Dr. Keith A. Krapels Profile

Dr. Keith A. Krapels

Director, Sensors & Electron Devices Directorate at CCDC Army Research Lab

SPIE Involvement:

Editor | Author

Area of Expertise:

Electro-optical/Infrared Sensor Systems , Electronic Warfare Systems

Profile Summary

Dr. Keith Krapels received a B.S. in math, B.A. in history, M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Univ. of Memphis. Since 2018 he has been Director of the Sensors & Electron Devices Directorate at the Army Research Laboratory. He retired as a Captain in the Navy Reserve and was deployed to Afghanistan to the NATO Training Mission in 2012. From 2001-2008 he was the EO/IR Sensor Technology Program Officer in the Office of Naval Research’s C4ISR Dept. In 2003, he deployed for Operation Iraqi Freedom. From 1999-2001, he was in the Sensor Performance Model Development Branch at the Army Night Vision Lab. From 1996-98 he was Special Programs Officer at the Naval Research Lab’s Tactical Electronic Warfare Div. From 1990-96, he was an Electronic Counter Measures Officer and Mission Commander in Navy EA-6B Prowlers and flew 53 combat missions. From 1987-89, he was an EO-IR sensor analyst for Martin Marietta Orlando Aerospace, a Research Fellow at the USAF Arnold Engineering Development Center, and a Research Associate at the University of Memphis. He is a Fellow of the SPIE, the International Society of Optics and Photonics.

Publications (58)

Proceedings Article | 3 May 2016

Hyperhemispheric multifunction sensors for ground combat vehicles: concept evaluation using virtual prototyping

Keith Krapels, Brad Preece, Orges Furxhi, Ronald Driggers

Proc. SPIE. 9820, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVII

KEYWORDS: Microbolometers, Long wavelength infrared, Signal to noise ratio, Unmanned aerial vehicles, Mid-IR, Cameras, Sensors, Sensors, Virtual reality, Prototyping, Situational awareness sensors

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Proceedings Article | 3 June 2015

Optical display for radar sensing

Harold Szu, Charles Hsu, Jefferson Willey, Joseph Landa, Minder Hsieh, Louis Larsen, Alan Krzywicki, Binh Tran, Philip Hoekstra, John Dillard, Keith Krapels, Michael Wardlaw, Kai-Dee Chu

Proc. SPIE. 9496, Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Large Data Analyses (LDA), Neural Networks, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XIII

KEYWORDS: Radar, Signal to noise ratio, Backscatter, Scattering, Sensors, Surveillance, Neural networks, Microwave radiation, Thermodynamics, RGB color model

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Proceedings Article | 2 June 2015

Selective-imaging camera

Harold Szu, Charles Hsu, Joseph Landa, Jae H. Cha, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 9496, Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Large Data Analyses (LDA), Neural Networks, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XIII

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Cameras, Surveillance, Black bodies, Neural networks, Sensing systems, Thermodynamics, Neurons, RGB color model, Brain

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 2015

Modeling analysis metrics for panoramic sensors

Orges Furxhi, Ronald Driggers, Bradley Preece, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 9452, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVI

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Signal to noise ratio, Infrared imaging, Photodetectors, Rockets, Imaging systems, Sensors, Panoramic photography, Contrast transfer function, Targeting Task Performance metric

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Proceedings Article | 24 June 2014

Brain order disorder 2nd group report of f-EEG

Francois Lalonde, Nitin Gogtay, Jay Giedd, Nadarajen Vydelingum, David Brown, Binh Tran, Charles Hsu, Ming-Kai Hsu, Jae Cha, Jeffrey Jenkins, Lien Ma, Jefferson Willey, Jerry Wu, Kenneth Oh, Joseph Landa, C. Lin, T. Jung, Scott Makeig, Carlo Francesco Morabito, Qyu Moon, Takeshi Yamakawa, Soo-Young Lee, Jong-Hwan Lee, Harold Szu, Balvinder Kaur, Kenneth Byrd, Karen Dang, Alan Krzywicki, Babajide Familoni, Louis Larson, Susan Harkrider, Keith Krapels, Liyi Dai

