZEUS-2

Proc. SPIE. 8452, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VI

KEYWORDS: Thermography, Telescopes, Switches, Stars, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Copper, Galactic astronomy, Cryocoolers, Lead

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 24, 2012

Design and first-light performance of TES bolometer arrays for submillimeter spectroscopy with ZEUS-2

Proc. SPIE. 8452, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VI

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Electronics, Stars, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Silicon, Magnetism, Multiplexers, Galactic astronomy, Carbon monoxide

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 24, 2012

The FORCAST mid-infrared facility instrument and in-flight performance on SOFIA

Proc. SPIE. 8446, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Telescopes, Optical filters, Mirrors, Stars, Sensors, Calibration, Spectroscopy, Quantum efficiency, Spectroscopes

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 11, 2010

The background-limited infrared-submillimeter spectrograph (BLISS) for SPICA: a design study

Proc. SPIE. 7731, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2010: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Telescopes, Mirrors, Stars, Sensors, Spectrometers, Infrared spectroscopy, Infrared radiation, Galactic astronomy, Cryogenics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 6, 2010

CCAT optics

Proc. SPIE. 7733, Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Mirrors, Scattering, Cameras, Sensors, Spectrometers, Reflectivity, Wavefronts, Space telescopes, Relays

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 15, 2010

ZEUS-2: a second generation submillimeter grating spectrometer for exploring distant galaxies

Proc. SPIE. 7741, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy V

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Optical filters, Stars, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Silicon, Clouds, Galactic astronomy, Semiconducting wafers, Carbon monoxide

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 15, 2010

FORCAST: a first light facility instrument for SOFIA

Proc. SPIE. 7735, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy III

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Infrared imaging, Telescopes, Optical filters, Mirrors, Stars, Sensors, Calibration, Quantum efficiency, Jupiter

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 19, 2008

Direct detection submillimeter spectrometer for CCAT

Proc. SPIE. 7020, Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy IV

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Optical fibers, Telescopes, Mirrors, Optical design, Stars, Waveguides, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Galactic astronomy

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 9, 2008

FORCAST: the first light instrument for SOFIA

Proc. SPIE. 7014, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy II

KEYWORDS: Point spread functions, Telescopes, Optical filters, Mirrors, Beam splitters, Astronomy, Cameras, Sensors, Calibration, Image quality

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 26, 2007

A far-infrared mapping spectrometer for SOFIA

Proc. SPIE. 6678, Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XV

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Telescopes, Mirrors, Stars, Curium, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Detector arrays, Infrared radiation, Galactic astronomy

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 7, 2006

The Space Infrared Interferometric Telescope (SPIRIT): mission study results

Proc. SPIE. 6265, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation I: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Stars, Sensors, Space telescopes, Spatial resolution, Planets, Infrared telescopes, Galactic astronomy, James Webb Space Telescope, Planetary systems

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 6, 2006

Instrumentation for the CCAT Telescope

Proc. SPIE. 6275, Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy III

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Telescopes, Mirrors, Polarization, Cameras, Sensors, Spectrometers, Receivers, Multiplexing, Antennas

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 28, 2006

FORCAST: the facility mid-IR camera for SOFIA

Proc. SPIE. 6269, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Telescopes, Optical filters, Mirrors, Electronics, Cameras, Sensors, Silicon, Distortion, Space telescopes

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | October 12, 2004

The science case and mission concept for the Single Aperture Far-Infrared (SAFIR) Observatory

Proc. SPIE. 5487, Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Telescopes, Mirrors, Stars, Space telescopes, Infrared radiation, Spatial resolution, Infrared telescopes, Galactic astronomy, James Webb Space Telescope

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | October 8, 2004

Design and fabrication of two-dimensional superconducting bolometer arrays

Proc. SPIE. 5498, Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Cameras, Sensors, Spectrometers, Resistance, Superconductors, Amplifiers, Multiplexing, Phonons, Multiplexers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | October 8, 2004

The large atacama submillimeter telescope

Proc. SPIE. 5498, Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II

KEYWORDS: Actuators, Telescopes, Stars, Space telescopes, Solar system, Planets, Optical instrument design, Galactic astronomy, Submillimeter telescopes, Comets

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | October 8, 2004

ZEUS: the redshift (z) and early Universe spectrometer

Proc. SPIE. 5498, Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Telescopes, Optical filters, Stars, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Clouds, Spectral resolution, Galactic astronomy, Carbon monoxide

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 30, 2004

First test results from FORCAST: the facility mid-IR camera for SOFIA

Proc. SPIE. 5492, Ground-based Instrumentation for Astronomy

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Telescopes, Optical filters, Mirrors, Cameras, Sensors, Distortion, Detector arrays, Space telescopes, Image filtering

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 7, 2004

Large telescope project dedicated to an origins survey

Proc. SPIE. 5382, Second Backaskog Workshop on Extremely Large Telescopes

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Mirrors, Stars, Sensors, Adaptive optics, Space telescopes, Spatial resolution, Large telescopes, Optical instrument design, Galactic astronomy

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | March 3, 2003

Forcast: the Faint Object Infared Camera for the SOFIA telescope

Proc. SPIE. 4857, Airborne Telescope Systems II

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Infrared cameras, Telescopes, Optical filters, Mirrors, Cameras, Distortion, Detector arrays, Space telescopes, Antimony

