Dr. Keith A. Krapels Profile

Dr. Keith A. Krapels

Director, Modeling, Simulation & Netted Sensor Div at US Army NVESD

SPIE Involvement:

Fellows Committee | Fellow status | Conference Chair | Conference Program Committee | Symposium Committee | Editor | Author

Area of Expertise:

Electro-optical/Infrared Sensor Systems , Electronic Warfare Systems

Profile Summary

Dr. Keith Krapels received a B.S. in math, B.A. in history, M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Univ. of Memphis. Since 2009 he has been Director of the Modeling, Simulation & Netted Sensor Div. at the Army Night Vision Lab. He is a Captain in the Navy Reserve and was deployed to Afghanistan to the NATO Training Mission in 2012. From 2001-2008 he was the EO/IR Sensor Technology Program Officer in the Office of Naval Research’s C4ISR Dept. In 2003, he deployed for Operation Iraqi Freedom. From 1999-2001, he was in the Sensor Performance Model Development Branch at the Army Night Vision Lab. From 1996-98 he was Special Programs Officer at the Naval Research Lab’s Tactical Electronic Warfare Div. From 1990-96, he was an Electronic Counter Measures Officer and Mission Commander in Navy EA-6B Prowlers and flew 53 combat missions. From 1987-89, he was an EO-IR sensor analyst for Martin Marietta Orlando Aerospace, a Research Fellow at the USAF Arnold Engineering Development Center, and a Research Associate at the University of Memphis. He is a Fellow of the SPIE, the International Society of Optics and Photonics.

Publications (75)

SPIE Conference Volume | June 13, 2018

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXIX

SPIE Conference Volume | June 26, 2017

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVIII

SPIE Conference Volume | July 20, 2016

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVII

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 3, 2016

Hyperhemispheric multifunction sensors for ground combat vehicles: concept evaluation using virtual prototyping

Proc. SPIE. 9820, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVII

KEYWORDS: Microbolometers, Long wavelength infrared, Signal to noise ratio, Unmanned aerial vehicles, Mid-IR, Cameras, Sensors, Sensors, Virtual reality, Prototyping, Situational awareness sensors

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 3, 2015

Optical display for radar sensing

Proc. SPIE. 9496, Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Large Data Analyses (LDA), Neural Networks, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XIII

KEYWORDS: Radar, Signal to noise ratio, Backscatter, Scattering, Sensors, Surveillance, Neural networks, Microwave radiation, Thermodynamics, RGB color model

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 2, 2015

Selective-imaging camera

Proc. SPIE. 9496, Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Large Data Analyses (LDA), Neural Networks, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XIII

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Cameras, Surveillance, Black bodies, Neural networks, Sensing systems, Thermodynamics, Neurons, RGB color model, Brain

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SPIE Conference Volume | May 29, 2015

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVI

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 12, 2015

Modeling analysis metrics for panoramic sensors

Proc. SPIE. 9452, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVI

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Signal to noise ratio, Infrared imaging, Photodetectors, Rockets, Imaging systems, Sensors, Panoramic photography, Contrast transfer function, Targeting Task Performance metric

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 24, 2014

Brain order disorder 2nd group report of f-EEG

Proc. SPIE. 9118, Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Wavelets, Neural Net, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XII

KEYWORDS: Electrodes, Ions, Diffusion, Head, Electroencephalography, Feedback loops, Neuroimaging, Thermodynamics, Correlation function, Brain