Proc. SPIE. 9118, Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Wavelets, Neural Net, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XII

KEYWORDS: Electrodes, Ions, Diffusion, Head, Electroencephalography, Feedback loops, Neuroimaging, Thermodynamics, Correlation function, Brain

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Since the Brain Order Disorder (BOD) group reported on a high density Electroencephalogram (EEG) to capture the neuronal information using EEG to wirelessly interface with a Smartphone [1,2], a larger BOD group has been assembled, including the Obama BRAIN program, CUA Brain Computer Interface Lab and the UCSD Swartz Computational Neuroscience Center. We can implement the pair-electrodes correlation functions in order to operate in a real time daily environment, which is of the computation complexity of O(N³) for N=10^2~3 known as functional f-EEG. The daily monitoring requires two areas of focus. Area #(1) to quantify the neuronal information flow under arbitrary daily stimuli-response sources. Approach to #1: (i) We have asserted that the sources contained in the EEG signals may be discovered by an unsupervised learning neural network called blind sources separation (BSS) of independent entropy components, based on the irreversible Boltzmann cellular thermodynamics(ΔS < 0), where the entropy is a degree of uniformity. What is the entropy? Loosely speaking, sand on the beach is more uniform at a higher entropy value than the rocks composing a mountain – the internal binding energy tells the paleontologists the existence of information. To a politician, landside voting results has only the winning information but more entropy, while a non-uniform voting distribution record has more information. For the human’s effortless brain at constant temperature, we can solve the minimum of Helmholtz free energy (H = E − TS) by computing BSS, and then their pairwise-entropy source correlation function. (i) Although the entropy itself is not the information per se, but the concurrence of the entropy sources is the information flow as a functional-EEG, sketched in this 2^nd BOD report. Area #(2) applying EEG bio-feedback will improve collective decision making (TBD). Approach to #2: We introduce a novel performance quality metrics, in terms of the throughput rate of faster (Δt) & more accurate (ΔA) decision making, which applies to individual, as well as team brain dynamics. Following Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahnmen’s novel “Thinking fast and slow”, through the brainwave biofeedback we can first identify an individual’s “anchored cognitive bias sources”. This is done in order to remove the biases by means of individually tailored pre-processing. Then the training effectiveness can be maximized by the collective product Δt * ΔA. For Area #1, we compute a spatiotemporally windowed EEG in vitro average using adaptive time-window sampling. The sampling rate depends on the type of neuronal responses, which is what we seek. The averaged traditional EEG measurements and are further improved by BSS decomposition into finer stimulus-response source mixing matrix [A] having finer & faster spatial grids with rapid temporal updates. Then, the functional EEG is the second order co-variance matrix defined as the electrode-pair fluctuation correlation function C(s~, s~’) of independent thermodynamic source components. (1) We define a 1-D Space filling curve as a spiral curve without origin. This pattern is historically known as the Peano-Hilbert arc length a. By taking the most significant bits of the Cartesian product a≡ O(x * y * z), it represents the arc length in the numerical size with values that map the 3-D neighborhood proximity into a 1-D neighborhood arc length representation. (2) 1-D Fourier coefficients spectrum have no spurious high frequency contents, which typically arise in lexicographical (zig-zag scanning) discontinuity [Hsu & Szu, “Peano-Hilbert curve,” SPIE 2014]. A simple Fourier spectrum histogram fits nicely with the Compressive Sensing CRDT Mathematics. (3) Stationary power spectral density is a reasonable approximation of EEG responses in striate layers in resonance feedback loops capable of producing a 100, 000 neuronal collective Impulse Response Function (IRF). The striate brain layer architecture represents an ensemble <IRF< e.g. at V1-V4 of Brodmann areas 17-19 of the Cortex, i.e. stationary Wiener-Kintchine-Einstein Theorem. Goal#1: functional-EEG: After taking the 1-D space-filling curve, we compute the ensemble averaged 1-D Power Spectral Density (PSD) and then make use of the inverse FFT to generate f-EEG. (ii) Goal#2 individual wellness baseline (IWB): We need novel change detection, so we derive the ubiquitous fat-tail distributions for healthy brains PSD in outdoor environments (Signal=310°C; Noise=27°C: SNR=310/300; 300°K=(1/40)eV). The departure from IWB might imply stress, fever, a sports injury, an unexpected fall, or numerous midnight excursions which may signal an onset of dementia in Home Alone Senior (HAS), discovered by telemedicine care-giver networks. Aging global villagers need mental healthcare devices that are affordable, harmless, administrable (AHA) and user-friendly, situated in a clothing article such as a baseball hat and able to interface with pervasive Smartphones in daily environment.