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | March 3, 2003

Far-infrared imaging spectroscopy with SAFIRE on SOFIA

Proc. SPIE. 4857, Airborne Telescope Systems II

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Fabry–Perot interferometers, Stars, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Diagnostics, Imaging spectroscopy, Spectral resolution, Galactic astronomy, Carbon monoxide

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 17, 2003

ZEUS: a submillimeter grating spectrometer for exploring distant galaxies

Proc. SPIE. 4855, Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Optical filters, Mirrors, Stars, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Receivers, Spectral resolution, Helium, Galactic astronomy

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The redshift (Z) and of Early Universe Spectrometer (ZEUS) is a long slit echelle grating spectrometer that we are constructing for use in the submillimeter (350μm, 450μm, and 610μm) windows on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). ZEUS has a resolving power of R≡λ/ΔΛ~1000, optimized for detecting broad, faint lines from extragalactic sources. The detector is a 16×32 pixel array of pop-up bolometers equipped with superconducting transition edge sensors linked into a SQUID multiplexed readout. This array should provide the requisite sensitivity at ~300mK, a temperature easily achieved using a two stage ³He refrigerator. ZEUS is optimized to quickly obtain spectra of point sources over very broad bands in the submillimeter windows. In the 350μm window, ZEUS will provide an instantaneous 27 resolution element spectrum, for each of 16 spatial elements on the sky. The roughly 10% bandwidth 350μm window can therefore be covered with just four settings of the grating. Each pixel is mapped into 5" on the sky (roughly 1•λ/D at 350 μm), so that the field of view is 5"×80". At 610μm, the slit is opened to 12" (2.4 pixels) resulting in a resolving power of around 500. ZEUS can quickly change wavelength or telluric window, adapting well to the demanding weather conditions in the short submillimeter windows. To minimize the effects of stray background radiation, two cold cut-on filters are used, together with 300mK band pass filters mounted on a filter wheel. This filter train fully sorts the echelle grating order, blocking unwanted radiation, but with high submillimeter band transmission. The expected point source sensitivities for 370μm, 444μm, and 610μm are 2.7×10¹⁷ W m^-2Hz^-1/2, 1.2×10^-17 W m^-2Hz^-1/2, and 1.6×10^-17W m^-2Hz^-1/2, respectively. Our primary scientific objectives are to (1) Investigate Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies (ULIGs) via their (CI) and mid-J CO line emission-what are the origins of their tremendous infrared (IR) luminosities? Why are some ULIGs weak in the 158 μm (CII) line? (2) Probe star formation in the early Universe using highly redshifted far-IR fine-structure line emission-especially that of the 158 μm (CII) line. How strong are starbursts in the early Universe? and (3) Provide redshifts for all 850 μm SCUBA sources, providing source distance, luminosity, and number counts as a function of z. What is the evolutionary history of starformation in the early Universe?

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 17, 2003

Design and fabrication of two-dimensional superconducting bolometer arrays

Proc. SPIE. 4855, Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Semiconductors, Observatories, Sensors, Spectrometers, Manufacturing, Resistance, Superconductors, Multiplexing, Multiplexers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | February 4, 2003

The Large Atacama Telescope (LAT) project

Proc. SPIE. 4837, Large Ground-based Telescopes

KEYWORDS: Actuators, Mid-IR, Point spread functions, Telescopes, Mirrors, Stars, Imaging spectroscopy, Adaptive optics, Space telescopes, Galactic astronomy

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 20, 2000

Submillimeter and far-infrared experiment (SAFIRE): a PI class instrument for SOFIA

Proc. SPIE. 4014, Airborne Telescope Systems

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Telescopes, Mirrors, Sensors, Silicon, Superconductors, Clouds, Detector arrays, Spectral resolution, Cryogenics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 20, 2000

FORCAST: a facility 5- to 40-um camera for SOFIA

Proc. SPIE. 4014, Airborne Telescope Systems

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Telescopes, Optical filters, Mirrors, Electronics, Stars, Cameras, Sensors, Control systems, Data acquisition

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 21, 1998

Design of the South Pole imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer (SPIFI)

Proc. SPIE. 3354, Infrared Astronomical Instrumentation

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Optical filters, Mirrors, Fabry–Perot interferometers, Fabry–Perot interferometry, Spectroscopy, Spectral resolution, Optical benches, Cryogenics, Information operations

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | October 20, 1993

KWIC: a widefield mid-infrared array camera/spectrometer for the KAO

Proc. SPIE. 1946, Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation

KEYWORDS: Infrared detectors, Mid-IR, Diffraction, Telescopes, Mirrors, Fabry–Perot interferometers, Spectroscopy, Clouds, Spectral resolution, Spatial resolution

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Showing 5 of 39 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (6)

Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy IX

12 June 2018 | Austin, Texas, United States

Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VIII

28 June 2016 | Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VIII Posters

28 June 2016 | Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VII

24 June 2014 | Montréal, Quebec, Canada

Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VI

3 July 2012 | Amsterdam, Netherlands

Showing 5 of 6 published special sections

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