Dr. Joseph H. Sullivan Profile

Dr. Joseph H. Sullivan

Associate Professor at Univ of Maryland College Park

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Publications (3)

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2005 Paper

Development of UV-B screening compounds in response to variation in ambient levels of UV-B radiation

Joe Sullivan, Chenping Xu, Wei Gao, James Slusser

Proceedings Volume 5886, 58860L (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.623738

KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, Radiation effects, Ozone, Solar radiation, Absorbance, Proteins, Photosynthesis, Ecosystems, Physiology, Chemistry

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The induction of UV-B screening compounds in response to exposure to UV-B radiation is a commonly reported response and is generally considered to be an adaptive response of plants for protection from UVinduced damage. However, a number of questions remain to be answered including the importance of qualitative and localization differences among species in providing protection, indirect consequences of changes in leaf secondary chemistry on ecological processes and the dose response of metabolite accumulation. In this study we utilized UV monitoring data provided on site by the USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program to monitor the changes in UV-screening compounds in soybeans under a range of UV-B levels due to natural variation in ambient UV-B radiation. Soybean cultivars Essex, Clark and Clark-magenta, an isoline of Clark that produces minimal levels of flavonols, were grown beneath shelters covered either with polyester to block most UV-B radiation or teflon which is nearly transparent in the UV range and harvested at regular intervals for pigment and protein analysis. Daily levels of weighted UV-B varied from <1 to >7 kJ m^-2. Increases in UV-screening compounds showed a positive dose response to UV-B radiation in all cultivars with Essex showing the steepest dose response. UV-A also induced screening compounds in all species The hydroxycinnimates of the magenta isoline showed a steep dose response to UV-A and a rather constant (non dose specific) but small additional increment in response to UV-B. The Clark isoline, which produced primarily the flavonol quercetin, showed a dose response to UV-B intermediate between that of Clark-magenta and Essex. All three cultivars show similar tolerance to UV-B in field conditions indicating that UV-induced pigment production is adequate to protect them from excessive UV-B damage.

Proceedings Article | 1 July 2003 Paper

Short-term responses of barley to changes in ambient levels of UV-B radiation and their role in UV protection

Joseph Sullivan, Dennis Gitz, Ann Stapleton, Wei Gao, James Slusser

Proceedings Volume 4896, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.466182

KEYWORDS: Ozone, Ultraviolet radiation, Absorbance, Atmospheric modeling, Clouds, Tissues, Spectrophotometry, Biological research, Ecology, Carbon monoxide

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While many studies have evaluated the chronic effects of exposure to enhanced levels of UV-B radiation on plants very few studies have evaluated the implications of plant development within a background of fluctuating levels of UV-B radiation. Much interest and concern surround the issue of stratospheric ozone depletion and concurrent increases in UV-B radiation and this remains a concern. However, variation in UV-B levels on a daily basis is largely due to cloud cover and tropospheric air quality as well as possible effects of fluctuations in the total ozone column. Therefore the importance of the effects of short-term changes in UV-B radiation is not predicated on the assumption of continued ozone destruction. In this study we evaluated to change in foliar phenolic composition in barley and the consequences of changes in these putative protection compounds on subsequent sensitivity to UV-V radiation. The UV-B exposure levels ranges from less than 1 to nearly 8 kJ m^-2 of biologically weighted UV-B radiation. Barley plants that developed under height ambient levels of UV-B radiation had higher levels of phenolics than control plants grown under the same conditions except with UV-B excluded. Those plants with higher phenolic content show some degree of increased protection from subsequent levels of UV-B as evidenced by less damage to DNA. However, it was also found that other environmental factors contributed to the induction of foliar screening compounds.

Proceedings Article | 17 January 2002 Paper

Effects of UV-B radiation on phenolic composition and deposition patterns and leaf physiology in three Eastern tree species

Joseph Sullivan, Dennis Gitz, Michael Peek, Andrew McElrone

Proceedings Volume 4482, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.452938

KEYWORDS: Radiation effects, Ultraviolet radiation, Tolerancing, Chemistry, Photosynthesis, Control systems, Absorption, Lamps, Physiology, Carbon

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Quantitative changes in foliar chemistry in response to UVB radiation are frequently reported but less is known about the qualitative changes in putative UV-screening compounds. It has also not been conclusively shown whether qualitative differences in screening compounds or differences in localization patterns influences the sensitivity of plants to damage from UVB radiation. In this study we evaluated the chemical composition and deposition patterns of UV-absorbing compounds in three tree species and assayed these species for possible effects on gas exchange and photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Branches of mature trees of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and red maple (Acer rubrum) were exposed to supplemental levels of UVB radiation over three growing seasons. Controls for UVA were also measured by exposing branches to supplemental UVA only, and additional branches not irradiated were also used for controls. These species demonstrated contrasting chemical composition and deposition patterns with poplar being the most responsive in terms of epidermal accumulation of phenolics including flavonols and chlorogenic acid and hydroxycinnamates. Sweetgum and red maple showed increases primarily in hydroxycinnamates, particularly in the mesophyll in red maple. Leaf area was marginally influenced by UV exposure level. Assimilation was generally not reduced by UVB radiation in these species and was enhanced in red maple by both UVB and UVA and by UVA in sweetgum. These finding are consistent with a hypothesis that epidermal attenuation of UVB would only be reduced in poplar, which accumulated the additional epidermal screening compounds. It is possible that photosynthetic efficiency was enhanced in red maple by the increased absorption of blue light within the mesophyll. Stomatal conductance was generally reduced, and this led to an increase in water use efficiency in red maple and poplar.

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