Proceedings Article | 19 June 2014

Theory of enhancing thermal imaging through fire

Jae Cha, A. Lynn Abbott, Keith Krapels, Harold Szu

Proc. SPIE. 9118, Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Wavelets, Neural Net, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XII

KEYWORDS: Thermography, Cameras, Sensors, Particles, Image quality, Visual system, Image enhancement, Thermodynamics, Temperature metrology, Algorithms

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Proceedings Article | 19 June 2014

Neuromorphic implementation of a software-defined camera that can see through fire and smoke in real-time

Jae Cha, A. Lynn Abbott, Harold Szu, Jefferson Willey, Joseph Landa, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 9118, Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Wavelets, Neural Net, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XII

KEYWORDS: Thermography, Visible radiation, Independent component analysis, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Visualization, Cameras, Sensors, Infrared radiation, Machine learning, Thermodynamics

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Proceedings Article | 13 June 2014

Lab and field measurements to evaluate a differential polarimetric IR (DPIR) search sensor

Roger Thompson, Keith Krapels, Van Hodgkin, Bradley Preece, Kevin Leonard, Kristan Gurton

Proc. SPIE. 9071, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXV

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Infrared search and track, Infrared sensors, Optical spheres, Data modeling, Polarization, Sensors, Reflectivity, Surface roughness, Polarimetry

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Proceedings Article | 9 June 2014

Modeling laser radar systems in the Night Vision Integrated Performance Model (NV-IPM)

Kevin Leonard, Van Hodgkin, Bradley Preece, Roger Thompson, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 9071, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXV

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Visual process modeling, LIDAR, Reflectivity, Receivers, Integrated modeling, Performance modeling, Electro optical modeling, Systems modeling, Atmospheric optics

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Proceedings Article | 29 May 2014

Performance analysis of panoramic infrared systems

Orges Furxhi, Ronald Driggers, Gerald Holst, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 9071, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXV

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Staring arrays, Infrared imaging, Imaging systems, Sensors, Optical resolution, Infrared radiation, Panoramic photography, Eye models, NVThermIP

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Proceedings Article | 29 May 2014

An analysis of the performance trade space for multifunction EO-IR systems

Keith Krapels, Ron Driggers, Orges Furxhi

Proc. SPIE. 9071, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXV

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Infrared search and track, Infrared sensors, Infrared imaging, Imaging systems, Sensors, Infrared radiation, Missiles, Intelligence systems, Target acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 29 May 2014

Predicted NETD performance of a polarized infrared imaging sensor

Bradley Preece, Van Hodgkin, Roger Thompson, Kevin Leonard, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 9071, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXV

KEYWORDS: Long wavelength infrared, Signal to noise ratio, Mid-IR, Optical filters, Polarization, Imaging systems, Cameras, Sensors, Reflectivity, Systems modeling

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Proceedings Article | 29 May 2013

Theory of compressive modeling and simulation

Harold Szu, Jae Cha, Richard Espinola, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 8750, Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Wavelets, Neural Net, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XI

KEYWORDS: Long wavelength infrared, Data modeling, Scattering, Reflectivity, Rayleigh scattering, Picosecond phenomena, Atmospheric propagation, Atmospheric modeling, Thermodynamics, Passive millimeter wave sensors

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Proceedings Article | 8 May 2010

Multichannel, agile, computationally enhanced camera based on the PANOPTES architecture

Predrag Milojkovic, John Gill, Daniel Frattin, Kevin Coyle, Karl Haack, Scot Myhr, Dinesh Rajan, Scott Douglas, Panos Papamichalis, Manjunath Somayaji, Marc Christensen, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 7692, Unmanned Systems Technology XII