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Since the Brain Order Disorder (BOD) group reported on a high density Electroencephalogram (EEG) to capture the neuronal information using EEG to wirelessly interface with a Smartphone [1,2], a larger BOD group has been assembled, including the Obama BRAIN program, CUA Brain Computer Interface Lab and the UCSD Swartz Computational Neuroscience Center. We can implement the pair-electrodes correlation functions in order to operate in a real time daily environment, which is of the computation complexity of O(N<sup>3</sup>) for N=10<sup>2~3</sup> known as functional f-EEG. The daily monitoring requires two areas of focus. Area #(1) to quantify the neuronal information flow under arbitrary daily stimuli-response sources. Approach to #1: (i) We have asserted that the sources contained in the EEG signals may be discovered by an unsupervised learning neural network called blind sources separation (BSS) of independent entropy components, based on the irreversible Boltzmann cellular thermodynamics(ΔS < 0), where the entropy is a degree of uniformity. What is the entropy? Loosely speaking, sand on the beach is more uniform at a higher entropy value than the rocks composing a mountain – the internal binding energy tells the paleontologists the existence of information. To a politician, landside voting results has only the winning information but more entropy, while a non-uniform voting distribution record has more information. For the human’s effortless brain at constant temperature, we can solve the minimum of Helmholtz free energy (H = E − TS) by computing BSS, and then their pairwise-entropy source correlation function. (i) Although the entropy itself is not the information per se, but the concurrence of the entropy sources is the information flow as a functional-EEG, sketched in this 2<sup>nd</sup> BOD report. Area #(2) applying EEG bio-feedback will improve collective decision making (TBD). Approach to #2: We introduce a novel performance quality metrics, in terms of the throughput rate of faster (Δt) & more accurate (ΔA) decision making, which applies to individual, as well as team brain dynamics. Following Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahnmen’s novel “Thinking fast and slow”, through the brainwave biofeedback we can first identify an individual’s “anchored cognitive bias sources”. This is done in order to remove the biases by means of individually tailored pre-processing. Then the training effectiveness can be maximized by the collective product Δt * ΔA. For Area #1, we compute a spatiotemporally windowed EEG in vitro average using adaptive time-window sampling. The sampling rate depends on the type of neuronal responses, which is what we seek. The averaged traditional EEG measurements and are further improved by BSS decomposition into finer stimulus-response source mixing matrix [A] having finer & faster spatial grids with rapid temporal updates. Then, the functional EEG is the second order co-variance matrix defined as the electrode-pair fluctuation correlation function C(s~, s~’) of independent thermodynamic source components. (1) We define a 1-D Space filling curve as a spiral curve without origin. This pattern is historically known as the Peano-Hilbert arc length a. By taking the most significant bits of the Cartesian product a≡ O(x * y * z), it represents the arc length in the numerical size with values that map the 3-D neighborhood proximity into a 1-D neighborhood arc length representation. (2) 1-D Fourier coefficients spectrum have no spurious high frequency contents, which typically arise in lexicographical (zig-zag scanning) discontinuity [Hsu & Szu, “Peano-Hilbert curve,” SPIE 2014]. A simple Fourier spectrum histogram fits nicely with the Compressive Sensing CRDT Mathematics. (3) Stationary power spectral density is a reasonable approximation of EEG responses in striate layers in resonance feedback loops capable of producing a 100, 000 neuronal collective Impulse Response Function (IRF). The striate brain layer architecture represents an ensemble <IRF< e.g. at V1-V4 of Brodmann areas 17-19 of the Cortex, i.e. stationary Wiener-Kintchine-Einstein Theorem. Goal#1: functional-EEG: After taking the 1-D space-filling curve, we compute the ensemble averaged 1-D Power Spectral Density (PSD) and then make use of the inverse FFT to generate f-EEG. (ii) Goal#2 individual wellness baseline (IWB): We need novel change detection, so we derive the ubiquitous fat-tail distributions for healthy brains PSD in outdoor environments (Signal=310°C; Noise=27°C: SNR=310/300; 300°K=(1/40)eV). The departure from IWB might imply stress, fever, a sports injury, an unexpected fall, or numerous midnight excursions which may signal an onset of dementia in Home Alone Senior (HAS), discovered by telemedicine care-giver networks. Aging global villagers need mental healthcare devices that are affordable, harmless, administrable (AHA) and user-friendly, situated in a clothing article such as a baseball hat and able to interface with pervasive Smartphones in daily environment.

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 19, 2014

Theory of enhancing thermal imaging through fire

Proc. SPIE. 9118, Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Wavelets, Neural Net, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XII

KEYWORDS: Thermography, Cameras, Sensors, Particles, Image quality, Visual system, Image enhancement, Thermodynamics, Temperature metrology, Algorithms

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 19, 2014

Neuromorphic implementation of a software-defined camera that can see through fire and smoke in real-time

Proc. SPIE. 9118, Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Wavelets, Neural Net, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XII

KEYWORDS: Thermography, Visible radiation, Independent component analysis, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Visualization, Cameras, Sensors, Infrared radiation, Machine learning, Thermodynamics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 13, 2014

Lab and field measurements to evaluate a differential polarimetric IR (DPIR) search sensor

Proc. SPIE. 9071, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXV

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Infrared search and track, Infrared sensors, Optical spheres, Data modeling, Polarization, Sensors, Reflectivity, Surface roughness, Polarimetry

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SPIE Conference Volume | June 10, 2014

