We fabricated leakage channel microstructured crystalline fiber (MCF) from solid solution AgClxBr1-x for middle IR
with one ring of six rods and large mode field area 13 600 μm2 for the first time. Experiments proved that MCF is
effectively single mode at 10.6 μm wavelength, which corresponds to numerical simulation. Measured optical losses are
8 dB/m.
The main aim of this paper is to analyze the propagation and attenuation in PIR fibers. The thermal change of these
parameters for different mode structures will be done due to propagation of high optical power witch cases fiber
heating.
New laser transition for 5.5 μm wavelength range was discovered in the moisture-resistant Dy3+:RbPb2Cl5
crystal. Pulse oscillation in free running mode was obtained under YAG:Nd laser pumping at 1.3 μm. Lasing
slope efficiency was as high as 1% at room temperature. In line with our knowledge it is the longest laser
wavelength for a rare earth doped crystal which does not require any special precautions to be survived.
Photonic crystal optical fiber from silver halide crystals is described. Both experimental and theoretical evidences are
presented to establish that the fiber is effectively singlemode at wavelength 10.6 &mgr;m with numerical aperture NA = 0.16
and optical losses of 2 dB/m . Crystalline microstructured optical fibers offer key advantages over step-index optical
fibers from silver halide crystals. The wide transmission range of wavelengths 2-20 &mgr;m provides great potential for
applications in spectroscopy and for the development of a range of new crystalline-based non-linear optical fibers.
We report the design, fabrication and optical characterization of a step index and microstructured crystalline optical
fibers from silver halide that are singlemode at 10.6 &mgr;m, the wavelength of a CO2 laser . Optical losses measured by cutback
method were about 2 dB/m. The wide transmission range of the material (wavelengths 2-20 &mgr;m) provides great
potential for applications in spectroscopy and for the development of a range of new crystalline-based non-linear optical
fibers. Singlemode fibers for the middle infrared may be applied in infrared systems for heterodyne detecting.
The results of an experimental study of the possibilities of monitoring erbium yttrium aluminum garnet laser-mediated ablation of human epidermis with the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and spectral polarization techniques are presented. The attenuated total reflection (ATR) method was used for FTIR spectroscopic measurements. Spectral polarization monitoring of the ablation was carried out by analyzing the spectra of the degree of residual linear polarization of a probe light diffusely reflected from the laser-treated region of skin. It was found that the analysis of FTIR spectra allows monitoring of the water and protein contents in the subsurface layers of the treated skin, while the degree of residual polarization measured at the wavelengths of maximal absorption of hemoglobin is sensitive to changes in the epidermis thickness and the blood content in the dermal layer (the degree of erythema).
Spectroscopic investigations of Tb doped KPb2Cl5 and CsCdBr3 crystals and AgBr1-xIx polycrystalline fibers were carried out. Luminescence in 4.3-5.5 micrometers region was found in the KPb2Cl5:Tb3+ and CsCdBr3:Tb3+ crystals at room temperature. The AgBr1-xIx:Tb3+ polycrystalline fiber is expected to have luminescence in 3- 10 μm region. Gain properties of the crystals are evaluated.
For the first time crystalline silver halide optical fibers with optical losses lower than 50 dB/km in a broad IR region from 9 to 14 micrometers were fabricated by an extrusion process. The optical loss mechanism essential to the lowest absorption in silver halide materials and fibers, namely intraband absorption by free holes in the valence band is proposed. The crystalline fibers with Rayleigh-type (lambda) (superscript -4) optical scattering were obtained. An IR region near 13 micrometers in AgBrI fibers with optical losses of less than 10 dB/km was discovered. Non-aged, stable IR polycrystalline silver halide optical fiber cables with losses lower than 1 dB/m in the region from 3 to 20 micrometers are demonstrated. Various applications of the developed low- loss silver halide fibers in remote spectroscopic chemical sensing, non-contact temperature monitoring and IR laser power delivery are discussed.
For the first time crystalline silver halides optical fibers with optical losses lower than 50 dB/km in broad region from 9 to 14 micron were fabricated by an extrusion process. The optical loss mechanism essential to lowest absorption in silver halides materials and fibers as intraband absorption by free holes in valence band are proposed. The crystalline fibers with Rayleigh type (lambda) -4 optical scattering were obtained. The IR region near 13 micron in AgBrI fibers with optical losses less than 10 dB/km was discovered. Non aged, stable IR polycrystalline silver halides optical fiber cables with losses, lower than 1 dB/m in region from 3 to 20 microns are presented. Various applications of developed ATR and reflection remote FTIR sensors, based on low losses silver halides fibers are discussed.
An innovative spectroscopic diagnostic method has been developed for investigation of different regions of normal human skin tissue. This new method is a combination of Fourier transform IR fiberoptic evanescent wave (FTIR-FEW) spectroscopy and fiber optic techniques for the middle IR (MIR) wavelength range. The fiber optical sensors we have used are characterized by low optical losses and high flexibility for remote analysis. Our fiber optical accessories and method allows for direct interaction of the skin tissue with the fiber probe and can be utilized with a diversity of standard commercial Fourier transform spectrometers. The FTIR-FEW technique, using nontoxic unclad fibers in the attenuated total reflection regime, is suitable for noninvasive, fast, sensitive investigations of normal skin in vivo for various medical diagnostics applications including studies of acupuncture points. Here we present the first data on IR spectra of skin tissue in vivo for normal skin and several acupuncture points in the range of 1300 to 1800 cm-1 and 2600 to 4000 cm-1.