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Mirrors, Super resolution, Imaging systems, Cameras, Sensors, Calibration, Image resolution, Image enhancement, Computer architecture

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Proceedings Article | 22 April 2010

Image fusion algorithm assessment using measures of complementary and redundant information

Christopher Howell, Carl Halford, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 7662, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXI

KEYWORDS: Information fusion, Superposition, Image fusion, Optical filters, Detection and tracking algorithms, Image processing, Linear filtering, Image quality, Image filtering, Algorithm development

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Proceedings Article | 22 April 2010

Review of Bayer pattern CFA demosaicing with new quality assessment algorithms

Robert Maschal, S. Susan Young, Joe Reynolds, Keith Krapels, Jonathan Fanning, Ted Corbin

Proc. SPIE. 7662, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXI

KEYWORDS: Optical filters, Super resolution, Sensors, Image processing, Digital filtering, Image quality, Color difference, Image filtering, Charge-coupled devices, Reconstruction algorithms

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Proceedings Article | 24 September 2009

Millimeter wave sensor requirements for maritime small craft identification

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Jose Garcia, Evelyn Boettcher, Dennis Prather, Chrisopher Schuetz, Jesse Samluk, Lee Stein, William Kiser, Andrew Visnansky, Jeremy Grata, David Wikner, Russ Harris

Proc. SPIE. 7485, Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology II

KEYWORDS: Extremely high frequency, Polarization, Imaging systems, Sensors, Image processing, Fourier transforms, Image sensors, Modulation transfer functions, Millimeter wave sensors, Targeting Task Performance metric

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Proceedings Article | 22 April 2009

Signal modeling of turbulence-distorted imagery

S. Susan Young, Ronald Driggers, Keith Krapels, Richard Espinola, Joseph Reynolds, Jae Cha

Proc. SPIE. 7300, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XX

KEYWORDS: Statistical analysis, Modulation, Imaging systems, Sensors, Image analysis, Wave propagation, Refraction, Turbulence, Infrared radiation, Analytical research

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Proceedings Article | 22 April 2009

Super-resolution for flash LADAR data

Shuowen Hu, S. Susan Young, Tsai Hong, Joseph Reynolds, Keith Krapels, Brian Miller, Jim Thomas, Oanh Nguyen

Proc. SPIE. 7300, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XX

KEYWORDS: Edge detection, Super resolution, Cameras, LIDAR, Sensors, Wavelets, Robotics, Image registration, Robots, Navigation systems

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Proceedings Article | 19 March 2009

Field verification of the direct view optics model for human facial identification

Sameer Aghera, Keith Krapels, Jonathan Hixson, Joseph Reynolds, Ronald Driggers

Proc. SPIE. 7343, Independent Component Analyses, Wavelets, Neural Networks, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering VII

KEYWORDS: Eye, Visual process modeling, Sensors, Ocean optics, Turbulence, Modulation transfer functions, Firearms, Performance modeling, Eye models, Thermal modeling

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Proceedings Article | 29 April 2008

Small craft ID criteria (N50/V50) for short wave infrared sensors in maritime security

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Paul Larson, Jose Garcia, Barry Walden, Sameer Agheera, Dawne Deaver, Jonathan Hixson, Evelyn Boettcher

Proc. SPIE. 6941, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XIX

KEYWORDS: Infrared sensors, Mid-IR, Short wave infrared radiation, Imaging systems, Sensors, Modulation transfer functions, Target acquisition, Contrast transfer function, Information security, Targeting Task Performance metric

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Proceedings Article | 15 April 2008

Aplanatic THz imaging

Steven Griffin, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 6949, Terahertz for Military and Security Applications VI

KEYWORDS: Optical components, Optical design, Imaging systems, Reflectivity, Specular reflections, Terahertz radiation, Aspheric lenses, Zoom lenses, Geometrical optics, Spherical lenses

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Proceedings Article | 15 April 2008

Applications of super-resolution and deblurring to practical sensors

S. Susan Young, Richard Sims, Keith Kraples, James Waterman, Leslie Smith, Eddie Jacobs, Ted Corbin, Louis Larsen, Ronald Driggers