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXV

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | June 9, 2014

Modeling laser radar systems in the Night Vision Integrated Performance Model (NV-IPM)

Proc. SPIE. 9071, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXV

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Visual process modeling, LIDAR, Reflectivity, Receivers, Integrated modeling, Performance modeling, Electro optical modeling, Systems modeling, Atmospheric optics

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 29, 2014

Performance analysis of panoramic infrared systems

Proc. SPIE. 9071, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXV

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Staring arrays, Infrared imaging, Imaging systems, Sensors, Optical resolution, Infrared radiation, Panoramic photography, Eye models, NVThermIP

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 29, 2014

Predicted NETD performance of a polarized infrared imaging sensor

Proc. SPIE. 9071, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXV

KEYWORDS: Long wavelength infrared, Signal to noise ratio, Mid-IR, Optical filters, Polarization, Imaging systems, Cameras, Sensors, Reflectivity, Systems modeling

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 29, 2014

An analysis of the performance trade space for multifunction EO-IR systems

Proc. SPIE. 9071, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXV

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Infrared search and track, Infrared sensors, Infrared imaging, Imaging systems, Sensors, Infrared radiation, Missiles, Intelligence systems, Target acquisition

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SPIE Conference Volume | June 21, 2013

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXIV

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 29, 2013

Theory of compressive modeling and simulation

Proc. SPIE. 8750, Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Wavelets, Neural Net, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XI

KEYWORDS: Long wavelength infrared, Data modeling, Scattering, Reflectivity, Rayleigh scattering, Picosecond phenomena, Atmospheric propagation, Atmospheric modeling, Thermodynamics, Passive millimeter wave sensors

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SPIE Conference Volume | May 18, 2012

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXIII

SPIE Conference Volume | October 5, 2011

Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology IV

SPIE Conference Volume | May 9, 2011

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXII

SPIE Conference Volume | October 8, 2010

Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology III

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 8, 2010

Multichannel, agile, computationally enhanced camera based on the PANOPTES architecture

Proc. SPIE. 7692, Unmanned Systems Technology XII

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Mirrors, Super resolution, Imaging systems, Cameras, Sensors, Calibration, Image resolution, Image enhancement, Computer architecture

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 22, 2010

Image fusion algorithm assessment using measures of complementary and redundant information

Proc. SPIE. 7662, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXI

KEYWORDS: Information fusion, Superposition, Image fusion, Optical filters, Detection and tracking algorithms, Image processing, Linear filtering, Image quality, Image filtering, Algorithm development

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 22, 2010

Review of Bayer pattern CFA demosaicing with new quality assessment algorithms

Proc. SPIE. 7662, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXI

KEYWORDS: Optical filters, Super resolution, Sensors, Image processing, Digital filtering, Image quality, Color difference, Image filtering, Charge-coupled devices, Reconstruction algorithms

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SPIE Conference Volume | April 21, 2010

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXI

SPIE Conference Volume | October 5, 2009

Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology II

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 24, 2009

Millimeter wave sensor requirements for maritime small craft identification

Proc. SPIE. 7485, Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology II

KEYWORDS: Extremely high frequency, Polarization, Imaging systems, Sensors, Image processing, Fourier transforms, Image sensors, Modulation transfer functions, Millimeter wave sensors, Targeting Task Performance metric

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 22, 2009

Signal modeling of turbulence-distorted imagery

Proc. SPIE. 7300, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XX

KEYWORDS: Statistical analysis, Modulation, Imaging systems, Sensors, Image analysis, Wave propagation, Refraction, Turbulence, Infrared radiation, Analytical research

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 22, 2009

Super-resolution for flash LADAR data

Proc. SPIE. 7300, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XX

KEYWORDS: Edge detection, Super resolution, Cameras, LIDAR, Sensors, Wavelets, Robotics, Image registration, Robots, Navigation systems

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | March 19, 2009

Field verification of the direct view optics model for human facial identification

Proc. SPIE. 7343, Independent Component Analyses, Wavelets, Neural Networks, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering VII

KEYWORDS: Eye, Visual process modeling, Sensors, Ocean optics, Turbulence, Modulation transfer functions, Firearms, Performance modeling, Eye models, Thermal modeling

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SPIE Conference Volume | October 2, 2008

Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 29, 2008

Small craft ID criteria (N50/V50) for short wave infrared sensors in maritime security

