The paper presents the results of studies of medieval archaeological sites, the Laishevsky and Ostolopovsky settlements, and the Ostolopovsky hillfort, using multitemporal remote sensing data and modern field research methods. The studied sites are located in the zone of active bank transformation and have been destroyed since the creation of the Kuibyshev reservoir. To assess the dynamics of the coastline, multitemporal remote sensing data were used. Shoreline positioning for the historical period of the 1950s was interpreted from archival aerial images (Kazan University Library). 1975 satellite images obtained during the Corona reconnaissance space program KeyHole-9 Hexagon satellite (10.06.1975). For their georeferencing very high-resolution satellite images were used (2019). The maximum errors of georeferencing are less than 3 pixels for both sites. In 2018-2019, field surveys of the shoreline fragments at the Ostolopovsky and the Laishevskoe settlements were carried out in 2020 – at Ostolopovo hillfort placement. For field studies, a DJI Phantom 4 drone and GNSS receiver with real-time kinematic corrections were used. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), as an extension module of the ArcGIS software, was used to quantify shoreline displacement. Shoreline indicators such as linear retreat rate (m/year), shoreline displacement (m) were automatically calculated. A quantitative assessment of the Kuibyshev shoreline transformation makes it possible to evaluate the damage caused to archaeological sites and the risk of their further destruction.
This work is a part of the research aimed at developing a system of analysis of the risks of destruction of archaeological sites on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Most of fortified settlements of the Volga-Bulgarian period (X-XIII centuries AD) are located on the small river banks. In order to identify the risk of archaeological sites transformation by fluvial processes, the river dynamics in the area of Lukovskoye, Bolsheklyarinskoye and Zelenovskoye fortified settlements was assessed. Field studies were conducted using UAV and GNSS techniques to describe the relief and current state of the site’s territory. The measured data were analyzed using the GIS to evaluate intensity of bank erosion. Historical maps, archival remote sensing data and orthophotomaps compared to get quantitative characteristics of monument territory damage. In addition, as a result of photogrammetric image processing, the DEM of monuments territory were constructed and analyzed. As a result, maps of the river dynamics and quantitative characteristics of the intensity of the site’s destruction were obtained. The main factors affecting bank erosion are the meandering of the riverbed, the height of the bank and its component rocks. The study showed the importance of using remote sensing and 3D-modelling methods to study and predict the dynamics of river processes as a factor in the destruction of archaeological sites. Results of the research will help to reveal tendencies in cultural heritage objects condition and to estimate risks of their destruction.
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