Proc. SPIE. 6941, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XIX

KEYWORDS: Super resolution, Detection and tracking algorithms, Imaging systems, Sensors, Image processing, Image restoration, Image sensors, Image filtering, Reconstruction algorithms, Missiles

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Proceedings Article | 11 April 2008

MWIR persistent surveillance performance for human and vehicle backtracking as a function of ground sample distance and revisit rate

R. Driggers, S. Aghera, P. Richardson, B. Miller, J. Doe, A. Robinson, K. Krapels, S. Murrill

Proc. SPIE. 6941, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XIX

KEYWORDS: Unmanned aerial vehicles, Mid-IR, Sensors, Video, Buildings, Surveillance, Picosecond phenomena, Spatial resolution, Intelligence systems, Target acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 11 April 2008

Human activity discrimination for maritime application

Evelyn Boettcher, Dawne Deaver, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 6941, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XIX

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Sensors, Calibration, Video, Sensor performance, Modulation transfer functions, Target acquisition, Performance modeling, Targeting Task Performance metric, NVThermIP

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Proceedings Article | 4 May 2007

Chirped amplitude modulation ladar for range and Doppler measurements and 3-D imaging

Barry Stann, Brian Redman, William Lawler, Mark Giza, John Dammann, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 6550, Laser Radar Technology and Applications XII

KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Telescopes, Optical amplifiers, Modulation, LIDAR, Amplifiers, Receivers, Missiles, Microwave radiation, Fiber optic illuminators

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Proceedings Article | 30 April 2007

Direct view optics model for facial identification

Ronald Driggers, Steve Moyer, Keith Krapels, Lou Larsen, Jonathan Fanning, Jonathan Hixson, Richard Vollmerhausen

Proc. SPIE. 6543, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVIII

KEYWORDS: Eye, Data modeling, Imaging systems, Spatial frequencies, Target acquisition, Contrast transfer function, Eye models, Electro optical modeling, Systems modeling, Targeting Task Performance metric

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Proceedings Article | 30 April 2007

Sine wave contrast target for direct view optics field performance measurements

Keith Krapels, Paul Larson, Ronald Driggers, Lou Larsen, Jonathan Fanning

Proc. SPIE. 6543, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVIII

KEYWORDS: Eye, Data modeling, Spatial frequencies, Modulation transfer functions, Target acquisition, Contrast transfer function, Eye models, Electro optical modeling, Targeting Task Performance metric, Rifle scopes

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 March 2007

Probability of identification cycle criterion (N₅₀/N₉₀) for underwater mine target acquisition

Ronald Driggers, James Taylor, Keith Krapels

OE Vol. 46 Issue 03

KEYWORDS: Mining, Target acquisition, Sensors, Electro optical modeling, Imaging systems, Electro optical systems, Land mines, Contrast transfer function, Target recognition, Modulation transfer functions

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2006

Small craft identification discrimination criteria (N50 and V50) for visible and infrared sensors in maritime security

Keith Krapels, Dawne Deaver, Ronald Driggers

Proc. SPIE. 6395, Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications III

KEYWORDS: Infrared sensors, Mid-IR, Visible radiation, Imaging systems, Sensors, Image processing, Target acquisition, Contrast transfer function, Performance modeling, Targeting Task Performance metric

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 June 2006

Handheld threat object identification performance of 2-D visible imagery versus 3-D visible imagery

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Brian Teaney, Carl Halford

OE Vol. 45 Issue 06

KEYWORDS: 3D acquisition, 3D image processing, 3D modeling, Performance modeling, Target acquisition, 3D displays, Electro optical modeling, Sensors, Optical engineering, Imaging systems

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 June 2006

Probability of identification of small hand-held objects for electro-optic forward-looking infrared systems

Steve Moyer, Jonathan Hixson, Timothy Edwards, Keith Krapels

OE Vol. 45 Issue 06

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mid-IR, Long wavelength infrared, Imaging systems, Contrast transfer function, Modulation transfer functions, Targeting Task Performance metric, Target acquisition, Visible radiation, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 19 May 2006

Chirped AM ladar for anti-ship missile tracking and force protection 3D imaging: update