Proc. SPIE. 6941, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XIX

KEYWORDS: Infrared sensors, Mid-IR, Short wave infrared radiation, Imaging systems, Sensors, Modulation transfer functions, Target acquisition, Contrast transfer function, Information security, Targeting Task Performance metric

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 15, 2008

Aplanatic THz imaging

Proc. SPIE. 6949, Terahertz for Military and Security Applications VI

KEYWORDS: Optical components, Optical design, Imaging systems, Reflectivity, Specular reflections, Terahertz radiation, Aspheric lenses, Zoom lenses, Geometrical optics, Spherical lenses

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 15, 2008

Applications of super-resolution and deblurring to practical sensors

Proc. SPIE. 6941, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XIX

KEYWORDS: Super resolution, Detection and tracking algorithms, Imaging systems, Sensors, Image processing, Image restoration, Image sensors, Image filtering, Reconstruction algorithms, Missiles

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 11, 2008

Human activity discrimination for maritime application

Proc. SPIE. 6941, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XIX

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Sensors, Calibration, Video, Sensor performance, Modulation transfer functions, Target acquisition, Performance modeling, Targeting Task Performance metric, NVThermIP

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 11, 2008

MWIR persistent surveillance performance for human and vehicle backtracking as a function of ground sample distance and revisit rate

Proc. SPIE. 6941, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XIX

KEYWORDS: Unmanned aerial vehicles, Mid-IR, Sensors, Video, Buildings, Surveillance, Picosecond phenomena, Spatial resolution, Intelligence systems, Target acquisition

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SPIE Conference Volume | October 15, 2007

Electro-Optical Remote Sensing, Detection, and Photonic Technologies and Their Applications

SPIE Conference Volume | October 15, 2007

Electro-Optical Remote Sensing, Detection, and Photonic Technologies and Their Applications

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 4, 2007

Chirped amplitude modulation ladar for range and Doppler measurements and 3-D imaging

Proc. SPIE. 6550, Laser Radar Technology and Applications XII

KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Telescopes, Optical amplifiers, Modulation, LIDAR, Amplifiers, Receivers, Missiles, Microwave radiation, Fiber optic illuminators

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 30, 2007

Direct view optics model for facial identification

Proc. SPIE. 6543, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVIII

KEYWORDS: Eye, Data modeling, Imaging systems, Spatial frequencies, Target acquisition, Contrast transfer function, Eye models, Electro optical modeling, Systems modeling, Targeting Task Performance metric

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | April 30, 2007

Sine wave contrast target for direct view optics field performance measurements

Proc. SPIE. 6543, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVIII

KEYWORDS: Eye, Data modeling, Spatial frequencies, Modulation transfer functions, Target acquisition, Contrast transfer function, Eye models, Electro optical modeling, Targeting Task Performance metric, Rifle scopes

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SPIE Journal Paper | March 1, 2007

Probability of identification cycle criterion (N₅₀/N₉₀) for underwater mine target acquisition

Ronald Driggers, James Taylor, Keith Krapels

OE Vol. 46 Issue 03

KEYWORDS: Mining, Target acquisition, Sensors, Electro optical modeling, Imaging systems, Electro optical systems, Land mines, Contrast transfer function, Target recognition, Modulation transfer functions

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | October 5, 2006

Small craft identification discrimination criteria (N50 and V50) for visible and infrared sensors in maritime security

Proc. SPIE. 6395, Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications III

KEYWORDS: Infrared sensors, Mid-IR, Visible radiation, Imaging systems, Sensors, Image processing, Target acquisition, Contrast transfer function, Performance modeling, Targeting Task Performance metric

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SPIE Journal Paper | June 1, 2006

Probability of identification of small hand-held objects for electro-optic forward-looking infrared systems

Steve Moyer, Jonathan Hixson, Timothy Edwards, Keith Krapels

OE Vol. 45 Issue 06

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mid-IR, Long wavelength infrared, Imaging systems, Contrast transfer function, Modulation transfer functions, Targeting Task Performance metric, Target acquisition, Visible radiation, Calibration

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SPIE Journal Paper | June 1, 2006

Handheld threat object identification performance of 2-D visible imagery versus 3-D visible imagery

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Brian Teaney, Carl Halford

OE Vol. 45 Issue 06

KEYWORDS: 3D acquisition, 3D image processing, 3D modeling, Performance modeling, Target acquisition, 3D displays, Electro optical modeling, Sensors, Optical engineering, Imaging systems

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 19, 2006

Chirped AM ladar for anti-ship missile tracking and force protection 3D imaging: update