The new method of fiber-optical evanescent wave Fourier transform IR (FEW-FTIR) spectroscopy has been applied to the diagnostics of normal tissue, as well as precancerous and cancerous conditions. The FEW-FTIR technique is nondestructive and sensitive to changes of vibrational spectra in the IR region, without heating and damaging human and animal skin tissue. Therefore this method and technique is an ideal diagnostic tool for tumor and cancer characterization at an early stage of development on a molecular level. The application of fiber optic technology in the middle IR region is relatively inexpensive and can be adapted easily to any commercially available tabletop FTIR spectrometers. This method of diagnostics is fast, remote, and can be applied to many fields Noninvasive medical diagnostics of skin cancer and other skin diseases in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro allow for the development convenient, remote clinical applications in dermatology and related fields. The spectral variations from normal to pathological skin tissue and environmental influence on skin have been measured and assigned in the regions of 850-4000 cm-1. The lipid structure changes are discussed. We are able to develop the spectral histopathology as a fast and informative tool of analysis.
An innovative spectroscopic diagnostic method has been developed of investigation of different regions of normal human skin tissue. This new method is a combination of Fourier transform infrared fiberoptic evanescent wave (FTIR-FEW) spectroscopy and fiber optic technique for the middle infrared (MIR) wavelength range (3 to 20 micrometer). The fiberoptical sensors we have used are characterized by low optical losses and high flexibility for remote analysis. Our new fiber optical accessory can be utilized with a diversity of standard commercial Fourier transform spectrometers. FTIR-FEW, using nontoxic unclad fibers in the attenuated total reflection (ATR) regime, is suitable for noninvasive, fast, sensitive investigations of normal skin in vivo for various medical diagnostics applications including studies of acupuncture points. Our method allows for direct interaction of the skin tissue with the fiber. Here we present the first data on infrared spectra of skin tissue in vivo for several acupuncture points in the range of 1300 to 1800 cm-1 and 2600 to 4000 cm-1.
A new Fourier transform infrared fiberoptic evanescent wave (FTIR-FEW) spectroscopy method has been developed for tissue diagnostics in the middle infrared (MIR) wavelength range (3 to 20 micrometers). Specific novel fiberoptical chemical and biological sensors have been studied and used for spectroscopic diagnostic purposes. These nontoxic and nonhygroscopic fiber sensors are characterized by (1) low optical losses (0.05 to 0.2 dB/m at about 10 micrometer) and (2) high flexibility. Our new fiber optical devices can be utilized with standard commercially available Fourier transform spectrometers including attenuated total reflection (ATR) techniques. They are in particular ideally suited for noninvasive, fast, direct, sensitive investigations of in vivo and ex vivo medical diagnostics applications. Here we present data on IR spectra of skin tissue in vivo for various cases of melanoma and nevus in the range of 1480 - 1800 cm-1. The interpretation of the spectra of healthy and different stages of tumor and cancer skin tissue clearly indicates that this technique can be used for precancer and cancer diagnostics. This technique can be designed for real-time and on-line computer modeling and analysis of tissue changes.
For the first time crystalline fibers with optical losses 0.05 dB/m at 10.6 micrometer, 0.2 dB/m at 5 - 6 micrometer and 0.7 dB/m at 2.94 micrometer have been fabricated from solid solution AgClBrI by hot extrusion. Optical losses and numerical aperture for fibers have been measured throughout infrared spectra. Power delivery of carbon dioxide-, Er3+- lasers has been investigated. Fibers with diameter 0.5, 0.7 mm are able to deliver linearly at least up to 80 W power of cw carbon dioxide laser. Fibers demonstrate stable delivery of 40 W power for 200 hours. Fibers were not damaged by 0.5 J/pulse in msec pulse operation of Er3+ laser at 2.94 micrometer. Fibers have low mode mixing and low bending losses. Mechanical properties are the same like for ordinary AgClBrI strong solution fibers. Fibers have long shell-life. Clad crystalline AgClBrI fibers with optical losses 0.2 dB/m at 10.6 micrometer and diameter 0.7/0.9 mm have been fabricated. Clad fibers have numerical aperture 0.3 - 0.5. Clad fibers stable deliver 20 W power of cw carbon dioxide laser on the distance of 2 m with total transmission 73% for 200 hours.
The paper deals with a number o abrioated by an extrusion
cladded crystalline fibers. Low-mode fibers have been rabricated
after appropriate initial fiber materials and extrusion process
parameters were experimentally found. Dierent optical
characteristics o such crystalline fibers have been investigated at
10,6 Lm.
We discuss the significance o material coatings Lor
considerable improvement or optical and. mechanical properties o
crystalline core-clad ribers. Fabricated clacided fibers have
been coated with dierent protective materials: polymeric and
metallic. The erect o such coatings on mechanical properties o
core-clad fibers are studied. The et'rect of metal coatings on thelaser
damage threshold was estimated ror the continuous regime.
We have considered conditions or the ericient second---hainonic
generation in core-clad crystalline fibers. At fist time we observed
the SHG ot' CO and YAG: Nd lasers in the core-clad crystalline fiber
with the cuprous halide core.
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