Brian Redman, Barry Stann, William Lawler, Mark Giza, John Dammann, William Ruff, William Potter, Ronald Driggers, Jose Garcia, John Wilson, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 6214, Laser Radar Technology and Applications XI

KEYWORDS: Infrared search and track, Transceivers, Transmitters, LIDAR, Composites, Image resolution, Receivers, Data acquisition, Missiles, 3D image processing

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Proceedings Article | 15 May 2006

Threat object identification performance for LADAR imagery: comparison of two-dimensional versus three-dimensional imagery

Matthew Chaudhuri, Ronald Driggers, Brian Redman, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 6207, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVII

KEYWORDS: Infrared imaging, Short wave infrared radiation, Imaging systems, LIDAR, Sensors, 3D modeling, Thermal modeling, Electro optical modeling, Systems modeling, 3D image processing

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Proceedings Article | 15 May 2006

Current infrared target acquisition approach for military sensor design and wargaming

Ronald Driggers, Eddie Jacobs, Richard Vollmerhausen, Barbara O'Kane, Mid Self, Steve Moyer, Jonathan Hixson, Gary Page, Keith Krapels, David Dixon, Regina Kistner, John Mazz

Proc. SPIE. 6207, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVII

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Data modeling, Sensors, Infrared radiation, Target acquisition, Contrast transfer function, Performance modeling, Thermal modeling, Targeting Task Performance metric, Received signal strength

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 2006

Characteristics of infrared imaging systems which benefit from super-resolution reconstruction

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Eddie Jacobs, Stephen Burks, Susan Young, Gerald Holst

Proc. SPIE. 6207, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVII

KEYWORDS: Long wavelength infrared, Infrared imaging, Mid-IR, Super resolution, Detection and tracking algorithms, Imaging systems, Sensors, Image sensors, Reconstruction algorithms, Forward looking infrared

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 2005

The meaning of super-resolution

Ronald Driggers, Keith Krapels, Susan Young

Proc. SPIE. 5784, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVI

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Super resolution, Imaging systems, Sensors, Image processing, Image resolution, Nomenclature, Image sensors, Analytical research, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 2005

NVThermIP modeling of super-resolution algorithms

Eddie Jacobs, Ronald Driggers, Susan Young, Keith Krapels, Gene Tener, Jennifer Park

Proc. SPIE. 5784, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVI

KEYWORDS: Super resolution, Sensors, Modulation transfer functions, Contrast sensitivity, Motion models, Target acquisition, Contrast transfer function, Systems modeling, Targeting Task Performance metric, NVThermIP

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Proceedings Article | 12 May 2005

Handheld threat object identification performance of 2D visible imagery versus 3D visible imagery

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Brian Teaney, Michelle Tomkinson, Steve Moyer

Proc. SPIE. 5784, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVI

KEYWORDS: 3D acquisition, Imaging systems, Cameras, Sensors, 3D modeling, 3D displays, Contrast transfer function, Performance modeling, Electro optical modeling, 3D image processing

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 January 2005

Superresolution performance for undersampled imagers

Ronald Driggers, Keith Krapels, Steven Murrill, S. Susan Young, Matthew Thielke, Jonathan Schuler

OE Vol. 44 Issue 01

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Imaging systems, Image processing, Super resolution, Modulation transfer functions, Cameras, Thermography, Image sensors, Optical engineering, Image enhancement

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Proceedings Article | 8 December 2004

Terahertz imaging performance model for concealed weapon identification

Eddie Jacobs, Ronald Driggers, Keith Krapels, Frank De Lucia, Douglas Petkie

Proc. SPIE. 5619, Passive Millimetre-Wave and Terahertz Imaging and Technology

KEYWORDS: Weapons, Visual process modeling, Sensors, Calibration, Terahertz radiation, Target acquisition, Atmospheric propagation, Minimum resolvable temperature difference, Performance modeling, Electro optical modeling

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Proceedings Article | 6 December 2004

Target detection in color imagery: on the path to a color target acquisition model