Proc. SPIE. 6214, Laser Radar Technology and Applications XI

KEYWORDS: Infrared search and track, Transceivers, Transmitters, LIDAR, Composites, Image resolution, Receivers, Data acquisition, Missiles, 3D image processing

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 15, 2006

Current infrared target acquisition approach for military sensor design and wargaming

Proc. SPIE. 6207, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVII

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Data modeling, Sensors, Infrared radiation, Target acquisition, Contrast transfer function, Performance modeling, Thermal modeling, Targeting Task Performance metric, Received signal strength

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 15, 2006

Threat object identification performance for LADAR imagery: comparison of two-dimensional versus three-dimensional imagery

Proc. SPIE. 6207, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVII

KEYWORDS: Infrared imaging, Short wave infrared radiation, Imaging systems, LIDAR, Sensors, 3D modeling, Thermal modeling, Electro optical modeling, Systems modeling, 3D image processing

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 12, 2006

Characteristics of infrared imaging systems which benefit from super-resolution reconstruction

Proc. SPIE. 6207, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVII

KEYWORDS: Long wavelength infrared, Infrared imaging, Mid-IR, Super resolution, Detection and tracking algorithms, Imaging systems, Sensors, Image sensors, Reconstruction algorithms, Forward looking infrared

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SPIE Conference Volume | November 3, 2005

Technologies for Optical Countermeasures II; Femtosecond Phenomena II; and Passive Millimetre-Wave and Terahertz Imaging II

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 12, 2005

The meaning of super-resolution

Proc. SPIE. 5784, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVI

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Super resolution, Imaging systems, Sensors, Image processing, Image resolution, Nomenclature, Image sensors, Analytical research, Spatial resolution

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 12, 2005

Handheld threat object identification performance of 2D visible imagery versus 3D visible imagery

Proc. SPIE. 5784, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVI

KEYWORDS: 3D acquisition, Imaging systems, Cameras, Sensors, 3D modeling, 3D displays, Contrast transfer function, Performance modeling, Electro optical modeling, 3D image processing

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | May 12, 2005

NVThermIP modeling of super-resolution algorithms

Proc. SPIE. 5784, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVI

KEYWORDS: Super resolution, Sensors, Modulation transfer functions, Contrast sensitivity, Motion models, Target acquisition, Contrast transfer function, Systems modeling, Targeting Task Performance metric, NVThermIP

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SPIE Journal Paper | January 1, 2005

Superresolution performance for undersampled imagers

Ronald Driggers, Keith Krapels, Steven Murrill, S. Susan Young, Matthew Thielke, Jonathan Schuler

OE Vol. 44 Issue 01

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Imaging systems, Image processing, Super resolution, Modulation transfer functions, Cameras, Thermography, Image sensors, Optical engineering, Image enhancement

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | December 8, 2004

Terahertz imaging performance model for concealed weapon identification

Proc. SPIE. 5619, Passive Millimetre-Wave and Terahertz Imaging and Technology

KEYWORDS: Weapons, Visual process modeling, Sensors, Calibration, Terahertz radiation, Target acquisition, Atmospheric propagation, Minimum resolvable temperature difference, Performance modeling, Electro optical modeling

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SPIE Conference Volume | December 8, 2004

Passive Millimetre-Wave and Terahertz Imaging and Technology

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | December 6, 2004

Target detection in color imagery: on the path to a color target acquisition model

Proc. SPIE. 5612, Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Signal to noise ratio, Infrared imaging, Sensors, Interference (communication), 3D modeling, Palladium, Target acquisition, Performance modeling, Electro optical modeling

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 30, 2004

Wide-FOV FPAs for a shipboard distributed aperture system

Proc. SPIE. 5406, Infrared Technology and Applications XXX

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Mid-IR, Electronics, Mercury cadmium telluride, Cameras, Sensors, Interfaces, Silicon, Detector arrays, Semiconducting wafers

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 5, 2004

Identification of handheld objects for electro-optic/FLIR applications

Proc. SPIE. 5407, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XV

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Visible radiation, Homeland security, Sensors, Electro optical systems, Electro optics, Target acquisition, Forward looking infrared, Contrast transfer function, Electro optical modeling

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | August 5, 2004

Superresolution performance for undersampled imagers

Proc. SPIE. 5407, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XV

KEYWORDS: Eye, Super resolution, Imaging systems, Cameras, Sensors, Image processing, Image enhancement, Reconstruction algorithms, Analytical research, Modulation transfer functions

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 10, 2001

Assessment of 3D noise methodology for thermal sensor simulation

Proc. SPIE. 4372, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XII

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Infrared sensors, Statistical analysis, Cameras, Sensors, 3D modeling, Optical simulations, Signal detection, Minimum resolvable temperature difference, 3D image processing

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 10, 2001

Target detection threshold in noisy color imagery

Proc. SPIE. 4372, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XII

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Infrared detectors, Signal to noise ratio, Infrared imaging, Spatial frequencies, Sensors, Interference (communication), Infrared radiation, Target acquisition, Minimum resolvable temperature difference

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 10, 2001

Target identification performance as a function of spurious response: aliasing with respect to the half sample rate

Proc. SPIE. 4372, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XII

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Infrared sensors, Imaging systems, Sensors, Infrared radiation, Modulation transfer functions, Target recognition, Performance modeling, Electro optical modeling, Systems modeling

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 10, 2001

Atmospheric effects in infrared target acquisition modeling

Proc. SPIE. 4372, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XII

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Sensors, Distortion, Turbulence, Infrared radiation, Modulation transfer functions, Target acquisition, Performance modeling, Thermal modeling, Atmospheric modeling

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | September 10, 2001

Target recognition performance as a function of sampling

Proc. SPIE. 4372, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XII

KEYWORDS: Infrared imaging, Optical filters, Imaging systems, Sensors, Fourier transforms, Integration, Analytical research, Modulation transfer functions, Target recognition, Target acquisition

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SPIE Journal Paper | September 1, 2001

Atmospheric turbulence modulation transfer function for infrared target acquisition modeling

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Norman Kopeika, Carl Halford

OE Vol. 40 Issue 09

KEYWORDS: Modulation transfer functions, Turbulence, Atmospheric modeling, Sensors, Target acquisition, Atmospheric turbulence, Cameras, Infrared radiation, Performance modeling, Eye models

SPIE Journal Paper | March 1, 2001

Target identification performance as a function of temporal and fixed pattern noise

Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Keith Krapels

OE Vol. 40 Issue 03

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Target recognition, Imaging systems, Staring arrays, Eye, Infrared imaging, Image processing, Performance modeling, Modulation transfer functions, Optical engineering

SPIE Journal Paper | September 1, 2000

Target identification performance as a function of low spatial frequency image content

Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Keith Krapels

OE Vol. 39 Issue 09

KEYWORDS: Modulation transfer functions, Sensors, Target recognition, Spatial frequencies, Target acquisition, Image filtering, Performance modeling, Image processing, Imaging systems, Linear filtering

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 17, 2000

Performance comparison of rectangular (4-point) and diagonal (2-point) dither

Proc. SPIE. 4030, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XI

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Mirrors, Imaging systems, Sensors, Video, Fourier transforms, Image sensors, Image filtering, Modulation transfer functions, Target recognition

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 17, 2000

Target identification performance as a function of temporal and fixed pattern noise

Proc. SPIE. 4030, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XI

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Infrared imaging, Eye, Imaging systems, Sensors, Image processing, Infrared radiation, Target recognition, Target acquisition, Performance modeling

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SPIE Journal Paper | May 1, 1999

Developing operational performance metrics using image comparison metrics and the concept of degradation space

Carl Halford, Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Eddie Burroughs

OE Vol. 38 Issue 05

KEYWORDS: Space operations, Signal to noise ratio, Thermography, Sensors, Image quality, Image sensors, Image compression, Target recognition, Associative arrays, Spatial frequencies

PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | July 1, 1991

Frequency-modulated reticle trackers in the pupil plane

Proc. SPIE. 1478, Sensors and Sensor Systems for Guidance and Navigation

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Reticles, Sun, Imaging systems, Sensors, Computer programming, Frequency modulation, Navigation systems, Fermium, Missiles

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PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE | October 1, 1990

Human recognition of infrared images

Proc. SPIE. 1309, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing

KEYWORDS: Infrared imaging, Imaging systems, Image resolution, Infrared radiation, Analytical research, CRTs, Detection theory, Forward looking infrared, Thermal modeling, Systems modeling

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Showing 5 of 75 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (29)

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXX

16 April 2019 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXIX

17 April 2018 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVIII

11 April 2017 | Anaheim, California, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVII

19 April 2016 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Sensing and Analysis Technologies for Biomedical and Cognitive Applications 2016

17 April 2016 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Showing 5 of 29 published special sections

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