Keith Krapels, Tarik Jones, Ronald Driggers, Brian Teaney

Proc. SPIE. 5612, Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Signal to noise ratio, Infrared imaging, Sensors, Interference (communication), 3D modeling, Palladium, Target acquisition, Performance modeling, Electro optical modeling

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Proceedings Article | 30 August 2004

Wide-FOV FPAs for a shipboard distributed aperture system

David Gulbransen, Stephen Black, A. Childs, Christopher Fletcher, Scott Johnson, William Radford, Gregory Venzor, J. Sienicki, A. Thompson, J. Griffith, Aimee Buell, M. Vilela, Michael Newton, Edward Takken, James Waterman, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 5406, Infrared Technology and Applications XXX

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Mid-IR, Electronics, Mercury cadmium telluride, Cameras, Sensors, Interfaces, Silicon, Detector arrays, Semiconducting wafers

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Proceedings Article | 5 August 2004

Identification of handheld objects for electro-optic/FLIR applications

Steve Moyer, Eric Flug, Timothy Edwards, Keith Krapels, John Scarbrough

Proc. SPIE. 5407, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XV

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Visible radiation, Homeland security, Sensors, Electro optical systems, Electro optics, Target acquisition, Forward looking infrared, Contrast transfer function, Electro optical modeling

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Proceedings Article | 5 August 2004

Superresolution performance for undersampled imagers

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Steven Murrill, Jonathan Schuler, Matthew Thielke, S. Susan Young

Proc. SPIE. 5407, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XV

KEYWORDS: Eye, Super resolution, Imaging systems, Cameras, Sensors, Image processing, Image enhancement, Reconstruction algorithms, Analytical research, Modulation transfer functions

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2001

Assessment of 3D noise methodology for thermal sensor simulation

Eddie Jacobs, Jae Cha, Keith Krapels, Van Hodgkin

Proc. SPIE. 4372, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XII

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Infrared sensors, Statistical analysis, Cameras, Sensors, 3D modeling, Optical simulations, Signal detection, Minimum resolvable temperature difference, 3D image processing

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2001

Target recognition performance as a function of sampling

Nicole Devitt, Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Steven Moyer, Keith Krapels, John O'Connor

Proc. SPIE. 4372, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XII

KEYWORDS: Infrared imaging, Optical filters, Imaging systems, Sensors, Fourier transforms, Integration, Analytical research, Modulation transfer functions, Target recognition, Target acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2001

Atmospheric effects in infrared target acquisition modeling

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, David Tofsted

Proc. SPIE. 4372, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XII

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Sensors, Distortion, Turbulence, Infrared radiation, Modulation transfer functions, Target acquisition, Performance modeling, Thermal modeling, Atmospheric modeling

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2001

Target identification performance as a function of spurious response: aliasing with respect to the half sample rate

Steven Moyer, Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 4372, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XII

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Infrared sensors, Imaging systems, Sensors, Infrared radiation, Modulation transfer functions, Target recognition, Performance modeling, Electro optical modeling, Systems modeling

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2001

Target detection threshold in noisy color imagery

Ronald Driggers, Keith Krapels, Richard Vollmerhausen, Penny Warren, Dean Scribner, J. Grant Howard, Brian Tsou, William Krebs

Proc. SPIE. 4372, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XII

KEYWORDS: Target detection, Infrared detectors, Signal to noise ratio, Infrared imaging, Spatial frequencies, Sensors, Interference (communication), Infrared radiation, Target acquisition, Minimum resolvable temperature difference

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 September 2001

Atmospheric turbulence modulation transfer function for infrared target acquisition modeling

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Norman Kopeika, Carl Halford

OE Vol. 40 Issue 09

KEYWORDS: Modulation transfer functions, Turbulence, Atmospheric modeling, Sensors, Target acquisition, Atmospheric turbulence, Cameras, Infrared radiation, Performance modeling, Eye models

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 March 2001

Target identification performance as a function of temporal and fixed pattern noise

Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Keith Krapels

OE Vol. 40 Issue 03

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Target recognition, Imaging systems, Staring arrays, Eye, Infrared imaging, Image processing, Performance modeling, Modulation transfer functions, Optical engineering

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 September 2000

Target identification performance as a function of low spatial frequency image content

Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Keith Krapels

OE Vol. 39 Issue 09

KEYWORDS: Modulation transfer functions, Sensors, Target recognition, Spatial frequencies, Target acquisition, Image filtering, Performance modeling, Image processing, Imaging systems, Linear filtering

Proceedings Article | 17 July 2000

Performance comparison of rectangular (4-point) and diagonal (2-point) dither

Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Carl Halford

Proc. SPIE. 4030, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XI

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Mirrors, Imaging systems, Sensors, Video, Fourier transforms, Image sensors, Image filtering, Modulation transfer functions, Target recognition

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Proceedings Article | 17 July 2000

Target identification performance as a function of temporal and fixed pattern noise

Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 4030, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XI

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Infrared imaging, Eye, Imaging systems, Sensors, Image processing, Infrared radiation, Target recognition, Target acquisition, Performance modeling

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 May 1999

Developing operational performance metrics using image comparison metrics and the concept of degradation space

Carl Halford, Keith Krapels, Ronald Driggers, Eddie Burroughs

OE Vol. 38 Issue 05

KEYWORDS: Space operations, Signal to noise ratio, Thermography, Sensors, Image quality, Image sensors, Image compression, Target recognition, Associative arrays, Spatial frequencies

Proceedings Article | 1 July 1991

Frequency-modulated reticle trackers in the pupil plane

James Taylor, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 1478, Sensors and Sensor Systems for Guidance and Navigation

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Reticles, Sun, Imaging systems, Sensors, Computer programming, Frequency modulation, Navigation systems, Fermium, Missiles

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Proceedings Article | 1 October 1990

Human recognition of infrared images

Jeffrey Sanders, Carl Halford, Keith Krapels

Proc. SPIE. 1309, Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing

KEYWORDS: Infrared imaging, Imaging systems, Image resolution, Infrared radiation, Analytical research, CRTs, Detection theory, Forward looking infrared, Thermal modeling, Systems modeling

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Showing 5 of 58 publications

Proceedings Volume Editor (18)

SPIE Conference Volume | 26 July 2019

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXX

SPIE Conference Volume | 13 June 2018

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXIX

SPIE Conference Volume | 26 June 2017

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVIII

SPIE Conference Volume | 20 July 2016

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVII

SPIE Conference Volume | 29 May 2015

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVI

Showing 5 of 18 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (29)

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXX

16 April 2019 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXIX

17 April 2018 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVIII

11 April 2017 | Anaheim, California, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVII

19 April 2016 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Sensing and Analysis Technologies for Biomedical and Cognitive Applications 2016

17 April 2016 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Large Data Analyses (LDA), Neural Networks, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XIII

23 April 2015 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXVI

21 April 2015 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Wavelets, Neural Net, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XII

7 May 2014 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXV

6 May 2014 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Wavelets, Neural Net, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering XI

1 May 2013 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXIV

30 April 2013 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Independent Component Analyses, Compressive Sampling, Wavelets, Neural Net, Biosystems, and Nanoengineering X

25 April 2012 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXIII

24 April 2012 | Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology

19 September 2011 | Prague, Czech Republic

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXII

26 April 2011 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology

20 September 2010 | Toulouse, France

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXI

6 April 2010 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology

1 September 2009 | Berlin, Germany

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XX

14 April 2009 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Millimetre Wave and Terahertz Sensors and Technology

17 September 2008 | Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XIX

18 March 2008 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Electro-Optical Remote Sensing, Photonic Technologies and their Applications

19 September 2007 | Florence, Italy

Passive Millimetre-Wave and Terahertz Imaging and Technology

17 September 2007 | Florence, Italy

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVIII

11 April 2007 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVII

19 April 2006 | Orlando (Kissimmee), Florida, United States

Passive Millimetre-Wave and Terahertz Imaging and Technology II

27 September 2005 | Bruges, Belgium

Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XVI

30 March 2005 | Orlando, Florida, United States

Passive Millimetre-Wave and Terahertz Imaging and Technology

27 October 2004 | London, United Kingdom

European Symposium on Optics and Photonics for Defence and Security

25 October 2004 | London, United Kingdom

Showing 5 of 29 Conference Committees

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